Guanghua Wan (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535194
- eISBN:
- 9780191715730
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535194.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book provides updated coverage of inequality and poverty issues in China. Some of the methodologies developed may be used in other contexts and for other countries. The use of different data ...
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This book provides updated coverage of inequality and poverty issues in China. Some of the methodologies developed may be used in other contexts and for other countries. The use of different data sources and state-of-art research techniques ensures that the findings and conclusions can be substantiated and that the policy recommendations are reliable and robust. Rapidly rising inequality in China has contributed to the sluggishness of domestic demand and emerging poverty. It has thus exerted considerable pressure for commodity exports and represents a root cause of increased trade disputes. These have profound ramifications for the US, EU, and other economies, and the international business community. Consequently, economists and sociologists, among others, are increasingly focused upon inequality and poverty issues in China and relevant policy implications. This book, arising from a two-year UNU-WIDER project, addresses issues that include the inequality-growth relationship, regional/personal variation in incomes and human well-being in areas such as education, the determinants of inequality and poverty or their changes, gaps in innovation capability, and the role played by China's development strategies in affecting inequality.Less
This book provides updated coverage of inequality and poverty issues in China. Some of the methodologies developed may be used in other contexts and for other countries. The use of different data sources and state-of-art research techniques ensures that the findings and conclusions can be substantiated and that the policy recommendations are reliable and robust. Rapidly rising inequality in China has contributed to the sluggishness of domestic demand and emerging poverty. It has thus exerted considerable pressure for commodity exports and represents a root cause of increased trade disputes. These have profound ramifications for the US, EU, and other economies, and the international business community. Consequently, economists and sociologists, among others, are increasingly focused upon inequality and poverty issues in China and relevant policy implications. This book, arising from a two-year UNU-WIDER project, addresses issues that include the inequality-growth relationship, regional/personal variation in incomes and human well-being in areas such as education, the determinants of inequality and poverty or their changes, gaps in innovation capability, and the role played by China's development strategies in affecting inequality.
Satoshi Matsumura
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this ...
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This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this industry, the domestic market for raw silk also contributed to the increase in total demand after the first decade of the 20th century. The reason why domestically-oriented manufacturers did not adopt the factory system of production, but instead used various forms of production such as independent operation, subcontracting to small-scale factories, and putting-out was discussed.Less
This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this industry, the domestic market for raw silk also contributed to the increase in total demand after the first decade of the 20th century. The reason why domestically-oriented manufacturers did not adopt the factory system of production, but instead used various forms of production such as independent operation, subcontracting to small-scale factories, and putting-out was discussed.
Takehisa Yamada
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the export-oriented industrialization of pottery industry in modern Japan, focusing on the introduction and adoption of advanced technologies from Western countries. Special ...
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This chapter discusses the export-oriented industrialization of pottery industry in modern Japan, focusing on the introduction and adoption of advanced technologies from Western countries. Special attention is given to newly established, innovative, and modernized firms that promoted the export-oriented production. The role of research and training institutions, supported by central and local governments and trade associations, is also emphasized to explain the activities of these firms.Less
This chapter discusses the export-oriented industrialization of pottery industry in modern Japan, focusing on the introduction and adoption of advanced technologies from Western countries. Special attention is given to newly established, innovative, and modernized firms that promoted the export-oriented production. The role of research and training institutions, supported by central and local governments and trade associations, is also emphasized to explain the activities of these firms.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the effect of international trade on labor conditions around the world. Evidence developed in the chapter shows that open trade policies improve working conditions by raising ...
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This chapter examines the effect of international trade on labor conditions around the world. Evidence developed in the chapter shows that open trade policies improve working conditions by raising per capita income, as international trade theory predicts. Countries with open trade policies also have superior labor rights, and labor rights improve over time in countries that adopt open trade policies. In the short run, trade clearly enhances the working conditions of workers in export industries (including those working in export processing zones) but threatens the conditions of workers whose companies compete with imports. The evidence shows that with the passage of time, all workers benefit by moving into more productive employment settings. The evidence in this chapter implies that trade sanctions are likely to worsen labor conditions in target countries.Less
This chapter examines the effect of international trade on labor conditions around the world. Evidence developed in the chapter shows that open trade policies improve working conditions by raising per capita income, as international trade theory predicts. Countries with open trade policies also have superior labor rights, and labor rights improve over time in countries that adopt open trade policies. In the short run, trade clearly enhances the working conditions of workers in export industries (including those working in export processing zones) but threatens the conditions of workers whose companies compete with imports. The evidence shows that with the passage of time, all workers benefit by moving into more productive employment settings. The evidence in this chapter implies that trade sanctions are likely to worsen labor conditions in target countries.
