Luther Tai
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311310
- eISBN:
- 9780199789948
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311310.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This book examines how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented and how effectiveness is determined at IBM. It addresses the following questions: Why e-learning? How is e-learning developed? ...
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This book examines how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented and how effectiveness is determined at IBM. It addresses the following questions: Why e-learning? How is e-learning developed? How is e-learning implemented? How is e-learning effectiveness determined? What are the lessons learned? E-learning is a tool to be used along with other means of learning. It is used when it is the best way to learn for a particular application. It is a way to save costly face-to-face time for optimal use. There is no one size that fits all. IBM is an early adopter in use of e-learning for training its global workforce. IBM, like other corporations, has its own unique e-learning solutions. Strategic vision, clear business objectives, well defined learning organization, strong leadership, corporate support, prudent use of e-learning, quality of content, ease of access, interoperability, accountability of learners and instructors, and a well defined measurement system all matter. Successful integration of these ingredients is essential for effective e-learning. Ignoring any of these key ingredients can lead to failure. IBM has its own rationale and approach to using e-learning. It has its growing pains. Experience in e-learning at IBM provides a unique context for leveraging e-learning to train employees. IBM has been successful in using e-learning in the context of their business objectives and business environments. IBM's experience and lessons learned should serve as an important guide to those who are implementing e-learning.Less
This book examines how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented and how effectiveness is determined at IBM. It addresses the following questions: Why e-learning? How is e-learning developed? How is e-learning implemented? How is e-learning effectiveness determined? What are the lessons learned? E-learning is a tool to be used along with other means of learning. It is used when it is the best way to learn for a particular application. It is a way to save costly face-to-face time for optimal use. There is no one size that fits all. IBM is an early adopter in use of e-learning for training its global workforce. IBM, like other corporations, has its own unique e-learning solutions. Strategic vision, clear business objectives, well defined learning organization, strong leadership, corporate support, prudent use of e-learning, quality of content, ease of access, interoperability, accountability of learners and instructors, and a well defined measurement system all matter. Successful integration of these ingredients is essential for effective e-learning. Ignoring any of these key ingredients can lead to failure. IBM has its own rationale and approach to using e-learning. It has its growing pains. Experience in e-learning at IBM provides a unique context for leveraging e-learning to train employees. IBM has been successful in using e-learning in the context of their business objectives and business environments. IBM's experience and lessons learned should serve as an important guide to those who are implementing e-learning.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199547944
- eISBN:
- 9780191720116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other ...
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Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.Less
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.
Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework ...
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In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (Ch. 5), egalitarian (this chapter), and fatalist (Ch. 7). Like individualism and hierarchism, egalitarianism embodies a particular vision of control of public management both within organizations and by the society at large, and that approach to organization can be linked to a broader vision of good government that takes groupism rather than bossism, choicism, or chancism as the point of departure or central organizing principle for co‐operative behaviour. The egalitarian approach to organization involves at least three closely interrelated elements: these are group self‐management, control by mutuality, and maximum face‐to‐face accountability. A fourth idea often associated with egalitarianism is the view that the process by which decisions are reached in an organization or group is just as important, if not more so, than the results or outcomes in a narrow sense—i.e. the achievement of the substantive policy goals of egalitarians is not held to be more important than reaching the process goal of decision‐making through high‐participation weak‐leadership structures. The main sections are: What Egalitarians Believe; The Managerial Critique of Egalitarianism; and Varieties of Egalitarianism.Less
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (Ch. 5), egalitarian (this chapter), and fatalist (Ch. 7). Like individualism and hierarchism, egalitarianism embodies a particular vision of control of public management both within organizations and by the society at large, and that approach to organization can be linked to a broader vision of good government that takes groupism rather than bossism, choicism, or chancism as the point of departure or central organizing principle for co‐operative behaviour. The egalitarian approach to organization involves at least three closely interrelated elements: these are group self‐management, control by mutuality, and maximum face‐to‐face accountability. A fourth idea often associated with egalitarianism is the view that the process by which decisions are reached in an organization or group is just as important, if not more so, than the results or outcomes in a narrow sense—i.e. the achievement of the substantive policy goals of egalitarians is not held to be more important than reaching the process goal of decision‐making through high‐participation weak‐leadership structures. The main sections are: What Egalitarians Believe; The Managerial Critique of Egalitarianism; and Varieties of Egalitarianism.
