Sophie Repp
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543601
- eISBN:
- 9780191715587
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543601.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This study investigates the behaviour of the negation in the ellipsis type of gapping and shows that gapping sentences with a negation in the first conjunct but not in the second can receive one of ...
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This study investigates the behaviour of the negation in the ellipsis type of gapping and shows that gapping sentences with a negation in the first conjunct but not in the second can receive one of the following readings: (¬A&¬B), (¬A&B), (¬(A&B)). Which reading arises depends on phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors. The book proposes a syntactic copying analysis of gapping, which, combined with semantic‐pragmatic criteria such as balanced contrast between the conjuncts, accounts for the various readings. A thorough investigation of different subtypes of negation – predicate‐propositional‐illocutionary – further determines the structure of the resulting gapping structure.Less
This study investigates the behaviour of the negation in the ellipsis type of gapping and shows that gapping sentences with a negation in the first conjunct but not in the second can receive one of the following readings: (¬A&¬B), (¬A&B), (¬(A&B)). Which reading arises depends on phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors. The book proposes a syntactic copying analysis of gapping, which, combined with semantic‐pragmatic criteria such as balanced contrast between the conjuncts, accounts for the various readings. A thorough investigation of different subtypes of negation – predicate‐propositional‐illocutionary – further determines the structure of the resulting gapping structure.
Talbot C. Imlay
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261222
- eISBN:
- 9780191717550
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261222.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History, British and Irish Modern History
Covering the period from the late 1930s up to the spring of 1940, this book offers the first systematic comparison of how two countries, Britain and France, responded to the possibility and then ...
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Covering the period from the late 1930s up to the spring of 1940, this book offers the first systematic comparison of how two countries, Britain and France, responded to the possibility and then reality of total war by examining developments in three dimensions: strategic, domestic political, and political economic. To date, studies of French and British policies during this period have focused almost exclusively on diplomatic and military events. Yet because 20th-century war demanded a massive effort on the part of nations and societies, its study requires a broader approach, one that encompasses the political, social, and economic dimensions as well as the links between them. Using a wide array of archival and secondary sources, including the records of government departments, trade unions, business groups, and political parties, this book demonstrates that the British were more successful in managing the strains of modern industrial war than the French. Whereas in France political, economic, and military developments combined to produce a multi-faceted crisis by early 1940, imperilling the war effort against Germany, developments in Britain followed a different course that laid the political and economic foundations for a long war. The book addresses such current historical debates as the nature of the political Right and Left in Europe during the 1930s, the extent of rearmament and economic mobilization, and the causes of France's defeat in 1940. As an extended comparison of how two liberal democracies met the challenge of war, it also addresses debates concerning the relationship between democratic regimes and capabilities for war, the influence of domestic versus systemic factors on national policies, and the nature and relative performance of different types of political economic regimes.Less
Covering the period from the late 1930s up to the spring of 1940, this book offers the first systematic comparison of how two countries, Britain and France, responded to the possibility and then reality of total war by examining developments in three dimensions: strategic, domestic political, and political economic. To date, studies of French and British policies during this period have focused almost exclusively on diplomatic and military events. Yet because 20th-century war demanded a massive effort on the part of nations and societies, its study requires a broader approach, one that encompasses the political, social, and economic dimensions as well as the links between them. Using a wide array of archival and secondary sources, including the records of government departments, trade unions, business groups, and political parties, this book demonstrates that the British were more successful in managing the strains of modern industrial war than the French. Whereas in France political, economic, and military developments combined to produce a multi-faceted crisis by early 1940, imperilling the war effort against Germany, developments in Britain followed a different course that laid the political and economic foundations for a long war. The book addresses such current historical debates as the nature of the political Right and Left in Europe during the 1930s, the extent of rearmament and economic mobilization, and the causes of France's defeat in 1940. As an extended comparison of how two liberal democracies met the challenge of war, it also addresses debates concerning the relationship between democratic regimes and capabilities for war, the influence of domestic versus systemic factors on national policies, and the nature and relative performance of different types of political economic regimes.
