Mitchell S. Green
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199283781
- eISBN:
- 9780191712548
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283781.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This book offers a general theory of expressive behavior, including but not limited to such behavior as it occurs in our own species. At the core of the project is the thesis that self-expression is ...
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This book offers a general theory of expressive behavior, including but not limited to such behavior as it occurs in our own species. At the core of the project is the thesis that self-expression is a matter of showing a cognitive, affective, or qualitative state in such a way that the showing is a product of design. Design may be the result of conscious intention, natural selection, artificial selection, or convention. Showing comes in three forms: showing that something is so, showing something in such a way as to make it perceptible, and showing how an object appears or how an experience or affect feels. This elucidation of self-expression as designed showing of something inner sheds light on such issues as the distinction between saying and showing, the nature of speaker meaning, speech acts, the problem of other minds, implicature, the psychology and evolutionary biology of facial expression, idiosyncratic and conventional aspects of expressive behavior, empathy, qualia, and artistic expression, particularly expression in music. The work blends insights from evolutionary game theory, ethology, experimental psychology, neuroscience, pragmatics, and the philosophies of mind and language.Less
This book offers a general theory of expressive behavior, including but not limited to such behavior as it occurs in our own species. At the core of the project is the thesis that self-expression is a matter of showing a cognitive, affective, or qualitative state in such a way that the showing is a product of design. Design may be the result of conscious intention, natural selection, artificial selection, or convention. Showing comes in three forms: showing that something is so, showing something in such a way as to make it perceptible, and showing how an object appears or how an experience or affect feels. This elucidation of self-expression as designed showing of something inner sheds light on such issues as the distinction between saying and showing, the nature of speaker meaning, speech acts, the problem of other minds, implicature, the psychology and evolutionary biology of facial expression, idiosyncratic and conventional aspects of expressive behavior, empathy, qualia, and artistic expression, particularly expression in music. The work blends insights from evolutionary game theory, ethology, experimental psychology, neuroscience, pragmatics, and the philosophies of mind and language.
Mitchell S. Green
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199283781
- eISBN:
- 9780191712548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283781.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter refines and defends the conception of emotions as literally perceptible in the face. It begins with an overview of Darwin's position on facial expression as espoused in his The ...
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This chapter refines and defends the conception of emotions as literally perceptible in the face. It begins with an overview of Darwin's position on facial expression as espoused in his The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Later theories of the psychology and evolutionary biology of facial expression are then considered: the Neurocultural View as espoused by P. Ekman, W. Friesen, R. Levenson, and others; and the Behavioral Ecology View as espoused by A. Fridlund and others. After objections to both of these more recent views are raised, a new view of facial expression is espoused, the Strategic Readout View (SRV). The SRV builds on earlier chapters and incorporates the insights of both the Neurocultural and Behavioral Ecology views.Less
This chapter refines and defends the conception of emotions as literally perceptible in the face. It begins with an overview of Darwin's position on facial expression as espoused in his The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Later theories of the psychology and evolutionary biology of facial expression are then considered: the Neurocultural View as espoused by P. Ekman, W. Friesen, R. Levenson, and others; and the Behavioral Ecology View as espoused by A. Fridlund and others. After objections to both of these more recent views are raised, a new view of facial expression is espoused, the Strategic Readout View (SRV). The SRV builds on earlier chapters and incorporates the insights of both the Neurocultural and Behavioral Ecology views.
David Matsumoto and Hyi Sung Hwang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380392
- eISBN:
- 9780199863501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380392.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter describes the major research findings from our program of research on culture, emotion, and expression over the past thirty years, covering both studies examining the judgment of ...
