Pertti Ahonen
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259892
- eISBN:
- 9780191717451
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259892.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book connects two central problems encountered by the Federal Republic of Germany prior to reunification in 1990, both of them rooted in the Second World War. Domestically, the country had to ...
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This book connects two central problems encountered by the Federal Republic of Germany prior to reunification in 1990, both of them rooted in the Second World War. Domestically, the country had to integrate eight million expellees forced out of their homes in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of the lost war. Externally, it had to reestablish relations with Eastern Europe, despite the burdens of the Nazi past, the expulsions, and the ongoing East–West struggle during the Cold War. This book shows how the long-term consequences of the expellee problem significantly hindered West German efforts to develop normal ties with the East European states. In particular, it emphasizes a point largely overlooked in the existing literature: the way in which the political integration of the expellees into the Federal Republic had unanticipated negative consequences for the country's Ostpolitik.Less
This book connects two central problems encountered by the Federal Republic of Germany prior to reunification in 1990, both of them rooted in the Second World War. Domestically, the country had to integrate eight million expellees forced out of their homes in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of the lost war. Externally, it had to reestablish relations with Eastern Europe, despite the burdens of the Nazi past, the expulsions, and the ongoing East–West struggle during the Cold War. This book shows how the long-term consequences of the expellee problem significantly hindered West German efforts to develop normal ties with the East European states. In particular, it emphasizes a point largely overlooked in the existing literature: the way in which the political integration of the expellees into the Federal Republic had unanticipated negative consequences for the country's Ostpolitik.
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted ...
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Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. This book goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a “crime against humanity and civilization,” the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's “official history” rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that the book now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.Less
Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. This book goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a “crime against humanity and civilization,” the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's “official history” rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that the book now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.
Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144870
- eISBN:
- 9781400842483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter describes how many Jews there were, where they lived, and how they earned their living from the time of the destruction of the Second Temple to the mass expulsion of the Jews from the ...
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This chapter describes how many Jews there were, where they lived, and how they earned their living from the time of the destruction of the Second Temple to the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. During the six centuries between the time of Jesus and the time of Muhammad, the number of Jews declined precipitously. Throughout these six centuries, most Jews earned their living from agriculture, as farmers, sharecroppers, fixed-rent tenants, or wage laborers. During the first century, the largest Jewish community dwelled in the Land of Israel. By the mid-twelfth century, Jews could be found in almost all locations from Tudela in Spain to Mangalore in India. By then, their transition into urban skilled occupations was complete. Their specialization into these occupations remains their distinctive feature until today.Less
This chapter describes how many Jews there were, where they lived, and how they earned their living from the time of the destruction of the Second Temple to the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. During the six centuries between the time of Jesus and the time of Muhammad, the number of Jews declined precipitously. Throughout these six centuries, most Jews earned their living from agriculture, as farmers, sharecroppers, fixed-rent tenants, or wage laborers. During the first century, the largest Jewish community dwelled in the Land of Israel. By the mid-twelfth century, Jews could be found in almost all locations from Tudela in Spain to Mangalore in India. By then, their transition into urban skilled occupations was complete. Their specialization into these occupations remains their distinctive feature until today.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival ...
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This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival material, it examines why the British came to regard the forcible removal of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia as a necessity, and evaluates the British response, both in official circles and in the public domain, to developments in central Europe once mass expulsion became a reality in 1945. Central to this study is the concept of ‘population transfer’: the contemporary idea that awkward minority problems could be solved rationally and constructively by removing the population concerned in an orderly and gradual manner, while avoiding unnecessary human suffering and economic disruption. The book demonstrates that while most British observers accepted the principle of population transfer, most were also consistently uneasy with the results of putting that principle into practice. This clash of ‘principle’ with ‘practice’ revealed much not only about the limitations of Britain's role, but also the hierarchy of British priorities in immediate post-war Europe.Less
This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival material, it examines why the British came to regard the forcible removal of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia as a necessity, and evaluates the British response, both in official circles and in the public domain, to developments in central Europe once mass expulsion became a reality in 1945. Central to this study is the concept of ‘population transfer’: the contemporary idea that awkward minority problems could be solved rationally and constructively by removing the population concerned in an orderly and gradual manner, while avoiding unnecessary human suffering and economic disruption. The book demonstrates that while most British observers accepted the principle of population transfer, most were also consistently uneasy with the results of putting that principle into practice. This clash of ‘principle’ with ‘practice’ revealed much not only about the limitations of Britain's role, but also the hierarchy of British priorities in immediate post-war Europe.
