Daniel Steel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331448
- eISBN:
- 9780199868063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331448.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
The biological and social sciences often generalize causal conclusions from one context to others that may differ in some relevant respects, as is illustrated by inferences from animal models to ...
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The biological and social sciences often generalize causal conclusions from one context to others that may differ in some relevant respects, as is illustrated by inferences from animal models to humans or from a pilot study to a broader population. Inferences like these are known as extrapolations. How and when extrapolation can be legitimate is a fundamental question for the biological and social sciences that has not received the attention it deserves. This book argues that previous accounts of extrapolation are inadequate and proposes a better approach that is able to answer methodological critiques of extrapolation from animal models to humans.Less
The biological and social sciences often generalize causal conclusions from one context to others that may differ in some relevant respects, as is illustrated by inferences from animal models to humans or from a pilot study to a broader population. Inferences like these are known as extrapolations. How and when extrapolation can be legitimate is a fundamental question for the biological and social sciences that has not received the attention it deserves. This book argues that previous accounts of extrapolation are inadequate and proposes a better approach that is able to answer methodological critiques of extrapolation from animal models to humans.
Daniel P. Steel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331448
- eISBN:
- 9780199868063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331448.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter summarizes those that went before and ends by sketching some open questions.
This chapter summarizes those that went before and ends by sketching some open questions.
Stephen Yablo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144955
- eISBN:
- 9781400845989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144955.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
If A implies B, then is there always something that we can point to as what A adds to B? The logician, or logical engineer, says yes. The mysterian says no. To get a bead on the issue, this chapter ...
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If A implies B, then is there always something that we can point to as what A adds to B? The logician, or logical engineer, says yes. The mysterian says no. To get a bead on the issue, this chapter distinguished four types of extrapolation: inductive, as in Hume, projective, as in Goodman, alethic, as in Kripkenstein, and type 4, as in Wittgenstein's “conceptual problem of other minds” and his example of 5 o'clock on the sun. Logical subtraction is understood, to begin with, as type 4 extrapolation. A–B is the result of extrapolating A beyond the bounds imposed by B. The question is whether this can always be done.Less
If A implies B, then is there always something that we can point to as what A adds to B? The logician, or logical engineer, says yes. The mysterian says no. To get a bead on the issue, this chapter distinguished four types of extrapolation: inductive, as in Hume, projective, as in Goodman, alethic, as in Kripkenstein, and type 4, as in Wittgenstein's “conceptual problem of other minds” and his example of 5 o'clock on the sun. Logical subtraction is understood, to begin with, as type 4 extrapolation. A–B is the result of extrapolating A beyond the bounds imposed by B. The question is whether this can always be done.
A. Townsend Peterson, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136868
- eISBN:
- 9781400840670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explains how environmental data can be used to create models that characterize species’ ecological niches in environmental space. It introduces a model, which is a function constructed ...
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This chapter explains how environmental data can be used to create models that characterize species’ ecological niches in environmental space. It introduces a model, which is a function constructed by means of data analysis for the purpose of approximating the true relationship (that is, the niche) in the form of the function f linking the environment and species occurrences. The chapter first considers the “meaning” of the function f that is being estimated by the algorithms before discussing the modeling algorithms, the approaches used to implement ecological niche modeling, model calibration, model complexity and overfitting, and model extrapolation and transferability. The chapter concludes with an overview of differences among methods and selection of “best” models, along with strategies for characterizing ecological niches in ways that allow visualization, comparisons, definition of quantitative measures, snf more.Less
This chapter explains how environmental data can be used to create models that characterize species’ ecological niches in environmental space. It introduces a model, which is a function constructed by means of data analysis for the purpose of approximating the true relationship (that is, the niche) in the form of the function f linking the environment and species occurrences. The chapter first considers the “meaning” of the function f that is being estimated by the algorithms before discussing the modeling algorithms, the approaches used to implement ecological niche modeling, model calibration, model complexity and overfitting, and model extrapolation and transferability. The chapter concludes with an overview of differences among methods and selection of “best” models, along with strategies for characterizing ecological niches in ways that allow visualization, comparisons, definition of quantitative measures, snf more.
Daniel P. Steel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331448
- eISBN:
- 9780199868063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331448.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter introduces the general methodological challenges that confront extrapolation in the biological and social sciences, and sketches the outlines of the mechanisms approach to those ...
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This chapter introduces the general methodological challenges that confront extrapolation in the biological and social sciences, and sketches the outlines of the mechanisms approach to those challenges that is developed in the rest of the book.Less
This chapter introduces the general methodological challenges that confront extrapolation in the biological and social sciences, and sketches the outlines of the mechanisms approach to those challenges that is developed in the rest of the book.