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This chapter describes the major research findings from our program of research on culture, emotion, and expression over the past thirty years, covering both studies examining the judgment of emotional stimuli across cultures (judgment studies) as well as studies examining the production of emotional expressions across cultures (production studies). Within both sets of studies, the chapter reports aspects of emotional expressions that are panculturally universal, as well as those that are culture-specific. The chapter presents new evidence demonstrating the likely biological innateness of an archaic, evolutionarily evolved, pancultural emotion system. Considering the existence of both universal, biologically based aspects as well as culture-specific aspects of emotional expressions, the chapter presents a theoretical framework describing the cultural calibration of the biologically-innate, evolutionarily evolved system to account for universality and cultural differences.Less
This chapter describes the major research findings from our program of research on culture, emotion, and expression over the past thirty years, covering both studies examining the judgment of emotional stimuli across cultures (judgment studies) as well as studies examining the production of emotional expressions across cultures (production studies). Within both sets of studies, the chapter reports aspects of emotional expressions that are panculturally universal, as well as those that are culture-specific. The chapter presents new evidence demonstrating the likely biological innateness of an archaic, evolutionarily evolved, pancultural emotion system. Considering the existence of both universal, biologically based aspects as well as culture-specific aspects of emotional expressions, the chapter presents a theoretical framework describing the cultural calibration of the biologically-innate, evolutionarily evolved system to account for universality and cultural differences.
Harriet Oster
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198528845
- eISBN:
- 9780191689567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528845.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter argues that infant facial expressions and other communicative behaviours should be examined as biologically-based adaptations crucial for the infant's survival and normal development. In ...
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This chapter argues that infant facial expressions and other communicative behaviours should be examined as biologically-based adaptations crucial for the infant's survival and normal development. In this sense some of the most characteristic facial expressions shown by young infants may be thought as ontogenetic adaptations — a term used to designate neurobehavioural attributes and capacities of immature animals, which may have evolved because of the adaptive functions they serve in ontogeny. An ontogenetic perspective on the development of emotional expression implies that there are likely to be changes as well as continuities in the morphology, affective meaning, and communicative function of some facial expressions. For this reason, precise and object measures are needed to describe the patterns of expressions shown by infants, regardless of whether they resemble prototypical adult expressions, and to trace developmental changes in infant facial expressions.Less
This chapter argues that infant facial expressions and other communicative behaviours should be examined as biologically-based adaptations crucial for the infant's survival and normal development. In this sense some of the most characteristic facial expressions shown by young infants may be thought as ontogenetic adaptations — a term used to designate neurobehavioural attributes and capacities of immature animals, which may have evolved because of the adaptive functions they serve in ontogeny. An ontogenetic perspective on the development of emotional expression implies that there are likely to be changes as well as continuities in the morphology, affective meaning, and communicative function of some facial expressions. For this reason, precise and object measures are needed to describe the patterns of expressions shown by infants, regardless of whether they resemble prototypical adult expressions, and to trace developmental changes in infant facial expressions.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states ...
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Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.Less
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.
Paul Ekman and Erika L. Rosenberg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us ...
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While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available, sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research. They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions among psychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed.Less
While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available, sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research. They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions among psychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed.
Erika L. Rosenberg and Paul Ekman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter determines whether facial expression and subjective measures of emotion occur together on a momentary basis during specific emotional episodes. It specifically aims to assess the extent ...
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This chapter determines whether facial expression and subjective measures of emotion occur together on a momentary basis during specific emotional episodes. It specifically aims to assess the extent to which coherence does occur. It also outlines the major methodological issues that complicate the study of coherence and offers a new technique that addresses some of these problems. The results provide the first evidence that there is coherence between facial expression and self-report of emotion at specific moments. It is also shown that measurement of facial expression and self-report of specific emotions on a momentary basis provides solid evidence of a coherent emotional response, especially for more intense emotional events. A study on whether the facial expressive system and the subjective, experiential system act together during specific instances of emotion is examined.Less
This chapter determines whether facial expression and subjective measures of emotion occur together on a momentary basis during specific emotional episodes. It specifically aims to assess the extent to which coherence does occur. It also outlines the major methodological issues that complicate the study of coherence and offers a new technique that addresses some of these problems. The results provide the first evidence that there is coherence between facial expression and self-report of emotion at specific moments. It is also shown that measurement of facial expression and self-report of specific emotions on a momentary basis provides solid evidence of a coherent emotional response, especially for more intense emotional events. A study on whether the facial expressive system and the subjective, experiential system act together during specific instances of emotion is examined.