Leo Bersani
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226579627
- eISBN:
- 9780226579931
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226579931.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gay and Lesbian Studies
This book is centered on a surprisingly simple image: a newborn baby simultaneously crying out and drawing its first breath. These twin ideas—absorption and expulsion, the intake of physical and ...
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This book is centered on a surprisingly simple image: a newborn baby simultaneously crying out and drawing its first breath. These twin ideas—absorption and expulsion, the intake of physical and emotional nourishment, and the exhalation of breath—form the backbone of this book. These titular bodies range from fetuses in utero to fully eroticized adults, all the way to celestial giants floating in space. The author illustrates his exploration of the body's capacities to receive and resist what is ostensibly alien using a typically eclectic set of sources, from literary icons like Marquis de Sade to cinematic provocateurs such as Bruno Dumont and Lars von Trier. This book will be of interest to scholars of Freud, Foucault, and film studies, or anyone who has ever stopped to ponder the give and take of human corporeality.Less
This book is centered on a surprisingly simple image: a newborn baby simultaneously crying out and drawing its first breath. These twin ideas—absorption and expulsion, the intake of physical and emotional nourishment, and the exhalation of breath—form the backbone of this book. These titular bodies range from fetuses in utero to fully eroticized adults, all the way to celestial giants floating in space. The author illustrates his exploration of the body's capacities to receive and resist what is ostensibly alien using a typically eclectic set of sources, from literary icons like Marquis de Sade to cinematic provocateurs such as Bruno Dumont and Lars von Trier. This book will be of interest to scholars of Freud, Foucault, and film studies, or anyone who has ever stopped to ponder the give and take of human corporeality.
F. S. Naiden
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183412
- eISBN:
- 9780199789399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183412.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with ...
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This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.Less
This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.
Andrew Cain
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563555
- eISBN:
- 9780191721250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563555.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter provides a fresh reassessment of the sequence of events that precipitated Jerome's untimely expulsion from Rome in the late summer of 385. New evidence is adduced to suggest that, while ...
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This chapter provides a fresh reassessment of the sequence of events that precipitated Jerome's untimely expulsion from Rome in the late summer of 385. New evidence is adduced to suggest that, while the Roman church was responsible for prosecuting him, the case against Jerome was actually instigated by members of Paula's immediate family unsympathetic with her ascetic piety and upset over her close association with Jerome, whom they saw as a meddler in their family affairs. In the end, Jerome was haled before an episcopal court to face charges of clerical misconduct; there are indications that allegations of legacy‐hunting and sexual impropriety were in the air. A guilty verdict evidently was handed down and he was compelled to leave Rome at once.Less
This chapter provides a fresh reassessment of the sequence of events that precipitated Jerome's untimely expulsion from Rome in the late summer of 385. New evidence is adduced to suggest that, while the Roman church was responsible for prosecuting him, the case against Jerome was actually instigated by members of Paula's immediate family unsympathetic with her ascetic piety and upset over her close association with Jerome, whom they saw as a meddler in their family affairs. In the end, Jerome was haled before an episcopal court to face charges of clerical misconduct; there are indications that allegations of legacy‐hunting and sexual impropriety were in the air. A guilty verdict evidently was handed down and he was compelled to leave Rome at once.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the historical and historiographical controversies relating to the expulsion of the Germans, as well as an outline of the methodology, ...