Daniel P. Steel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331448
- eISBN:
- 9780199868063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331448.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues that previous accounts of extrapolation, either by reference to capacities or mechanisms, do not adequately address the challenges confronting extrapolation. It then begins the ...
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This chapter argues that previous accounts of extrapolation, either by reference to capacities or mechanisms, do not adequately address the challenges confronting extrapolation. It then begins the account of how the mechanisms approach can be developed so as to do better. The central concept in this account is what I term comparative process tracing.Less
This chapter argues that previous accounts of extrapolation, either by reference to capacities or mechanisms, do not adequately address the challenges confronting extrapolation. It then begins the account of how the mechanisms approach can be developed so as to do better. The central concept in this account is what I term comparative process tracing.
Daniel P. Steel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331448
- eISBN:
- 9780199868063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331448.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter further develops the mechanisms approach to extrapolation begun in chapter 5 and explores its relevance to the hotly debated issue of ceteris paribus laws. It argues that the ...
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This chapter further develops the mechanisms approach to extrapolation begun in chapter 5 and explores its relevance to the hotly debated issue of ceteris paribus laws. It argues that the difficulties that beset the most problematic type of ceteris paribus law vanish if “ceteris paribus” is interpreted as indicating an inference schema concerning extrapolation rather than as qualifying a universally quantified generalization.Less
This chapter further develops the mechanisms approach to extrapolation begun in chapter 5 and explores its relevance to the hotly debated issue of ceteris paribus laws. It argues that the difficulties that beset the most problematic type of ceteris paribus law vanish if “ceteris paribus” is interpreted as indicating an inference schema concerning extrapolation rather than as qualifying a universally quantified generalization.
G. E. R. Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199567874
- eISBN:
- 9780191721649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567874.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter explores the different ways in which what we can call mathematical investigations have been defined and practised in different societies. It argues that there is no one route that the ...
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This chapter explores the different ways in which what we can call mathematical investigations have been defined and practised in different societies. It argues that there is no one route that the development of mathematics had to, or did in practice, follow, once it became the subject of self-conscious inquiries. We have rich evidence on this issue from both ancient Greece and China in particular. Whereas some Greek mathematicians privilege demonstration in the axiomatic-deductive mode, Chinese mathematics was more concerned with heuristics and in growing the subject by extrapolation and analogy. There are also striking differences between Greek and Chinese, and understanding of the relation between mathematics and other areas of investigation, such as music theory and astronomy.Less
This chapter explores the different ways in which what we can call mathematical investigations have been defined and practised in different societies. It argues that there is no one route that the development of mathematics had to, or did in practice, follow, once it became the subject of self-conscious inquiries. We have rich evidence on this issue from both ancient Greece and China in particular. Whereas some Greek mathematicians privilege demonstration in the axiomatic-deductive mode, Chinese mathematics was more concerned with heuristics and in growing the subject by extrapolation and analogy. There are also striking differences between Greek and Chinese, and understanding of the relation between mathematics and other areas of investigation, such as music theory and astronomy.
Paul Humphreys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195158700
- eISBN:
- 9780199785964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158709.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Extrapolation, conversion, and augmentation are three ways in which our natural observational and computational abilities can be extended. Examples of each are given and the possibility of and need ...
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Extrapolation, conversion, and augmentation are three ways in which our natural observational and computational abilities can be extended. Examples of each are given and the possibility of and need for a completely automated science is explored, with particular reference to the data explosion.Less
Extrapolation, conversion, and augmentation are three ways in which our natural observational and computational abilities can be extended. Examples of each are given and the possibility of and need for a completely automated science is explored, with particular reference to the data explosion.
Eaton E. Lattman, Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199670871
- eISBN:
- 9780191749575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
Thic chapter describes some of the processes that are often carried out within specific data processing software associated with an instrument but are invisible to the user. It is useful to be aware ...
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Thic chapter describes some of the processes that are often carried out within specific data processing software associated with an instrument but are invisible to the user. It is useful to be aware of them. These include dealing with detector artifacts and limitations, and the integration of the signal from a two-dimensional image to produce a one-dimensional scattering profile, among other steps.Less
Thic chapter describes some of the processes that are often carried out within specific data processing software associated with an instrument but are invisible to the user. It is useful to be aware of them. These include dealing with detector artifacts and limitations, and the integration of the signal from a two-dimensional image to produce a one-dimensional scattering profile, among other steps.