Michelle de Haan and Margriet Groen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168716
- eISBN:
- 9780199847853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168716.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Interest in examining the underlying mechanisms of young infants' face-processing abilities is increasing; hence this paper presents a review of infants' abilities to recognize and respond to faces ...
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Interest in examining the underlying mechanisms of young infants' face-processing abilities is increasing; hence this paper presents a review of infants' abilities to recognize and respond to faces and their conveyed emotion as social stimuli different from other types of objects. A discussion on evidence from imitation, response to still faces, patterns of visual attention and social referencing suggests that infants have the ability to understand the meaning of faces even before they reach the age of one, and that this continues to develop during childhood. At the neurobiological level, this could be attributed to early maturation of the occipitotemporal cortex, amygdala and other cortical structures, and the delayed maturation of other structures and their connections. Evidence shows that the development of expression recognition and responses in infants is influenced strongly by experience.Less
Interest in examining the underlying mechanisms of young infants' face-processing abilities is increasing; hence this paper presents a review of infants' abilities to recognize and respond to faces and their conveyed emotion as social stimuli different from other types of objects. A discussion on evidence from imitation, response to still faces, patterns of visual attention and social referencing suggests that infants have the ability to understand the meaning of faces even before they reach the age of one, and that this continues to develop during childhood. At the neurobiological level, this could be attributed to early maturation of the occipitotemporal cortex, amygdala and other cortical structures, and the delayed maturation of other structures and their connections. Evidence shows that the development of expression recognition and responses in infants is influenced strongly by experience.
Paul J. Silvia
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195158557
- eISBN:
- 9780199786824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158557.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews research on interest as an emotion. Modern theories in affective science propose that emotions consist of components, such as facial and vocal expressions, subjective experience, ...
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This chapter reviews research on interest as an emotion. Modern theories in affective science propose that emotions consist of components, such as facial and vocal expressions, subjective experience, motivational functions, and physiological changes. A small body of work suggests that the experience of interest involves changes in facial expressions and vocal expressions. The function of interest is to motivate knowledge-seeking and exploration, which over time builds knowledge and competence. Interest's subjective quality is positive and active, consistent with its approach-oriented function. These components are coherent: subjective, expressive, and behavioral components of interest correlate with each other, indicating an organized emotional response. Finally, many experiments on emotion and aesthetics show that interest is distinct from the similar emotion of happiness/enjoyment: they have different causes and different effects on exploration.Less
This chapter reviews research on interest as an emotion. Modern theories in affective science propose that emotions consist of components, such as facial and vocal expressions, subjective experience, motivational functions, and physiological changes. A small body of work suggests that the experience of interest involves changes in facial expressions and vocal expressions. The function of interest is to motivate knowledge-seeking and exploration, which over time builds knowledge and competence. Interest's subjective quality is positive and active, consistent with its approach-oriented function. These components are coherent: subjective, expressive, and behavioral components of interest correlate with each other, indicating an organized emotional response. Finally, many experiments on emotion and aesthetics show that interest is distinct from the similar emotion of happiness/enjoyment: they have different causes and different effects on exploration.
Erika L. Rosenberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book presents previously published articles on spontaneous facial expression in a single volume. It also contains short essays that offer the reader a glimpse of the researchers' current ...