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This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the historical and historiographical controversies relating to the expulsion of the Germans, as well as an outline of the methodology, arguments, and structure of the book. It sets out why the concept of ‘population transfer’ is essential to understanding British approaches and responses to the fate of the German populations of Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War.Less
This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the historical and historiographical controversies relating to the expulsion of the Germans, as well as an outline of the methodology, arguments, and structure of the book. It sets out why the concept of ‘population transfer’ is essential to understanding British approaches and responses to the fate of the German populations of Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The initial focus of this chapter is on the situation in Berlin after the British took over their sector in July 1945. The circumstances around how the refugee story broke in August 1945 are then ...
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The initial focus of this chapter is on the situation in Berlin after the British took over their sector in July 1945. The circumstances around how the refugee story broke in August 1945 are then examined as are other accounts by concerned British personnel serving in various capacities in Berlin. The emphasis then shifts on to Britain and the initial public response to the German refugee crisis once this issue became ‘headline news’. The emphasis here is on two figures who became the mainsprings of activity in Britain over the expulsions — the publisher Victor Gollancz and the clergyman George Bell — and the initiatives each took in September 1945 to raise public awareness about conditions in Germany as well as to rally support behind any British government action to enforce the Potsdam moratorium on further expulsions.Less
The initial focus of this chapter is on the situation in Berlin after the British took over their sector in July 1945. The circumstances around how the refugee story broke in August 1945 are then examined as are other accounts by concerned British personnel serving in various capacities in Berlin. The emphasis then shifts on to Britain and the initial public response to the German refugee crisis once this issue became ‘headline news’. The emphasis here is on two figures who became the mainsprings of activity in Britain over the expulsions — the publisher Victor Gollancz and the clergyman George Bell — and the initiatives each took in September 1945 to raise public awareness about conditions in Germany as well as to rally support behind any British government action to enforce the Potsdam moratorium on further expulsions.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter is concerned with the limits of the public rather than the official response to the refugee crisis. It picks up thematically and chronologically where Chapter 4 leaves off with the ...
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This chapter is concerned with the limits of the public rather than the official response to the refugee crisis. It picks up thematically and chronologically where Chapter 4 leaves off with the intensification of the public campaign against the expulsions, loosely centred around Victor Gollancz's ‘Save Europe Now’ movement, and climaxing with a mass rally in London against the backdrop of hysteria about the ‘flooding’ of the British zone with German refugees. The second half of the chapter discusses why public interest in these issues fell away after December 1945, and reflects on the character and wider significance of the British response to the expulsions and refugee crisis, and how this can be explained in terms of a central opposition between population transfer in principle and practice.Less
This chapter is concerned with the limits of the public rather than the official response to the refugee crisis. It picks up thematically and chronologically where Chapter 4 leaves off with the intensification of the public campaign against the expulsions, loosely centred around Victor Gollancz's ‘Save Europe Now’ movement, and climaxing with a mass rally in London against the backdrop of hysteria about the ‘flooding’ of the British zone with German refugees. The second half of the chapter discusses why public interest in these issues fell away after December 1945, and reflects on the character and wider significance of the British response to the expulsions and refugee crisis, and how this can be explained in terms of a central opposition between population transfer in principle and practice.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This concluding chapter underlines the centrality of the notion of ‘population transfer’ for understanding British approaches and responses to the expulsion of the Germans. The failure to reconcile a ...
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This concluding chapter underlines the centrality of the notion of ‘population transfer’ for understanding British approaches and responses to the expulsion of the Germans. The failure to reconcile a conviction that transfer was justified in principle with doubts about its practicality resulted in an ambivalence which seemed to mark British responses to the expulsion of the Germans. This ambivalence has given rise to successive misreadings of the British position on population transfer. Just as the expelling countries at the time mistook British criticism of the means for doubts about the very principle of population transfer, so, too, later assessments of the British response to the expulsions have mistaken support for the principle as representing acceptance of the way in which it was being carried out. This section ends by placing British abandonment of population transfer within the wider context of changing attitudes towards minority rights.Less
This concluding chapter underlines the centrality of the notion of ‘population transfer’ for understanding British approaches and responses to the expulsion of the Germans. The failure to reconcile a conviction that transfer was justified in principle with doubts about its practicality resulted in an ambivalence which seemed to mark British responses to the expulsion of the Germans. This ambivalence has given rise to successive misreadings of the British position on population transfer. Just as the expelling countries at the time mistook British criticism of the means for doubts about the very principle of population transfer, so, too, later assessments of the British response to the expulsions have mistaken support for the principle as representing acceptance of the way in which it was being carried out. This section ends by placing British abandonment of population transfer within the wider context of changing attitudes towards minority rights.