Luther Tai
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311310
- eISBN:
- 9780199789948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311310.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter covers the methods for conducting research on e-learning at IBM. A conceptual framework was used to investigate how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented, and evaluated in ...
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This chapter covers the methods for conducting research on e-learning at IBM. A conceptual framework was used to investigate how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented, and evaluated in corporations with the primary focus on e-learning at IBM. The methodology begins with a careful search of well-crafted questions. Personal interviews were the primary source of data gathering. A set of protocols or questions were posed to interviewees in order to understand how e-learning is developed, how e-learning is balanced with traditional face-to-face training, how corporations implement and support e-learning, and how corporations determine if e-learning is effective as a tool for learning. The determination of effectiveness was made from the interviewees' perspectives about how they define and measure effectiveness.Less
This chapter covers the methods for conducting research on e-learning at IBM. A conceptual framework was used to investigate how corporate e-learning is developed, implemented, and evaluated in corporations with the primary focus on e-learning at IBM. The methodology begins with a careful search of well-crafted questions. Personal interviews were the primary source of data gathering. A set of protocols or questions were posed to interviewees in order to understand how e-learning is developed, how e-learning is balanced with traditional face-to-face training, how corporations implement and support e-learning, and how corporations determine if e-learning is effective as a tool for learning. The determination of effectiveness was made from the interviewees' perspectives about how they define and measure effectiveness.
R. A. H. Neave and A. J. N. W. Prag
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0015
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter discusses the role of the skull in forming the face and in identifying individuality, particularly in reconstructing ancient faces that bear semblance to the dead. Skulls serve as the ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the skull in forming the face and in identifying individuality, particularly in reconstructing ancient faces that bear semblance to the dead. Skulls serve as the armature of the face, where tissue, muscles and the skin are attached to form a distinct face. Whereas a surgeon removes layers of skin and tissue to reveal the skull, a medical artist builds each muscle in the skull by using well-established statistics for the flesh thickness and adds layers of clay for the skin. In general, the reconstruction of the face involves the use of a plaster cast replica of the skull. In such replicas, pegs are inserted to the cast to mark the thickness of the skull. In the whole process of face reconstruction, the skull, the medical and the pathological evidence provided by the skull and the post cranial skeleton dictate the formation of the face. In instances when the skull is absent or inaccessible, portraits found on the coffins are vital for reconstruction. While face reconstruction may seem simple, the process of reconstructing faces is a difficult task. Reconstruction of the face requires painstaking work, and knowledge of pathology, anatomy, dentistry and much more to build a case for history. Nevertheless, the painstaking work of face reconstruction is important in the field of forensics and in medical applications. Some of the cases of face reconstruction described in this chapter include the face reconstruction of Phillip II of Macedon, the face reconstruction of the Great Harwood case, the recreation of the faces of the Grave Gamma and the Seianti.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the skull in forming the face and in identifying individuality, particularly in reconstructing ancient faces that bear semblance to the dead. Skulls serve as the armature of the face, where tissue, muscles and the skin are attached to form a distinct face. Whereas a surgeon removes layers of skin and tissue to reveal the skull, a medical artist builds each muscle in the skull by using well-established statistics for the flesh thickness and adds layers of clay for the skin. In general, the reconstruction of the face involves the use of a plaster cast replica of the skull. In such replicas, pegs are inserted to the cast to mark the thickness of the skull. In the whole process of face reconstruction, the skull, the medical and the pathological evidence provided by the skull and the post cranial skeleton dictate the formation of the face. In instances when the skull is absent or inaccessible, portraits found on the coffins are vital for reconstruction. While face reconstruction may seem simple, the process of reconstructing faces is a difficult task. Reconstruction of the face requires painstaking work, and knowledge of pathology, anatomy, dentistry and much more to build a case for history. Nevertheless, the painstaking work of face reconstruction is important in the field of forensics and in medical applications. Some of the cases of face reconstruction described in this chapter include the face reconstruction of Phillip II of Macedon, the face reconstruction of the Great Harwood case, the recreation of the faces of the Grave Gamma and the Seianti.
George M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies ...
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In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.Less
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.
Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Concerned with the development of party organizations in twentieth‐century democracies, and deals specifically with the shifting balance of power between what has earlier been termed the three ...