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This book presents previously published articles on spontaneous facial expression in a single volume. It also contains short essays that offer the reader a glimpse of the researchers' current thinking on the issues addressed in their articles. It specifically focuses on the research involving measurement of the face itself. The book is divided into two major sections: one on basic research and the other on applied research. The basic research portion consists mainly of research relevant to the psychology of emotion, but it also includes basic research on related topics, namely deception and pain. The applied portion presents studies in which facial measures were examined in relation to mental or physical health variables. It concludes with a chapter by Paul Ekman, in which he integrates what has been learned by measuring the face, comments on the specific contributions to various fields by the studies reprinted in this volume, and offers suggestions for future research. The remainder of this introductory chapter includes an overview of the reprinted research articles, a brief history of the study of the face in modern psychology, and a discussion of facial measurement procedures.Less
This book presents previously published articles on spontaneous facial expression in a single volume. It also contains short essays that offer the reader a glimpse of the researchers' current thinking on the issues addressed in their articles. It specifically focuses on the research involving measurement of the face itself. The book is divided into two major sections: one on basic research and the other on applied research. The basic research portion consists mainly of research relevant to the psychology of emotion, but it also includes basic research on related topics, namely deception and pain. The applied portion presents studies in which facial measures were examined in relation to mental or physical health variables. It concludes with a chapter by Paul Ekman, in which he integrates what has been learned by measuring the face, comments on the specific contributions to various fields by the studies reprinted in this volume, and offers suggestions for future research. The remainder of this introductory chapter includes an overview of the reprinted research articles, a brief history of the study of the face in modern psychology, and a discussion of facial measurement procedures.
Kelly A. Gates
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814732090
- eISBN:
- 9780814733035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814732090.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter explores the development of automated facial expression analysis, the effort to program computers to recognize facial expressions as they form on and move across people's faces. While ...
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This chapter explores the development of automated facial expression analysis, the effort to program computers to recognize facial expressions as they form on and move across people's faces. While facial recognition technology treats the face as a “blank somatic surface” to be differentiated from other faces as an index of identity, automated facial expression analysis treats the dynamic surface of the face as the site of differentiation. In automated facial expression analysis, the dimensions and intensities of facial movements are analyzed as indices of emotion and cognition to determine what people are thinking and feeling. Automation of facial expression analysis promises to accomplish what facial recognition technology fails to do: read the interior of the person off the surface of the face, using the face itself as a field of classifiable information about the individual.Less
This chapter explores the development of automated facial expression analysis, the effort to program computers to recognize facial expressions as they form on and move across people's faces. While facial recognition technology treats the face as a “blank somatic surface” to be differentiated from other faces as an index of identity, automated facial expression analysis treats the dynamic surface of the face as the site of differentiation. In automated facial expression analysis, the dimensions and intensities of facial movements are analyzed as indices of emotion and cognition to determine what people are thinking and feeling. Automation of facial expression analysis promises to accomplish what facial recognition technology fails to do: read the interior of the person off the surface of the face, using the face itself as a field of classifiable information about the individual.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on facial expressions. It describes many studies in which people were induced to adopt facial expressions and then reported corresponding feelings. A very large number of studies ...
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This chapter focuses on facial expressions. It describes many studies in which people were induced to adopt facial expressions and then reported corresponding feelings. A very large number of studies have demonstrated that changing a person's facial expressions will produce corresponding changes in emotional feelings. A number of kinds of data indicate that these effects are not attributable to experimental demand, but that there are other data and arguments that will strengthen this conclusion. The effects of expressions on feelings also are large enough to justify further theoretical elaboration. However, they do not occur in all people. Instead, consistent, reliable differences in the effects of expressions on feelings have been observed.Less
This chapter focuses on facial expressions. It describes many studies in which people were induced to adopt facial expressions and then reported corresponding feelings. A very large number of studies have demonstrated that changing a person's facial expressions will produce corresponding changes in emotional feelings. A number of kinds of data indicate that these effects are not attributable to experimental demand, but that there are other data and arguments that will strengthen this conclusion. The effects of expressions on feelings also are large enough to justify further theoretical elaboration. However, they do not occur in all people. Instead, consistent, reliable differences in the effects of expressions on feelings have been observed.
Joseph C. Hager and Paul Ekman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Recent reports have suggested that asymmetries in facial expressions result from cerebral hemispheric specialization. This chapter evaluates the theoretical models on whether emotional or ...