Lizbet Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520281455
- eISBN:
- 9780520293144
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520281455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Public schools across the United States have turned to the criminal justice system as a gold standard of discipline. As public schools and offices of justice have become collaborators in punishment, ...
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Public schools across the United States have turned to the criminal justice system as a gold standard of discipline. As public schools and offices of justice have become collaborators in punishment, rates of African American suspension and expulsion have soared, dropout rates have accelerated, and prison populations have exploded. Nowhere, perhaps, has the War on Crime been more influential in broadening racialized academic and socioeconomic disparity than in New Orleans, Louisiana, where in 2002 the criminal sheriff opened his own public school at the Orleans Parish Prison. “The Prison School,” as locals called it, enrolled low-income African American boys who had been removed from regular public schools because of nonviolent disciplinary offenses, such as tardiness and insubordination. By examining this school in the local and national context, this book shows how young black males are in the liminal state of losing educational affiliation while being caught in the net of correctional control. This book asks how schools and prisons became so intertwined. What does this mean for students, communities, and a democratic society? And how do we unravel the ties that bind the racialized realities of school failure and mass incarceration?Less
Public schools across the United States have turned to the criminal justice system as a gold standard of discipline. As public schools and offices of justice have become collaborators in punishment, rates of African American suspension and expulsion have soared, dropout rates have accelerated, and prison populations have exploded. Nowhere, perhaps, has the War on Crime been more influential in broadening racialized academic and socioeconomic disparity than in New Orleans, Louisiana, where in 2002 the criminal sheriff opened his own public school at the Orleans Parish Prison. “The Prison School,” as locals called it, enrolled low-income African American boys who had been removed from regular public schools because of nonviolent disciplinary offenses, such as tardiness and insubordination. By examining this school in the local and national context, this book shows how young black males are in the liminal state of losing educational affiliation while being caught in the net of correctional control. This book asks how schools and prisons became so intertwined. What does this mean for students, communities, and a democratic society? And how do we unravel the ties that bind the racialized realities of school failure and mass incarceration?
Renee Levine Melammed
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195170719
- eISBN:
- 9780199835416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195170717.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The rationale for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was ostensibly because they exerted a negative influence on the baptized conversos. In truth, Jewish-converso relations during the fifteenth ...
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The rationale for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was ostensibly because they exerted a negative influence on the baptized conversos. In truth, Jewish-converso relations during the fifteenth century were extremely complicated. In 1492, the reluctance of so many Jews to abandon their homeland led them to choose baptism, creating a new group of New Christians far more knowledgeable about Judaism than the descendants of the conversos of 1391. At the same time, some of the Jews who chose exile subsequently regretted their decision; those who opted for baptism between 1492 and 1499 formed a group of returnees. At the turn of the century, a Judaizing messianic movement transpired in Spain that resulted in increased inquisitorial activity.Less
The rationale for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was ostensibly because they exerted a negative influence on the baptized conversos. In truth, Jewish-converso relations during the fifteenth century were extremely complicated. In 1492, the reluctance of so many Jews to abandon their homeland led them to choose baptism, creating a new group of New Christians far more knowledgeable about Judaism than the descendants of the conversos of 1391. At the same time, some of the Jews who chose exile subsequently regretted their decision; those who opted for baptism between 1492 and 1499 formed a group of returnees. At the turn of the century, a Judaizing messianic movement transpired in Spain that resulted in increased inquisitorial activity.
Conan Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208006
- eISBN:
- 9780191716607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208006.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explains how an intense struggle developed between the French and the Prussian/German authorities to assert de facto sovereignty in the Rhineland and occupied Ruhr District. The Prussian ...