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Concerned with the development of party organizations in twentieth‐century democracies, and deals specifically with the shifting balance of power between what has earlier been termed the three organizational ‘faces’ of party: the party on the ground, the party in central office, and the party in public office. An evaluation is made of the changing balance among these three faces in the context of four models of party organization: the cadre (or elite) party, which was the dominant form of party organization prior to mass suffrage; the mass party, which emerged with, or in anticipation of and to militate for, mass suffrage, and which was widely regarded, particularly in Europe, as the ‘normal’ or ‘ideal’ form of party organization for most of the twentieth century; the catch‐all party, development towards which was first commented upon in the literature in the 1960s, and which has come to rival the mass party not only in prominence but also in the affections of many analysts; and finally, what is called here the cartel party, a new and emerging model of party organization, which Katz and Mair believe to be increasingly evident among established democracies in recent years. In tracing the shifting balance of power among the three faces and across the four models of party organization, the authors contend that the most recent stage of development has resulted in the ascendancy of the party in public office, and the concomitant ‘relegation’ or subordination of the other two faces. Moreover, while parties on the ground sometimes continue to flourish, they suggest that the ostensible empowerment of party memberships, or even their greater autonomy, may nevertheless, be compatible with an increased privileging of the party in public office. Finally, both the sources and implications of party organizational change are briefly discussed, and it is suggested that there is an association between the most recent shifts in the internal balance of intra‐party power, on the one hand, and the apparent growth in popular feelings of alienation from parties, on the other.Less
Concerned with the development of party organizations in twentieth‐century democracies, and deals specifically with the shifting balance of power between what has earlier been termed the three organizational ‘faces’ of party: the party on the ground, the party in central office, and the party in public office. An evaluation is made of the changing balance among these three faces in the context of four models of party organization: the cadre (or elite) party, which was the dominant form of party organization prior to mass suffrage; the mass party, which emerged with, or in anticipation of and to militate for, mass suffrage, and which was widely regarded, particularly in Europe, as the ‘normal’ or ‘ideal’ form of party organization for most of the twentieth century; the catch‐all party, development towards which was first commented upon in the literature in the 1960s, and which has come to rival the mass party not only in prominence but also in the affections of many analysts; and finally, what is called here the cartel party, a new and emerging model of party organization, which Katz and Mair believe to be increasingly evident among established democracies in recent years. In tracing the shifting balance of power among the three faces and across the four models of party organization, the authors contend that the most recent stage of development has resulted in the ascendancy of the party in public office, and the concomitant ‘relegation’ or subordination of the other two faces. Moreover, while parties on the ground sometimes continue to flourish, they suggest that the ostensible empowerment of party memberships, or even their greater autonomy, may nevertheless, be compatible with an increased privileging of the party in public office. Finally, both the sources and implications of party organizational change are briefly discussed, and it is suggested that there is an association between the most recent shifts in the internal balance of intra‐party power, on the one hand, and the apparent growth in popular feelings of alienation from parties, on the other.
Peter White
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388510
- eISBN:
- 9780199866717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388510.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Letter writers of Cicero's day were hampered by the difficulty of communicating at a distance, by problems of maintaining confidentiality, and by a bias against interacting impersonally rather than ...
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Letter writers of Cicero's day were hampered by the difficulty of communicating at a distance, by problems of maintaining confidentiality, and by a bias against interacting impersonally rather than face‐to‐face. Yet most of Cicero's correspondents were fellow‐Senators and therefore constantly in competition with one another. When they went abroad, they found it essential to keep up good relations with their peers in order to safeguard their own position at home. Security is the concern that underlies requests, recommendations, and many other aspects of their letters to one another.Less
Letter writers of Cicero's day were hampered by the difficulty of communicating at a distance, by problems of maintaining confidentiality, and by a bias against interacting impersonally rather than face‐to‐face. Yet most of Cicero's correspondents were fellow‐Senators and therefore constantly in competition with one another. When they went abroad, they found it essential to keep up good relations with their peers in order to safeguard their own position at home. Security is the concern that underlies requests, recommendations, and many other aspects of their letters to one another.
Diana C. Mutz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165110
- eISBN:
- 9781400865871
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165110.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Americans are disgusted with watching politicians screaming and yelling at one another on television. But does all the noise really make a difference? Drawing on numerous studies, this book provides ...