Bradford Lyau
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496811523
- eISBN:
- 9781496811561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496811523.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Bradford Lyau, in “Many Paths, One Journey: Cixin Liu’s Three Body Problem Novels,” carefully places Cixin Liu’s Three Body trilogy within both Chinese and Western literary traditions before offering ...
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Bradford Lyau, in “Many Paths, One Journey: Cixin Liu’s Three Body Problem Novels,” carefully places Cixin Liu’s Three Body trilogy within both Chinese and Western literary traditions before offering a brief critical analysis of the first two books, where humanity struggles against an impending alien invasion and how humanity also faces its destiny. These two resonances with Western literature, both popular and elite, invite the reader to consider Liu’s novel’s different literary roots: 1) American genre science fiction, 2) the philosophical tale as it emerged in the West, 3) the role of philosophy in Chinese literature, and 4) Chinese science fiction.Less
Bradford Lyau, in “Many Paths, One Journey: Cixin Liu’s Three Body Problem Novels,” carefully places Cixin Liu’s Three Body trilogy within both Chinese and Western literary traditions before offering a brief critical analysis of the first two books, where humanity struggles against an impending alien invasion and how humanity also faces its destiny. These two resonances with Western literature, both popular and elite, invite the reader to consider Liu’s novel’s different literary roots: 1) American genre science fiction, 2) the philosophical tale as it emerged in the West, 3) the role of philosophy in Chinese literature, and 4) Chinese science fiction.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198503200
- eISBN:
- 9780191686474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503200.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with the most basic ideas of what is meant by thinking. It has to do with ‘working things out in the head’ and so one needs to devise some way of showing that this is what an ...
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This chapter begins with the most basic ideas of what is meant by thinking. It has to do with ‘working things out in the head’ and so one needs to devise some way of showing that this is what an animal is doing. One of the simplest kinds of working things out in the head is extrapolation – an animal is shown something which then disappears and it has to work out where the object will reappear, given that it is behaving in some predictable manner. So, for example, if a piece of food is being dragged along in a particular direction and then goes behind a screen, will the animal look for the food at the place where it disappeared (no extrapolation) or at the far end of the screen where it is due to reappear (true extrapolation)? An animal that could anticipate where something is due to reappear would be showing a rudimentary ability to work things out in its head.Less
This chapter begins with the most basic ideas of what is meant by thinking. It has to do with ‘working things out in the head’ and so one needs to devise some way of showing that this is what an animal is doing. One of the simplest kinds of working things out in the head is extrapolation – an animal is shown something which then disappears and it has to work out where the object will reappear, given that it is behaving in some predictable manner. So, for example, if a piece of food is being dragged along in a particular direction and then goes behind a screen, will the animal look for the food at the place where it disappeared (no extrapolation) or at the far end of the screen where it is due to reappear (true extrapolation)? An animal that could anticipate where something is due to reappear would be showing a rudimentary ability to work things out in its head.
Michael Haliassos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262018296
- eISBN:
- 9780262305495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018296.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The paper studies asset prices in an economy where some investors categorize risky assets into different styles and move funds among these styles depending on their relative performance. In this ...
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The paper studies asset prices in an economy where some investors categorize risky assets into different styles and move funds among these styles depending on their relative performance. In this economy, assets in the same style comove too much, assets in different styles comove too little, and reclassifying an asset into a new style raises its correlation with that style. The authors also predict that style returns exhibit a rich pattern of own- and cross-autocorrelations and that while asset-level momentum and value strategies are profitable, their style-level counterparts are even more so. The model is used to shed light on several style-related empirical anomalies.Less
The paper studies asset prices in an economy where some investors categorize risky assets into different styles and move funds among these styles depending on their relative performance. In this economy, assets in the same style comove too much, assets in different styles comove too little, and reclassifying an asset into a new style raises its correlation with that style. The authors also predict that style returns exhibit a rich pattern of own- and cross-autocorrelations and that while asset-level momentum and value strategies are profitable, their style-level counterparts are even more so. The model is used to shed light on several style-related empirical anomalies.
Joseph F. Boudreau and Eric S. Swanson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198708636
- eISBN:
- 9780191858598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter deals with two related problems occurring frequently in the physical sciences: first, the problem of estimating the value of a function from a limited number of data points; and second, ...