Jacob Höglund
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214211
- eISBN:
- 9780191706660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role and requirement of genetic variation for population persistence. However, considerable debate now surrounds the role of genetic factors (as ...
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Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role and requirement of genetic variation for population persistence. However, considerable debate now surrounds the role of genetic factors (as opposed to non-genetic factors such as habitat destruction, etc.) in population extinction, and a synthesis is now timely. Can extinction be explained by habitat destruction alone or is lack of genetic variation a part of the explanation? The book reviews the arguments for a role of genetics in the present biodiversity crisis. It describes the methods used to study genetic variation in endangered species and examines the influence of genetic variation in the extinction of species. To date, conservation genetics has predominantly utilized neutral genetic markers, e.g., microsatellites. However, with the recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics it will soon be possible to study ‘direct gene action’, following the fate of genetic variation at the level of DNA, through expression, to proteins in order to determine how such phenotypes fare in populations of free living organisms. This book explores these exciting avenues of future research potential, integrating ecological quantitative genetics with the new genome science. It is now more important than ever that we ask relevant questions about the evolutionary fate of endangered populations throughout the globe and incorporate our knowledge of evolutionary processes and the distribution of genetic diversity into effective conservation planning and action.Less
Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role and requirement of genetic variation for population persistence. However, considerable debate now surrounds the role of genetic factors (as opposed to non-genetic factors such as habitat destruction, etc.) in population extinction, and a synthesis is now timely. Can extinction be explained by habitat destruction alone or is lack of genetic variation a part of the explanation? The book reviews the arguments for a role of genetics in the present biodiversity crisis. It describes the methods used to study genetic variation in endangered species and examines the influence of genetic variation in the extinction of species. To date, conservation genetics has predominantly utilized neutral genetic markers, e.g., microsatellites. However, with the recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics it will soon be possible to study ‘direct gene action’, following the fate of genetic variation at the level of DNA, through expression, to proteins in order to determine how such phenotypes fare in populations of free living organisms. This book explores these exciting avenues of future research potential, integrating ecological quantitative genetics with the new genome science. It is now more important than ever that we ask relevant questions about the evolutionary fate of endangered populations throughout the globe and incorporate our knowledge of evolutionary processes and the distribution of genetic diversity into effective conservation planning and action.
Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195149326
- eISBN:
- 9780199943975
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149326.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
5.4 million Americans—one in every forty voting age adults—are denied the right to participate in democratic elections because of a past or current felony conviction. In several American states, one ...
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5.4 million Americans—one in every forty voting age adults—are denied the right to participate in democratic elections because of a past or current felony conviction. In several American states, one in four black men cannot vote due to a felony conviction. In a country that prides itself on universal suffrage, how did the United States come to deny a voice to such a large percentage of its citizenry? What are the consequences of large-scale disenfranchisement—both for election outcomes, and for public policy more generally? This book exposes one of the most important, yet little known, threats to the health of American democracy today. It reveals the centrality of racial factors in the origins of these laws, and their impact on politics today. Marshalling the first real empirical evidence on the issue to make a case for reform, this analysis informs all future policy and political debates on the laws governing the political rights of criminals.Less
5.4 million Americans—one in every forty voting age adults—are denied the right to participate in democratic elections because of a past or current felony conviction. In several American states, one in four black men cannot vote due to a felony conviction. In a country that prides itself on universal suffrage, how did the United States come to deny a voice to such a large percentage of its citizenry? What are the consequences of large-scale disenfranchisement—both for election outcomes, and for public policy more generally? This book exposes one of the most important, yet little known, threats to the health of American democracy today. It reveals the centrality of racial factors in the origins of these laws, and their impact on politics today. Marshalling the first real empirical evidence on the issue to make a case for reform, this analysis informs all future policy and political debates on the laws governing the political rights of criminals.
Paul Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579976
- eISBN:
- 9780191722615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579976.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, History of Philosophy
This chapter emphasizes that in offering an alternative to interminablist interpretations of the Kantian aesthetic, the present work has striven to develop avenues of understanding opened up through ...