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Americans are disgusted with watching politicians screaming and yelling at one another on television. But does all the noise really make a difference? Drawing on numerous studies, this book provides the first comprehensive look at the consequences of in-your-face politics. The book contradicts the conventional wisdom by documenting both the benefits and the drawbacks of in-your-face media. “In-your-face” politics refers to both the level of incivility and the up-close and personal way that we experience political conflict on television. Just as actual physical closeness intensifies people's emotional reactions to others, the appearance of closeness on a video screen has similar effects. We tend to keep our distance from those with whom we disagree. Modern media, however, puts those we dislike in our faces in a way that intensifies our negative reactions. This book finds that incivility is particularly detrimental to facilitating respect for oppositional political viewpoints and to citizens' levels of trust in politicians and the political process. On the positive side, incivility and close-up camera perspectives contribute to making politics more physiologically arousing and entertaining to viewers. This encourages more attention to political programs, stimulates recall of the content, and encourages people to relay content to others. In the end, this book demonstrates why political incivility is not easily dismissed as a disservice to democracy—it may even be a necessity in an age with so much competition for citizens' attention.Less
Americans are disgusted with watching politicians screaming and yelling at one another on television. But does all the noise really make a difference? Drawing on numerous studies, this book provides the first comprehensive look at the consequences of in-your-face politics. The book contradicts the conventional wisdom by documenting both the benefits and the drawbacks of in-your-face media. “In-your-face” politics refers to both the level of incivility and the up-close and personal way that we experience political conflict on television. Just as actual physical closeness intensifies people's emotional reactions to others, the appearance of closeness on a video screen has similar effects. We tend to keep our distance from those with whom we disagree. Modern media, however, puts those we dislike in our faces in a way that intensifies our negative reactions. This book finds that incivility is particularly detrimental to facilitating respect for oppositional political viewpoints and to citizens' levels of trust in politicians and the political process. On the positive side, incivility and close-up camera perspectives contribute to making politics more physiologically arousing and entertaining to viewers. This encourages more attention to political programs, stimulates recall of the content, and encourages people to relay content to others. In the end, this book demonstrates why political incivility is not easily dismissed as a disservice to democracy—it may even be a necessity in an age with so much competition for citizens' attention.
Doris Y. Tsao, Charles F. Cadieu, and Margaret S. Livingstone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326598
- eISBN:
- 9780199864904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326598.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Evolutionary Psychology
Face perception is a microcosm of object recognition processes. The most difficult challenge in object recognition—distinguishing among similar visual forms despite substantial changes in appearance ...
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Face perception is a microcosm of object recognition processes. The most difficult challenge in object recognition—distinguishing among similar visual forms despite substantial changes in appearance arising from changes in position, illumination, occlusion, etc.—is something we can do effortlessly for faces. Although face identification is often singled out as demanding particular sensitivity to differences between objects sharing a common basic configuration, in fact, such differences must be represented in the brain for both faces and nonface objects. This chapter argues that understanding face processing will illuminate the general problem of visual object recognition. It begins by discussing the functional architecture of the temporal lobe, with a special focus on the architecture of the system of face-selective areas in macaques and humans. It then discusses the physiology of cells in the temporal lobe, with a focus on the response properties of face-selective cells. Finally, it discusses different computational approaches to object recognition.Less
Face perception is a microcosm of object recognition processes. The most difficult challenge in object recognition—distinguishing among similar visual forms despite substantial changes in appearance arising from changes in position, illumination, occlusion, etc.—is something we can do effortlessly for faces. Although face identification is often singled out as demanding particular sensitivity to differences between objects sharing a common basic configuration, in fact, such differences must be represented in the brain for both faces and nonface objects. This chapter argues that understanding face processing will illuminate the general problem of visual object recognition. It begins by discussing the functional architecture of the temporal lobe, with a special focus on the architecture of the system of face-selective areas in macaques and humans. It then discusses the physiology of cells in the temporal lobe, with a focus on the response properties of face-selective cells. Finally, it discusses different computational approaches to object recognition.
Catherine J. Mondloch, Richard Le Grand, and Daphne Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias ...
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Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias facilitates the development of specialization for faces by ensuring that the developing brain receives visual input from faces. Indeed, postnatal changes in face recognition abilities are assumed to arise from experience. However, despite an abundance of exposure to faces during infancy and early childhood, both neural and behavioral markers of face expertise suggest that perceptual tuning for faces is a gradual process, such that adult-like face recognition does not emerge until adolescence. In particular, children are impaired at recognizing faces under different transformations in appearance, they process faces in a piecemeal fashion rather than holistically, and they are less sensitive to second-order relations between face features.Less
Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias facilitates the development of specialization for faces by ensuring that the developing brain receives visual input from faces. Indeed, postnatal changes in face recognition abilities are assumed to arise from experience. However, despite an abundance of exposure to faces during infancy and early childhood, both neural and behavioral markers of face expertise suggest that perceptual tuning for faces is a gradual process, such that adult-like face recognition does not emerge until adolescence. In particular, children are impaired at recognizing faces under different transformations in appearance, they process faces in a piecemeal fashion rather than holistically, and they are less sensitive to second-order relations between face features.