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This chapter deals with two related problems occurring frequently in the physical sciences: first, the problem of estimating the value of a function from a limited number of data points; and second, the problem of calculating its value from a series approximation. Numerical methods for interpolating and extrapolating data are presented. The famous Lagrange interpolating polynomial is introduced and applied to one-dimensional and multidimensional problems. Cubic spline interpolation is introduced and an implementation in terms of Eigen classes is given. Several techniques for improving the convergence of Taylor series are discussed, including Shank’s transformation, Richardson extrapolation, and the use of Padé approximants. Conversion between representations with the quotient-difference algorithm is discussed. The exercises explore public transportation, human vision, the wine market, and SU(2) lattice gauge theory, among other topics.Less
This chapter deals with two related problems occurring frequently in the physical sciences: first, the problem of estimating the value of a function from a limited number of data points; and second, the problem of calculating its value from a series approximation. Numerical methods for interpolating and extrapolating data are presented. The famous Lagrange interpolating polynomial is introduced and applied to one-dimensional and multidimensional problems. Cubic spline interpolation is introduced and an implementation in terms of Eigen classes is given. Several techniques for improving the convergence of Taylor series are discussed, including Shank’s transformation, Richardson extrapolation, and the use of Padé approximants. Conversion between representations with the quotient-difference algorithm is discussed. The exercises explore public transportation, human vision, the wine market, and SU(2) lattice gauge theory, among other topics.
Kristina Curry Rogers and Gregory M. Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520246232
- eISBN:
- 9780520932333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520246232.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter addresses the sauropod growth rates from the perspectives of bone histology, long bone growth, and developmental mass. It provides an overview of the evidence from living and fossil ...
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This chapter addresses the sauropod growth rates from the perspectives of bone histology, long bone growth, and developmental mass. It provides an overview of the evidence from living and fossil vertebrate taxa relevant to qualitative interpretations of sauropod bone tissue. A case study for Apatosaurus that incorporates all methods discussed in the text is then reported. Bone histology offers an exceptional tool for studying bone growth in dinosaurs at the microscopic level. The growth rates of dinosaurs depended on the size of the taxon of interest: the larger the dinosaur, the more rapid the overall body growth rate. Amprino's Rule suggests that laminar tissue in sauropods grew at the same basic range of rates that occurs in extant mammals and birds. Application of developmental mass extrapolation (DME) and longevity estimates provide quantified measures of growth rates for all stages of whole-body growth, including the exponential stage.Less
This chapter addresses the sauropod growth rates from the perspectives of bone histology, long bone growth, and developmental mass. It provides an overview of the evidence from living and fossil vertebrate taxa relevant to qualitative interpretations of sauropod bone tissue. A case study for Apatosaurus that incorporates all methods discussed in the text is then reported. Bone histology offers an exceptional tool for studying bone growth in dinosaurs at the microscopic level. The growth rates of dinosaurs depended on the size of the taxon of interest: the larger the dinosaur, the more rapid the overall body growth rate. Amprino's Rule suggests that laminar tissue in sauropods grew at the same basic range of rates that occurs in extant mammals and birds. Application of developmental mass extrapolation (DME) and longevity estimates provide quantified measures of growth rates for all stages of whole-body growth, including the exponential stage.
Jad Smith
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040634
- eISBN:
- 9780252099076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040634.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The introduction examines how Bester’s unique approach challenged the paradigm of Golden Age science fiction. After a stint scripting comics and radio, Bester returned to the SF field in search of ...
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The introduction examines how Bester’s unique approach challenged the paradigm of Golden Age science fiction. After a stint scripting comics and radio, Bester returned to the SF field in search of creative freedom; however, a conflict with legendary editor John W. Campbell over the story “Oddy and Id,” among other circumstances, prompted Bester to assume the stance of an outsider and write against the grain of the Astounding ethos, which he came to regard as escapist and scientistic. Bester wanted to write “arrest” fiction “full of romantic curiosity” that left ample opportunity for the reader to cogenerate meaning and experience the euphoria of raw imagination. Bester’s approach is discussed in terms of Roland Barthes’s distinction between “readable” and “writable” fiction.Less
The introduction examines how Bester’s unique approach challenged the paradigm of Golden Age science fiction. After a stint scripting comics and radio, Bester returned to the SF field in search of creative freedom; however, a conflict with legendary editor John W. Campbell over the story “Oddy and Id,” among other circumstances, prompted Bester to assume the stance of an outsider and write against the grain of the Astounding ethos, which he came to regard as escapist and scientistic. Bester wanted to write “arrest” fiction “full of romantic curiosity” that left ample opportunity for the reader to cogenerate meaning and experience the euphoria of raw imagination. Bester’s approach is discussed in terms of Roland Barthes’s distinction between “readable” and “writable” fiction.
D. Harlan Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041433
- eISBN:
- 9780252050039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041433.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Much of Ballard’s fiction extrapolates experiences from his own life. His entire canon might be viewed as an effort in self-fashioning and the creation of his own image even as he played with ...