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This chapter emphasizes that in offering an alternative to interminablist interpretations of the Kantian aesthetic, the present work has striven to develop avenues of understanding opened up through his key concepts and arguments. In particular, great emphasis has been placed on meta-aesthetic factors, which reveal the deep grounding of aesthetic phenomena on structures that are experientially decisive (as the basis of objective knowledge and the unity of self-consciousness). Through this means it has been possible, also, to show that the aesthetic domain has a depth of meaning that invests it with a validity that exceeds the levelling instincts of global consumerism and cultural relativism. It offers the basis of a critical justification of higher cultural phenomena.Less
This chapter emphasizes that in offering an alternative to interminablist interpretations of the Kantian aesthetic, the present work has striven to develop avenues of understanding opened up through his key concepts and arguments. In particular, great emphasis has been placed on meta-aesthetic factors, which reveal the deep grounding of aesthetic phenomena on structures that are experientially decisive (as the basis of objective knowledge and the unity of self-consciousness). Through this means it has been possible, also, to show that the aesthetic domain has a depth of meaning that invests it with a validity that exceeds the levelling instincts of global consumerism and cultural relativism. It offers the basis of a critical justification of higher cultural phenomena.
Maria Scannapieco and Kelli Connell-Carrick
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195156782
- eISBN:
- 9780199864164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156782.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This book analyzes in a developmental context understanding, assessing, and treating child maltreatment within the ecological framework. This framework is used to help systematically organize and ...
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This book analyzes in a developmental context understanding, assessing, and treating child maltreatment within the ecological framework. This framework is used to help systematically organize and integrate the complexity of the child maltreatment and developmental empirical literature by the following developmental stages: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Two chapters cover each developmental stage: the first chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of normal development and the developmental consequences of child maltreatment; and the second chapter applies this knowledge to the assessment and intervention strategies of child maltreatment. Research has yielded support for viewing child maltreatment from an ecological perspective, in that a spectrum of factors has been found to be correlated with protective and risk factors of abuse and neglect of children. These factors interact to create potentially protective or harmful conditions for children. Throughout the book, consideration of multiple risk and protective factors are utilized in assessing child maltreatment at each stage of development within the ecological perspective. This framework enables assessment of individual, family, and environmental elements and their interactions. To assess completely child maltreatment, all potential categories of contributory factors are considered. In addition, a case illustration at the end of each major chapter allows for the application of information presented in those chapters to enhance learning.Less
This book analyzes in a developmental context understanding, assessing, and treating child maltreatment within the ecological framework. This framework is used to help systematically organize and integrate the complexity of the child maltreatment and developmental empirical literature by the following developmental stages: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Two chapters cover each developmental stage: the first chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of normal development and the developmental consequences of child maltreatment; and the second chapter applies this knowledge to the assessment and intervention strategies of child maltreatment. Research has yielded support for viewing child maltreatment from an ecological perspective, in that a spectrum of factors has been found to be correlated with protective and risk factors of abuse and neglect of children. These factors interact to create potentially protective or harmful conditions for children. Throughout the book, consideration of multiple risk and protective factors are utilized in assessing child maltreatment at each stage of development within the ecological perspective. This framework enables assessment of individual, family, and environmental elements and their interactions. To assess completely child maltreatment, all potential categories of contributory factors are considered. In addition, a case illustration at the end of each major chapter allows for the application of information presented in those chapters to enhance learning.
Mark E. Courtney and Dorota Iwaniec (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195309188
- eISBN:
- 9780199863907
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309188.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case ...