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Recent reports have suggested that asymmetries in facial expressions result from cerebral hemispheric specialization. This chapter evaluates the theoretical models on whether emotional or nonemotional neural processes are involved, and whether specialization of the right, the left, or both hemispheres underlies asymmetry. The results indicate that factors producing asymmetry in deliberate movements are not related directly to positive emotional processes involving smiling, nor to processes giving rise to negative, reflex-like startle reactions. It is also shown that asymmetries of certain individual deliberate actions are lateralized, implying that the subjects have in common some functional asymmetry related to differential use of the hemispheres or some structural, anatomical asymmetry, or both asymmetries. The background for the preceding study is the conviction that the phenomenon of asymmetry in facial muscular actions might reflect important aspects of neural action or other factors. Its main point is that no extant theory of a single process involving hemispheric specialization could explain the pattern of results in the study.Less
Recent reports have suggested that asymmetries in facial expressions result from cerebral hemispheric specialization. This chapter evaluates the theoretical models on whether emotional or nonemotional neural processes are involved, and whether specialization of the right, the left, or both hemispheres underlies asymmetry. The results indicate that factors producing asymmetry in deliberate movements are not related directly to positive emotional processes involving smiling, nor to processes giving rise to negative, reflex-like startle reactions. It is also shown that asymmetries of certain individual deliberate actions are lateralized, implying that the subjects have in common some functional asymmetry related to differential use of the hemispheres or some structural, anatomical asymmetry, or both asymmetries. The background for the preceding study is the conviction that the phenomenon of asymmetry in facial muscular actions might reflect important aspects of neural action or other factors. Its main point is that no extant theory of a single process involving hemispheric specialization could explain the pattern of results in the study.
Steven J. Stanton, Julie L. Hall, and Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Implicit motives orient one’s attention toward motivational incentives and energize and select behaviors that facilitate incentive attainment. Yet, the exact qualities of these incentives were not ...
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Implicit motives orient one’s attention toward motivational incentives and energize and select behaviors that facilitate incentive attainment. Yet, the exact qualities of these incentives were not rigorously explored until recently, and early research reports hindered the field by only offering vague references to what motivational incentives were. This chapter discusses and critiques major models of motive-specific incentives by McClelland and colleagues from the 1950s and 1980s as well as those by Schultheiss in the 2000s. Lastly, this chapter argues that nonverbal signals are the core implicit motivational incentives and presents a motivational field theory of motivational incentives proposing that facial expressions of emotion function as motive-specific incentives.Less
Implicit motives orient one’s attention toward motivational incentives and energize and select behaviors that facilitate incentive attainment. Yet, the exact qualities of these incentives were not rigorously explored until recently, and early research reports hindered the field by only offering vague references to what motivational incentives were. This chapter discusses and critiques major models of motive-specific incentives by McClelland and colleagues from the 1950s and 1980s as well as those by Schultheiss in the 2000s. Lastly, this chapter argues that nonverbal signals are the core implicit motivational incentives and presents a motivational field theory of motivational incentives proposing that facial expressions of emotion function as motive-specific incentives.
Jacob Whitehill, Marian Stewart Bartlett, and Javier R. Movellan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780195387643
- eISBN:
- 9780199369195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387643.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures, Cognitive Psychology
In this chapter we define the problem space and describe the core components of automatic facial expression recognition systems. In particular, we discuss the most prominent methods of face ...
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In this chapter we define the problem space and describe the core components of automatic facial expression recognition systems. In particular, we discuss the most prominent methods of face segmentation, face registration, feature extraction, classification, and temporal integration. We then present several practical applications of expression recognition technology. Finally, we comment on the core future challenges to the field, including generalization to multiple poses and ethnicities, collection of better training data, evaluation infrastructure, and commercialization.Less
In this chapter we define the problem space and describe the core components of automatic facial expression recognition systems. In particular, we discuss the most prominent methods of face segmentation, face registration, feature extraction, classification, and temporal integration. We then present several practical applications of expression recognition technology. Finally, we comment on the core future challenges to the field, including generalization to multiple poses and ethnicities, collection of better training data, evaluation infrastructure, and commercialization.