Marlene Behrmann, Galia Avidan, Cibu Thomas, and Kate Humphreys
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of ...
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Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of any obvious sensory, neural, or cognitive disorder, while the latter is the loss of skill as a result of explicit brain injury. Whether the mechanisms affected in CP and AP are the same is not yet clear. For example, patients with CP are better at deriving emotional information from faces, and all patients with AP show abnormal electrophysiological (ERP), magnetoencephalographic (MEG), and neuroimaging profiles, whereas this is not always the case for CP. Studies that directly compare the detailed behavioral and neural signatures of CP and AP will be informative with respect to uncovering the fundamental sequence of acquisition or ordering of the componential processes associated with face recognition.Less
Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of any obvious sensory, neural, or cognitive disorder, while the latter is the loss of skill as a result of explicit brain injury. Whether the mechanisms affected in CP and AP are the same is not yet clear. For example, patients with CP are better at deriving emotional information from faces, and all patients with AP show abnormal electrophysiological (ERP), magnetoencephalographic (MEG), and neuroimaging profiles, whereas this is not always the case for CP. Studies that directly compare the detailed behavioral and neural signatures of CP and AP will be informative with respect to uncovering the fundamental sequence of acquisition or ordering of the componential processes associated with face recognition.
Kathryn Farrow
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347879
- eISBN:
- 9781447302865
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347879.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
A great deal has been written about developing effective practice against a backdrop of rapid change in criminal justice services. Much of this is research-oriented and not always accessible to ...
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A great deal has been written about developing effective practice against a backdrop of rapid change in criminal justice services. Much of this is research-oriented and not always accessible to practitioners in their day-to-day work. This book changes that. Drawing on research and integrating this with practitioner experience, the book creates fresh, research-based ‘practice wisdom’ for engaging effectively with offenders. It explores issues of risk, responsivity and diversity in the context of work with specific offender- and offending-behaviour groups as a means to highlight those skills and understandings that can be used across the wider range of work environments. The book breaks down complex ideas to enable practical application, and each chapter includes questions for reflection and practice development. The book recognises that there are no instant solutions to changing offending behaviour, but provides a practice text that will encourage a sense of competence and confidence, enhancing readers' skill and enthusiasm when working with a broad spectrum of offenders.Less
A great deal has been written about developing effective practice against a backdrop of rapid change in criminal justice services. Much of this is research-oriented and not always accessible to practitioners in their day-to-day work. This book changes that. Drawing on research and integrating this with practitioner experience, the book creates fresh, research-based ‘practice wisdom’ for engaging effectively with offenders. It explores issues of risk, responsivity and diversity in the context of work with specific offender- and offending-behaviour groups as a means to highlight those skills and understandings that can be used across the wider range of work environments. The book breaks down complex ideas to enable practical application, and each chapter includes questions for reflection and practice development. The book recognises that there are no instant solutions to changing offending behaviour, but provides a practice text that will encourage a sense of competence and confidence, enhancing readers' skill and enthusiasm when working with a broad spectrum of offenders.
Karin E. Gedge
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195130201
- eISBN:
- 9780199835157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130200.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The diaries and correspondence of two dozen northern Protestant women offer little evidence of a close bond with a pastor unless the pastoral relationship became a marital relationship. Despite ...