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This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case study” chapter provides a rich description of the development, current status, and future of residential care in countries from Brazil to Botswana. Chapters describe how residential care is defined in the country in question, how it has evolved over time, including its history, trends over time, and any “landmark” events in the history of residential care. The chapters examine factors (historical, political, economic, ideological, and cultural) that have contributed to the observed pattern of development of residential care and provide a description of the current state of residential care (number of children in care, ages, average length of stay, reasons that children/youth are placed in residential care, etc.). Lastly, each case study describes expected future directions for residential care and potential concerns. Two integrative chapters provide a critical cross-national perspective, identifying common themes, analyzing underlying factors, and speculating about the future of residential child care across the globe.Less
This book fills major gaps in knowledge about residential care of children, and is sure to inform ongoing debates within and between nations about the appropriate use of such institutions. Each “case study” chapter provides a rich description of the development, current status, and future of residential care in countries from Brazil to Botswana. Chapters describe how residential care is defined in the country in question, how it has evolved over time, including its history, trends over time, and any “landmark” events in the history of residential care. The chapters examine factors (historical, political, economic, ideological, and cultural) that have contributed to the observed pattern of development of residential care and provide a description of the current state of residential care (number of children in care, ages, average length of stay, reasons that children/youth are placed in residential care, etc.). Lastly, each case study describes expected future directions for residential care and potential concerns. Two integrative chapters provide a critical cross-national perspective, identifying common themes, analyzing underlying factors, and speculating about the future of residential child care across the globe.
Sarah Harper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199251162
- eISBN:
- 9780191602740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251169.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines kin interactions to identify the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors that influence social contacts between kin in Western industrialised societies. Variations by ...
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This chapter examines kin interactions to identify the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors that influence social contacts between kin in Western industrialised societies. Variations by country show the most pronounced difference across all aspects considered. Variations by age are large, while those by socio-economic characteristics are smaller. The existence of kin is a precondition for interaction, and availability of kin is essential for some patterns of interaction.Less
This chapter examines kin interactions to identify the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors that influence social contacts between kin in Western industrialised societies. Variations by country show the most pronounced difference across all aspects considered. Variations by age are large, while those by socio-economic characteristics are smaller. The existence of kin is a precondition for interaction, and availability of kin is essential for some patterns of interaction.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in ...
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This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.Less
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.
Jeff Good (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298495
- eISBN:
- 9780191711442
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298495.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This book looks at the relationship between linguistic universals and language change. Reflecting the resurgence of work in both fields over the last two decades, it addresses two related issues of ...
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This book looks at the relationship between linguistic universals and language change. Reflecting the resurgence of work in both fields over the last two decades, it addresses two related issues of central importance in linguistics: the balance between synchronic and diachronic factors in accounting for universals of linguistic structure, and the means of distinguishing genuine aspects of a universal human cognitive capacity for language from regularities that may be traced to extraneous origins. The book brings together specially commissioned work by leading scholars, including prominent representatives of generative and functional linguistics. It examines rival explanations for linguistic universals and assesses the effectiveness of competing models of language change. The book investigates patterns and processes of grammatical and lexical change across a wide range of languages; it considers the degree to which common characteristics condition processes of change in related languages; and examines how far differences in linguistic outcomes may be explained by cultural or external factors.Less
This book looks at the relationship between linguistic universals and language change. Reflecting the resurgence of work in both fields over the last two decades, it addresses two related issues of central importance in linguistics: the balance between synchronic and diachronic factors in accounting for universals of linguistic structure, and the means of distinguishing genuine aspects of a universal human cognitive capacity for language from regularities that may be traced to extraneous origins. The book brings together specially commissioned work by leading scholars, including prominent representatives of generative and functional linguistics. It examines rival explanations for linguistic universals and assesses the effectiveness of competing models of language change. The book investigates patterns and processes of grammatical and lexical change across a wide range of languages; it considers the degree to which common characteristics condition processes of change in related languages; and examines how far differences in linguistic outcomes may be explained by cultural or external factors.
Joseph V. Femia
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198275435
- eISBN:
- 9780191684128
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198275435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, ...