Anssi Peräkylä and Johanna Ruusuvuori
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730735
- eISBN:
- 9780199950034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730735.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The chapter shows how facial expressions are used in pursuing emotional responses to tellings. The data come from five dyadic conversations over lunch, recorded by three cameras. Sometimes a story, ...
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The chapter shows how facial expressions are used in pursuing emotional responses to tellings. The data come from five dyadic conversations over lunch, recorded by three cameras. Sometimes a story, an announcement, or other telling, that is designed to convey the speaker’s emotional stance towards what is told, is not met by the recipient’s immediate emotional response. In such cases, the speaker may pursue response verbally. However, the chapter shows that a response can also be pursued by the speaker producing a facial expression at the closure of the telling. Such facial expressions can reinforce the stance of the telling, they can explicate a stance that in the (verbal) telling left implicit, or they can modify the stance. The chapter discusses these findings in the context of recent psychological theories on regulation of emotion.Less
The chapter shows how facial expressions are used in pursuing emotional responses to tellings. The data come from five dyadic conversations over lunch, recorded by three cameras. Sometimes a story, an announcement, or other telling, that is designed to convey the speaker’s emotional stance towards what is told, is not met by the recipient’s immediate emotional response. In such cases, the speaker may pursue response verbally. However, the chapter shows that a response can also be pursued by the speaker producing a facial expression at the closure of the telling. Such facial expressions can reinforce the stance of the telling, they can explicate a stance that in the (verbal) telling left implicit, or they can modify the stance. The chapter discusses these findings in the context of recent psychological theories on regulation of emotion.
Radosław Niewiadomski, Sylwia Julia Hyniewska, and Catherine Pelachaud
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780195387643
- eISBN:
- 9780199369195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387643.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures, Cognitive Psychology
Expressive behaviors are an indispensable part of any believeable virtual agent. They add liveliness to the virtual character and allow for clearer communication. This chapter is dedicated to ...
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Expressive behaviors are an indispensable part of any believeable virtual agent. They add liveliness to the virtual character and allow for clearer communication. This chapter is dedicated to computational models of expressive behaviors. The variety of these models arise from the richness of the theories trying to explain human behavior. For this reason, first the chapter introduces the main theories of human expressive behavior and then classifies computational models according to them. Expressive behaviors based on interactions not only consist of the choice of the appropriate set of nonverbal signals (e.g., facial expressions, gestures) to express agent’s intentions but also in their appropriate realization. For this reason, the authors also present the computational models of expressive and dynamic qualities of a movement. Finally, the expressive behavior can be influenced by social context or the behavior of its interlocutor. The authors conclude this section by presenting models of regulation of emotional expressions.Less
Expressive behaviors are an indispensable part of any believeable virtual agent. They add liveliness to the virtual character and allow for clearer communication. This chapter is dedicated to computational models of expressive behaviors. The variety of these models arise from the richness of the theories trying to explain human behavior. For this reason, first the chapter introduces the main theories of human expressive behavior and then classifies computational models according to them. Expressive behaviors based on interactions not only consist of the choice of the appropriate set of nonverbal signals (e.g., facial expressions, gestures) to express agent’s intentions but also in their appropriate realization. For this reason, the authors also present the computational models of expressive and dynamic qualities of a movement. Finally, the expressive behavior can be influenced by social context or the behavior of its interlocutor. The authors conclude this section by presenting models of regulation of emotional expressions.
Pierre Gosselin, Gilles Kirouac, and françois y. doré
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents two studies that examined the encoding and decoding of facial expression of emotions portrayed by actors. In Study 1, facial expressions portrayed by actors in two encoding ...