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The diaries and correspondence of two dozen northern Protestant women offer little evidence of a close bond with a pastor unless the pastoral relationship became a marital relationship. Despite expressions of admiration for an occasional “good sermon” or a “dear pastor,” women expressed disillusionment and disappointment when pastors failed to offer effective spiritual support from the pulpit or in person in times of need. Few reported any face-to-face religious conversations with pastors; those who did recorded responses ranging from surprise to embarrassment to frustration to outrage. Cultural constructions of gender difference imposed distance in the pastoral relationship, whether women expressed it as reverence for the minister as an “ambassador of Christ,” or inchoate resentment of masculine privileges and shortcomings, or a fear of rejection, or a troubling recognition of their own romantic desire or jealousy.Less
The diaries and correspondence of two dozen northern Protestant women offer little evidence of a close bond with a pastor unless the pastoral relationship became a marital relationship. Despite expressions of admiration for an occasional “good sermon” or a “dear pastor,” women expressed disillusionment and disappointment when pastors failed to offer effective spiritual support from the pulpit or in person in times of need. Few reported any face-to-face religious conversations with pastors; those who did recorded responses ranging from surprise to embarrassment to frustration to outrage. Cultural constructions of gender difference imposed distance in the pastoral relationship, whether women expressed it as reverence for the minister as an “ambassador of Christ,” or inchoate resentment of masculine privileges and shortcomings, or a fear of rejection, or a troubling recognition of their own romantic desire or jealousy.
Anjan Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199811809
- eISBN:
- 9780199369546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199811809.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
How do we decide if media manipulations or other cultural contrivances brainwash us into accepting sometimes impossible standards of beauty? Can responses to beauty be disentangled from the way the ...
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How do we decide if media manipulations or other cultural contrivances brainwash us into accepting sometimes impossible standards of beauty? Can responses to beauty be disentangled from the way the media and our culture more generally mold our tastes? Or are these responses hard-wired and universal? Two research strategies help address these questions. The first is to see if people, especially when they are from different cultures, share opinions about beauty. The second is to see if babies, before their awareness has been shaped by culture, respond to beauty and faces in the same way as adults.Less
How do we decide if media manipulations or other cultural contrivances brainwash us into accepting sometimes impossible standards of beauty? Can responses to beauty be disentangled from the way the media and our culture more generally mold our tastes? Or are these responses hard-wired and universal? Two research strategies help address these questions. The first is to see if people, especially when they are from different cultures, share opinions about beauty. The second is to see if babies, before their awareness has been shaped by culture, respond to beauty and faces in the same way as adults.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in ...
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The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in practice. Details of the constructions of scalar and vector finite elements of all orders are presented. The vector elements are due to Nedelec. In particular, the curl-conforming elements of this chapter are the widely used ‘edge-elements’ whereas the corresponding divergence-conforming elements are often termed ‘face elements’ (they are extensions to 3D of the Raviart-Thomas elements). The appropriate conforming and unisolvence properties of the elements are proven, and the important discrete de Rham diagram relating the interpolation operators for these finite elements with the divergence, gradient, and curl operators are verified; this is used heavily in later theory. Interpolation error estimates under mesh refinement are derived (h-version of the finite element method). A convenient basis for linear and quadratic finite elements is presented, and spaces of elements on boundaries of the domain are briefly discussed.Less
The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in practice. Details of the constructions of scalar and vector finite elements of all orders are presented. The vector elements are due to Nedelec. In particular, the curl-conforming elements of this chapter are the widely used ‘edge-elements’ whereas the corresponding divergence-conforming elements are often termed ‘face elements’ (they are extensions to 3D of the Raviart-Thomas elements). The appropriate conforming and unisolvence properties of the elements are proven, and the important discrete de Rham diagram relating the interpolation operators for these finite elements with the divergence, gradient, and curl operators are verified; this is used heavily in later theory. Interpolation error estimates under mesh refinement are derived (h-version of the finite element method). A convenient basis for linear and quadratic finite elements is presented, and spaces of elements on boundaries of the domain are briefly discussed.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several ...
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An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several important codes. This chapter concerns Nedelec’s family of edge and face elements on a hexahedral mesh with edges parallel to the coordinate axis. Conformance and unisolvence are proven, and h-error estimates are derived. The appropriate discrete de Rham diagram is shown to hold in this case, and boundary spaces are discussed briefly.Less
An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several important codes. This chapter concerns Nedelec’s family of edge and face elements on a hexahedral mesh with edges parallel to the coordinate axis. Conformance and unisolvence are proven, and h-error estimates are derived. The appropriate discrete de Rham diagram is shown to hold in this case, and boundary spaces are discussed briefly.
Deborah M. Riby
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594818
- eISBN:
- 9780191738166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594818.003.0068
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology
For individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), it is highly likely that face perception does not occur in a typical manner, that the neural underpinnings of these skills do not function in a typical ...