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The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, explores its basic philosophical assumptions, and sets out its implications for Gramsci's explanation of social stability and his vision of the revolutionary process. A number of prevalent and often contradictory myths are demolished, and, moreover, certain neglected aspects of his thought are stressed, including the predominant role he attributed to economic factors, the importance he gave to ‘contradictory consciousness’, and the close connection between his political thinking and his fundamental philosophical premises. The book concludes by critically examining Gramsci's novel solutions to three long-standing problems for Marxist theory: the reasons why the Western working class has not carried out its revolutionary mission; determining the appropriate strategy for a Marxist party working within an advanced capitalist framework; and what are the reasons behind the failure of existing socialist states in their task of liberation?Less
The unifying idea of Antonio Gramsci's famous Prison Notebooks is the concept of hegemony. In this study of these fragmentary writings this book elucidates the precise character of this concept, explores its basic philosophical assumptions, and sets out its implications for Gramsci's explanation of social stability and his vision of the revolutionary process. A number of prevalent and often contradictory myths are demolished, and, moreover, certain neglected aspects of his thought are stressed, including the predominant role he attributed to economic factors, the importance he gave to ‘contradictory consciousness’, and the close connection between his political thinking and his fundamental philosophical premises. The book concludes by critically examining Gramsci's novel solutions to three long-standing problems for Marxist theory: the reasons why the Western working class has not carried out its revolutionary mission; determining the appropriate strategy for a Marxist party working within an advanced capitalist framework; and what are the reasons behind the failure of existing socialist states in their task of liberation?
Rita Claes, René Schalk, and Jeroen de Jong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542697
- eISBN:
- 9780191715389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542697.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to ...
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The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to represent different types of work. This chapter reports the effects of country and sector on the results. A first step was to agree a number of relevant dimensions on which to compare countries and a number of institutional and cultural factors were identified. However comparison across the six European countries and Israel revealed rather few differences of the sort that might be expected to have an impact on temporary employment. Despite this, there are large national differences in the use of temporary workers. The statistical analysis of our survey data reveals that the amount of variation in outcomes that can be explained by the country or sector level is small. It rarely exceeded ten per cent and was generally overwhelmed by the much greater influence of factors at the organizational and workplace levels.Less
The study was designed to explore the impact of any country differences on the use of and impact of temporary employment contracts. In addition, data were collected from three broad sectors to represent different types of work. This chapter reports the effects of country and sector on the results. A first step was to agree a number of relevant dimensions on which to compare countries and a number of institutional and cultural factors were identified. However comparison across the six European countries and Israel revealed rather few differences of the sort that might be expected to have an impact on temporary employment. Despite this, there are large national differences in the use of temporary workers. The statistical analysis of our survey data reveals that the amount of variation in outcomes that can be explained by the country or sector level is small. It rarely exceeded ten per cent and was generally overwhelmed by the much greater influence of factors at the organizational and workplace levels.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter explores the meaning and interpretation of an infinitely repeated game. It examines finitely repeated games and infinitely repeated games with declining discount factors, and the ...
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This chapter explores the meaning and interpretation of an infinitely repeated game. It examines finitely repeated games and infinitely repeated games with declining discount factors, and the implications of refining the notion of subgame perfection to require renegotiation proofness.Less
This chapter explores the meaning and interpretation of an infinitely repeated game. It examines finitely repeated games and infinitely repeated games with declining discount factors, and the implications of refining the notion of subgame perfection to require renegotiation proofness.
Stewart Wood
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical ...