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This chapter presents two studies that examined the encoding and decoding of facial expression of emotions portrayed by actors. In Study 1, facial expressions portrayed by actors in two encoding conditions are explored. Study 2 was concerned with the decoding of actors' portrayals of emotions from facial behavior. Results of Study 1 showed that the facial components of emotions portrayed by actors correspond, to a certain degree, to those that characterize genuine emotions. Meanwhile, Study 2 illustrated that the facial portrayals allowed decoders to judge the emotional category in each encoding condition very well. The studies that showed how the problems were solved, or how to avoid them in the future, are discussed.Less
This chapter presents two studies that examined the encoding and decoding of facial expression of emotions portrayed by actors. In Study 1, facial expressions portrayed by actors in two encoding conditions are explored. Study 2 was concerned with the decoding of actors' portrayals of emotions from facial behavior. Results of Study 1 showed that the facial components of emotions portrayed by actors correspond, to a certain degree, to those that characterize genuine emotions. Meanwhile, Study 2 illustrated that the facial portrayals allowed decoders to judge the emotional category in each encoding condition very well. The studies that showed how the problems were solved, or how to avoid them in the future, are discussed.
Ursula Hess and Robert E. Kleck
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter addresses the differences between emotion elicited, which is spontaneous, and deliberate emotional facial expressions, specifically in relation to the dynamic features of the facial ...
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This chapter addresses the differences between emotion elicited, which is spontaneous, and deliberate emotional facial expressions, specifically in relation to the dynamic features of the facial expressions that might differentiate the two types of display. The results regarding the dynamic parameters predicted to differ between spontaneous and deliberate expressions, onset time and offset time, were different for the two experiments. The results of Experiment 1 were not consistent with the hypotheses. The deliberate expressions in Experiment 2 were elicited by asking subjects to deceive an observer about their emotional state by masking it with an incongruent emotional expression. Generally, the data provides strong evidence for the notion that the irregularity of the expression differentiates spontaneous and deliberate happy expressions and tentative evidence for this difference in disgust expressions, while addressing some of the methodological concerns regarding previous research. The objective differences versus observers' Ratings are also discussed.Less
This chapter addresses the differences between emotion elicited, which is spontaneous, and deliberate emotional facial expressions, specifically in relation to the dynamic features of the facial expressions that might differentiate the two types of display. The results regarding the dynamic parameters predicted to differ between spontaneous and deliberate expressions, onset time and offset time, were different for the two experiments. The results of Experiment 1 were not consistent with the hypotheses. The deliberate expressions in Experiment 2 were elicited by asking subjects to deceive an observer about their emotional state by masking it with an incongruent emotional expression. Generally, the data provides strong evidence for the notion that the irregularity of the expression differentiates spontaneous and deliberate happy expressions and tentative evidence for this difference in disgust expressions, while addressing some of the methodological concerns regarding previous research. The objective differences versus observers' Ratings are also discussed.
Robert C. Solomon
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195145496
- eISBN:
- 9780199833726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195145496.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Many psychologists and philosophers now accept the idea that there are “basic emotions,” emotions whose essence is an “affect program”. I argue that in fact this idea is quite old, and that it relies ...
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Many psychologists and philosophers now accept the idea that there are “basic emotions,” emotions whose essence is an “affect program”. I argue that in fact this idea is quite old, and that it relies on metaphors and analogies that are quite problematic. Much of the current discussion follows Paul Ekman's influential work on the facial expressions of emotion (which has been sadly neglected in philosophy), but I challenge the very idea of basic emotions as reductionist and unfaithful to the complexity and richness of emotions, even the supposed basic ones.Less
Many psychologists and philosophers now accept the idea that there are “basic emotions,” emotions whose essence is an “affect program”. I argue that in fact this idea is quite old, and that it relies on metaphors and analogies that are quite problematic. Much of the current discussion follows Paul Ekman's influential work on the facial expressions of emotion (which has been sadly neglected in philosophy), but I challenge the very idea of basic emotions as reductionist and unfaithful to the complexity and richness of emotions, even the supposed basic ones.