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This chapter explains how an intense struggle developed between the French and the Prussian/German authorities to assert de facto sovereignty in the Rhineland and occupied Ruhr District. The Prussian and German civil servants on Rhine and Ruhr found themselves caught in the middle, with particularly grim consequences for themselves and their families. Hundreds were arrested and tens of thousands expelled along with their wives and children from the occupied western territories as France and Belgium established administrative and communications structures of their own. Particular attention is paid to the fate of the uniformed Prussian police and German Railways employees.Less
This chapter explains how an intense struggle developed between the French and the Prussian/German authorities to assert de facto sovereignty in the Rhineland and occupied Ruhr District. The Prussian and German civil servants on Rhine and Ruhr found themselves caught in the middle, with particularly grim consequences for themselves and their families. Hundreds were arrested and tens of thousands expelled along with their wives and children from the occupied western territories as France and Belgium established administrative and communications structures of their own. Particular attention is paid to the fate of the uniformed Prussian police and German Railways employees.
Alan Harding
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198263692
- eISBN:
- 9780191601149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263694.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the ...
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Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.Less
Trevecca College, founded by Lady Huntingdon in 1768, was one of the first institutions to be concerned exclusively with training for Christian ministry; it was significant both because of the influence that its achievements (and shortcomings) had upon later forms of ministerial education, and for the impact on evangelical and other congregations of the more than two hundred students who attended Trevecca in the twenty-three years of its existence. The chapter discusses the origins of the college, the initial plans for its curriculum and staffing, and the backgrounds and recruitment of the students. It describes the often haphazard nature of the educational regime at Trevecca (including the conflicting demands of study and preaching); the college’s involvement in foreign missions; its theology; and the diverse sources of authority and influence to which the students were subject. The successor to Trevecca opened at Cheshunt in 1792; its ground rules (particularly clearly defined courses of study, and strict limits on outside preaching) showed that some of the lessons of Trevecca had been learned.
PERTTI AHONEN
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259892
- eISBN:
- 9780191717451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259892.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter demonstrates the centrality of the expellee problem for West Germany's political development. As a means to that end, it provides a long-term case study of a policy field in ...
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This introductory chapter demonstrates the centrality of the expellee problem for West Germany's political development. As a means to that end, it provides a long-term case study of a policy field in which the expellee issue's contribution was particularly significant: the Federal Republic's Ostpolitik — or policy toward Eastern Europe. The goal is to untangle a paradox that characterized West German Ostpolitik particularly until the early 1970s and, on a lesser scale, all the way to German reunification in 1990. The focus is on the complex interactions among expellee organizations, the main political parties, and Bonn's federal government. It examines the expellee lobby's efforts to pursue its revisionist agenda, highlighting the various channels through which the expellee activists exerted pressure on the country's political elites and the degree to which the latter responded to such pressure.Less
This introductory chapter demonstrates the centrality of the expellee problem for West Germany's political development. As a means to that end, it provides a long-term case study of a policy field in which the expellee issue's contribution was particularly significant: the Federal Republic's Ostpolitik — or policy toward Eastern Europe. The goal is to untangle a paradox that characterized West German Ostpolitik particularly until the early 1970s and, on a lesser scale, all the way to German reunification in 1990. The focus is on the complex interactions among expellee organizations, the main political parties, and Bonn's federal government. It examines the expellee lobby's efforts to pursue its revisionist agenda, highlighting the various channels through which the expellee activists exerted pressure on the country's political elites and the degree to which the latter responded to such pressure.
PERTTI AHONEN
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259892
- eISBN:
- 9780191717451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259892.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the expulsions and the subsequent rise of expellee organizations in Germany's western occupation zones. An extensive network of expellee representation had developed in West ...