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In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical starting point of the chapter is an examination of path dependence, perhaps the most popular contemporary approach to explaining the persistence of institutions and policies over time. In principle, this offers an enticing explanation of the resilience of national policy trajectories, although the outcomes it explains have a tendency to be overdetermined, and not all mechanisms generating a bias towards the status quo are path‐dependent ones. The theoretical work of this chapter, therefore, lies in deriving alternative (though not mutually exclusive) micro‐level sources of policy continuity over time, and evaluating their relative contributions to the evolution of labour market policy in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. Divided into four substantive sections: Section 1 discusses the theory of path‐dependent institutional and policy trajectories in politics; Sect. 2 presents three distinct sources of policy continuity (employer‐centred, constitutional, and electoral) that are often bundled together as ‘lock‐in mechanisms’ in path‐dependent accounts; Sect. 3 sketches the changing context of labour market policy in Western Europe by looking at national responses to unemployment from 1980 onwards in each of the three country case studies, and providing accounts of labour market policies, employers’ preferences in relation to labour market policies, and constitutional factors and electoral constraints in relation to labour market reform; Sect. 4 is a conclusion and discusses the thesis offered by the chapter — that the trajectory of labour market policy can be accounted for by an employer‐centred theory of preferences.Less
In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical starting point of the chapter is an examination of path dependence, perhaps the most popular contemporary approach to explaining the persistence of institutions and policies over time. In principle, this offers an enticing explanation of the resilience of national policy trajectories, although the outcomes it explains have a tendency to be overdetermined, and not all mechanisms generating a bias towards the status quo are path‐dependent ones. The theoretical work of this chapter, therefore, lies in deriving alternative (though not mutually exclusive) micro‐level sources of policy continuity over time, and evaluating their relative contributions to the evolution of labour market policy in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. Divided into four substantive sections: Section 1 discusses the theory of path‐dependent institutional and policy trajectories in politics; Sect. 2 presents three distinct sources of policy continuity (employer‐centred, constitutional, and electoral) that are often bundled together as ‘lock‐in mechanisms’ in path‐dependent accounts; Sect. 3 sketches the changing context of labour market policy in Western Europe by looking at national responses to unemployment from 1980 onwards in each of the three country case studies, and providing accounts of labour market policies, employers’ preferences in relation to labour market policies, and constitutional factors and electoral constraints in relation to labour market reform; Sect. 4 is a conclusion and discusses the thesis offered by the chapter — that the trajectory of labour market policy can be accounted for by an employer‐centred theory of preferences.
Roger Undy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199544943
- eISBN:
- 9780191719936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544943.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In ...
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Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In contrast, balanced‐partner amalgamations generally have a more marked effect on both the new unions' external relations with employers and its internal organization. However, the context may limit the amalgamated unions' abilities to exercise any increase gained in latent collective bargaining power. Internally, the balanced‐partner amalgamations vary considerably in their reforming effects: some have positive outcomes, while others generate unintended and politically destabilizing consequences.Less
Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In contrast, balanced‐partner amalgamations generally have a more marked effect on both the new unions' external relations with employers and its internal organization. However, the context may limit the amalgamated unions' abilities to exercise any increase gained in latent collective bargaining power. Internally, the balanced‐partner amalgamations vary considerably in their reforming effects: some have positive outcomes, while others generate unintended and politically destabilizing consequences.
Lorraine Code
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159431
- eISBN:
- 9780199786411
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159438.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget ...
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This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget and persisting in Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development, is embedded in assumptions about achieved rational mastery as the mark of moral and cognitive maturity. Not only does it overlook the part played by sociality and affect in child development, it pays scant attention to the constitutive role of situational factors — cultural, class, racial, gendered, sexual — in the production of human subjectivities. Taking as its point of departure Valerie Walkerdine’s critique of Piaget in The Mastery of Reason, and reading Walkerdine together with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks about “the child”, the chapter argues for an approach to developmentality that is socially and ecologically aware in its conception of subjectivity, sociality, citizenship, and of knowledge as a power-saturated social institution.Less
This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget and persisting in Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development, is embedded in assumptions about achieved rational mastery as the mark of moral and cognitive maturity. Not only does it overlook the part played by sociality and affect in child development, it pays scant attention to the constitutive role of situational factors — cultural, class, racial, gendered, sexual — in the production of human subjectivities. Taking as its point of departure Valerie Walkerdine’s critique of Piaget in The Mastery of Reason, and reading Walkerdine together with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks about “the child”, the chapter argues for an approach to developmentality that is socially and ecologically aware in its conception of subjectivity, sociality, citizenship, and of knowledge as a power-saturated social institution.
Hisami Matsuzaki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines a rural weaving district within the context of ‘regional community’. The activities of traders in the Isezaki weaving district, including clothiers, factors, and local bankers, ...