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Much of Ballard’s fiction extrapolates experiences from his own life. His entire canon might be viewed as an effort in self-fashioning and the creation of his own image even as he played with readers’ assumptions about himself as well as the role of the author. This chapter investigates Unlimited Dream Company, Empire of the Sun and The Kindness of Women, a pseudo-autobiographical trilogy that fictionalize Ballard’s life and imaginatively represent various “empires of the self.” Whereas Empire and Kindness are among his most realistic novels, Unlimited is his most oneiric and fantastical, although all of them involve technological affect and show him disentangling memories of conflict, complication and compliance.Less
Much of Ballard’s fiction extrapolates experiences from his own life. His entire canon might be viewed as an effort in self-fashioning and the creation of his own image even as he played with readers’ assumptions about himself as well as the role of the author. This chapter investigates Unlimited Dream Company, Empire of the Sun and The Kindness of Women, a pseudo-autobiographical trilogy that fictionalize Ballard’s life and imaginatively represent various “empires of the self.” Whereas Empire and Kindness are among his most realistic novels, Unlimited is his most oneiric and fantastical, although all of them involve technological affect and show him disentangling memories of conflict, complication and compliance.
Gary Westfahl
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041938
- eISBN:
- 9780252050633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041938.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter argues that Clarke’s fiction falls into two categories: farcical pieces filled with adolescent humor--his juvenilia and later texts described as his “mature juvenilia”; and his ...
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This chapter argues that Clarke’s fiction falls into two categories: farcical pieces filled with adolescent humor--his juvenilia and later texts described as his “mature juvenilia”; and his professional science fiction, which manifests only occasional, and subdued, touches of humor. The young Clarke prefers parodies, puns, wordplay, and slapstick, and he displays a rather cruel sense of humor in jocularly describing various deaths and catastrophes. Yet some early works also show Clarke developing his skill in extrapolation and the development of future worlds as well as his interests in outer space and the oceans. Pieces recalling Clarke’s juvenilia surface through his career, and similar material may someday be discovered in his private journals.Less
This chapter argues that Clarke’s fiction falls into two categories: farcical pieces filled with adolescent humor--his juvenilia and later texts described as his “mature juvenilia”; and his professional science fiction, which manifests only occasional, and subdued, touches of humor. The young Clarke prefers parodies, puns, wordplay, and slapstick, and he displays a rather cruel sense of humor in jocularly describing various deaths and catastrophes. Yet some early works also show Clarke developing his skill in extrapolation and the development of future worlds as well as his interests in outer space and the oceans. Pieces recalling Clarke’s juvenilia surface through his career, and similar material may someday be discovered in his private journals.
Michael Haliassos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262018296
- eISBN:
- 9780262305495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018296.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter presents some ways in which ideas from psychology may be helpful for thinking about the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It focuses on three aspects of the crisis: the surge in house ...
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This chapter presents some ways in which ideas from psychology may be helpful for thinking about the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It focuses on three aspects of the crisis: the surge in house prices in the years leading up to 2006; the large positions in subprime-linked securities that many banks had accumulated by 2007; and the dramatic decline in value of many risky asset classes during the crisis period. The paper reviews a number of psychology-based mechanisms, but emphasizes two, both of which have already been extensively studied in behavioral finance and behavioral economics: over-extrapolation of past price changes; and belief manipulation.Less
This chapter presents some ways in which ideas from psychology may be helpful for thinking about the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It focuses on three aspects of the crisis: the surge in house prices in the years leading up to 2006; the large positions in subprime-linked securities that many banks had accumulated by 2007; and the dramatic decline in value of many risky asset classes during the crisis period. The paper reviews a number of psychology-based mechanisms, but emphasizes two, both of which have already been extensively studied in behavioral finance and behavioral economics: over-extrapolation of past price changes; and belief manipulation.
Andrew Gelman and Deborah Nolan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198785699
- eISBN:
- 9780191827518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Educational Mathematics
Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this ...
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Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this chapter focus more on the topics of data displays and transformations, rather than the mean, median, and standard deviation, which are covered easily in a textbook and on homework assignments. Specific topics include: distributions and handedness scores; extrapolation of time series and world record times for the mile run; linear combinations and economic indexes; scatter plots and exam scores; and logarithmic transformations and metabolic rates.Less
Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this chapter focus more on the topics of data displays and transformations, rather than the mean, median, and standard deviation, which are covered easily in a textbook and on homework assignments. Specific topics include: distributions and handedness scores; extrapolation of time series and world record times for the mile run; linear combinations and economic indexes; scatter plots and exam scores; and logarithmic transformations and metabolic rates.