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For individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), it is highly likely that face perception does not occur in a typical manner, that the neural underpinnings of these skills do not function in a typical way, and that the development of face skills follows atypical trajectories. This chapter explores two important concepts related to face perception in WS. First, that some face-processing skills may seem to be a relative strength/weakness; and second, that some face-processing skills are likely to develop along an atypical trajectory. The chapter moves through three sections, from considering structural encoding, to the interpretation of communicative face cues, and finally to considering attention to faces throughout development. Along the way, the existing data is used to probe the two concepts that have just been outlined.Less
For individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), it is highly likely that face perception does not occur in a typical manner, that the neural underpinnings of these skills do not function in a typical way, and that the development of face skills follows atypical trajectories. This chapter explores two important concepts related to face perception in WS. First, that some face-processing skills may seem to be a relative strength/weakness; and second, that some face-processing skills are likely to develop along an atypical trajectory. The chapter moves through three sections, from considering structural encoding, to the interpretation of communicative face cues, and finally to considering attention to faces throughout development. Along the way, the existing data is used to probe the two concepts that have just been outlined.
Charlotte Greenspan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195111101
- eISBN:
- 9780199865703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111101.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter focuses on the changes in Dorothy Fields's career and personal life in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After her marriage, the first major change in Dorothy's personal life was the birth ...
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This chapter focuses on the changes in Dorothy Fields's career and personal life in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After her marriage, the first major change in Dorothy's personal life was the birth of her son, David Lahm on December 12, 1940. The next change in Dorothy's life, equal and opposite one might say, was the death of her father. On October 29, 1941, Let's Face It opened on Broadway; this was Dorothy's debut as a Broadway librettist. By 1943, Joseph, Herbert, and Dorothy Fields collectively had five shows running on Broadway—My Sister Eileen, Let's Face It, Junior Miss, The Doughgirls, and Herbert and Dorothy's new work with Cole Porter, Something for the Boys.Less
This chapter focuses on the changes in Dorothy Fields's career and personal life in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After her marriage, the first major change in Dorothy's personal life was the birth of her son, David Lahm on December 12, 1940. The next change in Dorothy's life, equal and opposite one might say, was the death of her father. On October 29, 1941, Let's Face It opened on Broadway; this was Dorothy's debut as a Broadway librettist. By 1943, Joseph, Herbert, and Dorothy Fields collectively had five shows running on Broadway—My Sister Eileen, Let's Face It, Junior Miss, The Doughgirls, and Herbert and Dorothy's new work with Cole Porter, Something for the Boys.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
While fascism was undecided and ‘Janus-faced’ or two-faced in its stand on modernity, Marxism meanwhile was the excellent modernist ideology directed towards the future and regards itself as the ...
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While fascism was undecided and ‘Janus-faced’ or two-faced in its stand on modernity, Marxism meanwhile was the excellent modernist ideology directed towards the future and regards itself as the ultimate conclusion of the era of the machine and industrial society. Several of European fascist leaders had arrived at their leftist stand by developing their viewpoint from Marxist assumptions. In fact, several of the leaders hold these two movements at close hand, without seeing the need to choose between the two. This chapter distinguishes the differences and similarities of the two movements, their line of convergence and their line of deviation. This chapter aims to clarify the presumption that if Marxism as an ideology was so thoroughly modernist, then why were the pioneering visionaries of machine warfare before, during, and after the First World War mostly associated with proto-fascism and fascism rather that with Marxism. This chapter focuses on the newly formed radical ideas of mechanized warfare wherein the old concept of war were absorbed into the advanced and innovative conception of ‘deep battle’ ‘deep operations’.Less
While fascism was undecided and ‘Janus-faced’ or two-faced in its stand on modernity, Marxism meanwhile was the excellent modernist ideology directed towards the future and regards itself as the ultimate conclusion of the era of the machine and industrial society. Several of European fascist leaders had arrived at their leftist stand by developing their viewpoint from Marxist assumptions. In fact, several of the leaders hold these two movements at close hand, without seeing the need to choose between the two. This chapter distinguishes the differences and similarities of the two movements, their line of convergence and their line of deviation. This chapter aims to clarify the presumption that if Marxism as an ideology was so thoroughly modernist, then why were the pioneering visionaries of machine warfare before, during, and after the First World War mostly associated with proto-fascism and fascism rather that with Marxism. This chapter focuses on the newly formed radical ideas of mechanized warfare wherein the old concept of war were absorbed into the advanced and innovative conception of ‘deep battle’ ‘deep operations’.