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This chapter examines a rural weaving district within the context of ‘regional community’. The activities of traders in the Isezaki weaving district, including clothiers, factors, and local bankers, were strongly influenced by motives embedded in the regional community. Though the concept of ‘social capital’ is applied to interpret the findings in this chapter, the positive and negative effects of industry-community relationships on the development of the industrial district are also identified.Less
This chapter examines a rural weaving district within the context of ‘regional community’. The activities of traders in the Isezaki weaving district, including clothiers, factors, and local bankers, were strongly influenced by motives embedded in the regional community. Though the concept of ‘social capital’ is applied to interpret the findings in this chapter, the positive and negative effects of industry-community relationships on the development of the industrial district are also identified.
Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
There has been a general consensus that multigroup (sample) confirmatory factor analysis offers a strong approach to evaluate cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. Researchers have ...
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There has been a general consensus that multigroup (sample) confirmatory factor analysis offers a strong approach to evaluate cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. Researchers have proposed different procedural steps in the testing of measurement equivalence hypotheses, including the equivalence of the covariance matrices of the observed indicators and the equivalence of factor means among groups. Joreskog and Sorbom (2001) recommend the testing of five general hypotheses, including equivalence of covariance matrices of observed indicators of a scale or an instrument; equivalence of factor patterns of observed indicators; equivalence of factor loadings of observed indicators on their respective factors; equivalence of measurement errors of observed indicators; and equivalence of factor variances and covariance across groups. Invariance of factor pattern and factor loadings is sufficient to determine whether a construct can be measured across different cultural, national, or racial groups.Less
There has been a general consensus that multigroup (sample) confirmatory factor analysis offers a strong approach to evaluate cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. Researchers have proposed different procedural steps in the testing of measurement equivalence hypotheses, including the equivalence of the covariance matrices of the observed indicators and the equivalence of factor means among groups. Joreskog and Sorbom (2001) recommend the testing of five general hypotheses, including equivalence of covariance matrices of observed indicators of a scale or an instrument; equivalence of factor patterns of observed indicators; equivalence of factor loadings of observed indicators on their respective factors; equivalence of measurement errors of observed indicators; and equivalence of factor variances and covariance across groups. Invariance of factor pattern and factor loadings is sufficient to determine whether a construct can be measured across different cultural, national, or racial groups.
Emma Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195323351
- eISBN:
- 9780199785575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323351.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Chapter 9 tackles questions concerning the apparently variable distribution and relevance of spirit concepts and possession (e.g. the high degree of women's participation relative to men's ...
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Chapter 9 tackles questions concerning the apparently variable distribution and relevance of spirit concepts and possession (e.g. the high degree of women's participation relative to men's participation in possession cults). Taking some of the necessary cognitive mechanisms for the emergence and spread of spirit concepts described in chapters 6–8, this chapter considers what environmental and other factors may enhance or inhibit the natural output of these mechanisms.Less
Chapter 9 tackles questions concerning the apparently variable distribution and relevance of spirit concepts and possession (e.g. the high degree of women's participation relative to men's participation in possession cults). Taking some of the necessary cognitive mechanisms for the emergence and spread of spirit concepts described in chapters 6–8, this chapter considers what environmental and other factors may enhance or inhibit the natural output of these mechanisms.
Richard Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263455
- eISBN:
- 9780191602726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263450.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from ...
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Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from supervisory (Cambodia) to direct governance (Kosovo and East Timor). Further distinguishes international administrations with regard to the aims and contextual factors that establish the framework of an operation. These operations are not entirely without precedent and the chapter also discusses relevant historical antecedents. Concludes with a discussion of the various international actors involved and the nature of the organizational structures created.Less
Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from supervisory (Cambodia) to direct governance (Kosovo and East Timor). Further distinguishes international administrations with regard to the aims and contextual factors that establish the framework of an operation. These operations are not entirely without precedent and the chapter also discusses relevant historical antecedents. Concludes with a discussion of the various international actors involved and the nature of the organizational structures created.