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This chapter examines the expulsions and the subsequent rise of expellee organizations in Germany's western occupation zones. An extensive network of expellee representation had developed in West Germany by the beginning of the 1950s. The nonpartisan pressure organizations — the Central Association of Expelled Germans (Zentralverband vertriebener Deutschen, ZvD) and the United East German Homeland Societies (Vereinigte Ostdeutsche Landsmannschaften, VOL) — dominated the scene. Meanwhile, the newly founded Federal Republic was increasingly preoccupied with establishing its international position in the context of the intensifying cold war. Consequently, the Federal Republic's formative years, which culminated in the triumph of Adenauer's Westpolitik in the spring of 1955, as the country acquired both sovereignty and NATO membership, witnessed the emergence of an enduring pattern of interaction among the expellee organizations, the government, and the main parties, particularly in Eastern policy, the expellee lobby's chief area of interest.Less
This chapter examines the expulsions and the subsequent rise of expellee organizations in Germany's western occupation zones. An extensive network of expellee representation had developed in West Germany by the beginning of the 1950s. The nonpartisan pressure organizations — the Central Association of Expelled Germans (Zentralverband vertriebener Deutschen, ZvD) and the United East German Homeland Societies (Vereinigte Ostdeutsche Landsmannschaften, VOL) — dominated the scene. Meanwhile, the newly founded Federal Republic was increasingly preoccupied with establishing its international position in the context of the intensifying cold war. Consequently, the Federal Republic's formative years, which culminated in the triumph of Adenauer's Westpolitik in the spring of 1955, as the country acquired both sovereignty and NATO membership, witnessed the emergence of an enduring pattern of interaction among the expellee organizations, the government, and the main parties, particularly in Eastern policy, the expellee lobby's chief area of interest.
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
At the turn of the fifteenth century, with the introduction of mandatory confession by a Catholic priest in all cases of capital punishment, a common penal ritual developed with decidedly religious ...
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At the turn of the fifteenth century, with the introduction of mandatory confession by a Catholic priest in all cases of capital punishment, a common penal ritual developed with decidedly religious overtones. Part public shaming, part ritual expulsion, and part Passion Play, executions in France were very much the product of France's penal history, combining elements of Roman exemplary deterrence with atonement and compensation. The endurance of various types of execution with little or no deterrent function—the trial and punishment of animals, cadavers and effigies—reveals the extent to which the theory and practice of capital punishment were drawn from different cultural influences and frequently functioned at cross purposes.Less
At the turn of the fifteenth century, with the introduction of mandatory confession by a Catholic priest in all cases of capital punishment, a common penal ritual developed with decidedly religious overtones. Part public shaming, part ritual expulsion, and part Passion Play, executions in France were very much the product of France's penal history, combining elements of Roman exemplary deterrence with atonement and compensation. The endurance of various types of execution with little or no deterrent function—the trial and punishment of animals, cadavers and effigies—reveals the extent to which the theory and practice of capital punishment were drawn from different cultural influences and frequently functioned at cross purposes.
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible ...
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This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible expulsion to Greece were halted. Policies concerning the Greeks during the war years were restricted henceforth to sending some of those living in coastal areas to interior provinces for military reasons. This procedure, connected with Russian military victories at the end of 1916 and throughout 1917, was carried out in a systematic manner, particularly in the Black Sea region. In some areas, massacres of Greeks were observed, but in general the Greek population remained exempt from the policy of deportation and annihilation applied to the Armenians.Less
This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible expulsion to Greece were halted. Policies concerning the Greeks during the war years were restricted henceforth to sending some of those living in coastal areas to interior provinces for military reasons. This procedure, connected with Russian military victories at the end of 1916 and throughout 1917, was carried out in a systematic manner, particularly in the Black Sea region. In some areas, massacres of Greeks were observed, but in general the Greek population remained exempt from the policy of deportation and annihilation applied to the Armenians.
Antoin E. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286820
- eISBN:
- 9780191596681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286821.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
How Cantillon made his second fortune by speculating against the French exchange rate and the Mississippi Company during the spring of 1720. John Law's attempts to keep the Mississippi System afloat ...
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How Cantillon made his second fortune by speculating against the French exchange rate and the Mississippi Company during the spring of 1720. John Law's attempts to keep the Mississippi System afloat are analysed along with his action in expelling Cantillon from France.Less
How Cantillon made his second fortune by speculating against the French exchange rate and the Mississippi Company during the spring of 1720. John Law's attempts to keep the Mississippi System afloat are analysed along with his action in expelling Cantillon from France.