Alfred Maizels, Robert Bacon, and George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233381
- eISBN:
- 9780191678981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233381.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Initially, the international commodity markets experienced high short-term price instability. Although there still were important commodities that showed short-term instability, real commodity prices ...
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Initially, the international commodity markets experienced high short-term price instability. Although there still were important commodities that showed short-term instability, real commodity prices underwent a downward trend that began in 1980. This change had a number of negative effects particularly in terms of the export earnings, foreign debt size, and the ability to obtain substantial progress of developing countries. To evolve a set of measures for raising depressed commodity prices and commodity export earning levels, negations between developing and developed countries had to be prioritized. This chapter highlights the fact that these measures are crucial in formulating an international strategy for improving and hastening the development process particularly for low income countries and those dependent on commodities.Less
Initially, the international commodity markets experienced high short-term price instability. Although there still were important commodities that showed short-term instability, real commodity prices underwent a downward trend that began in 1980. This change had a number of negative effects particularly in terms of the export earnings, foreign debt size, and the ability to obtain substantial progress of developing countries. To evolve a set of measures for raising depressed commodity prices and commodity export earning levels, negations between developing and developed countries had to be prioritized. This chapter highlights the fact that these measures are crucial in formulating an international strategy for improving and hastening the development process particularly for low income countries and those dependent on commodities.
Paolo Mauro, Nathan Sussman, and Yishay Yafeh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272693
- eISBN:
- 9780191603488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272697.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging ...
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This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.Less
This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.
Nicholas P. Cushner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195307566
- eISBN:
- 9780199784936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195307569.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Guaraní welcomed European missionaries because they saw the missionaries as buffers between them and Spaniards in Asunción who wanted Indians as laborers, they wanted protection from the ...
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The Guaraní welcomed European missionaries because they saw the missionaries as buffers between them and Spaniards in Asunción who wanted Indians as laborers, they wanted protection from the Portuguese in Brazil, and they were attracted to Christianity by its “stories”. The Jesuits isolated the mission stations, called reductions, erected massive architectural churches and buildings, and, probably most important, armed and trained the Indians in offensive and defensive maneuvers. Financial support of the reductions came principally from the “Jesuit tea” or Yerba Mate, grown on reduction farms and exported throughout Latin America.Less
The Guaraní welcomed European missionaries because they saw the missionaries as buffers between them and Spaniards in Asunción who wanted Indians as laborers, they wanted protection from the Portuguese in Brazil, and they were attracted to Christianity by its “stories”. The Jesuits isolated the mission stations, called reductions, erected massive architectural churches and buildings, and, probably most important, armed and trained the Indians in offensive and defensive maneuvers. Financial support of the reductions came principally from the “Jesuit tea” or Yerba Mate, grown on reduction farms and exported throughout Latin America.
Jan‐Erik Lane, David McKay, and Kenneth Newton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198280538
- eISBN:
- 9780191601934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828053X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This section presents economic data on OECD countries. It features tables on GDP per capita, real GDP per capita, origin of GDP, inflation rates, external dependency exports and imports, real GDP ...
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This section presents economic data on OECD countries. It features tables on GDP per capita, real GDP per capita, origin of GDP, inflation rates, external dependency exports and imports, real GDP growth, and real GNP growth.Less
This section presents economic data on OECD countries. It features tables on GDP per capita, real GDP per capita, origin of GDP, inflation rates, external dependency exports and imports, real GDP growth, and real GNP growth.
Douglas A. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150321
- eISBN:
- 9781400838394
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150321.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed ...
More
The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed for—the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. This book provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. The book presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot–Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free for all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot–Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, the book argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. The book tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.Less
The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed for—the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. This book provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. The book presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot–Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free for all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot–Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, the book argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. The book tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.
Suma S. Athreye
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275601
- eISBN:
- 9780191705823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275601.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
What accounts for the success of Indian software and what have been the main forces that have shaped the industry's evolution? The chapter identifies four stages in the growth of the industry and ...
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What accounts for the success of Indian software and what have been the main forces that have shaped the industry's evolution? The chapter identifies four stages in the growth of the industry and draws attention to the different constraints and advantages in each stage of evolution. An unfettered and increasing world demand for software services permitted new entry and the growth of competition. Incumbent firms developed process capabilities in response to growing competition and factor market constraints. The chapter highlights the role of competition in the factor and product markets, as well as entrepreneurial experimentation with business models in explaining the evolution of the software industry.Less
What accounts for the success of Indian software and what have been the main forces that have shaped the industry's evolution? The chapter identifies four stages in the growth of the industry and draws attention to the different constraints and advantages in each stage of evolution. An unfettered and increasing world demand for software services permitted new entry and the growth of competition. Incumbent firms developed process capabilities in response to growing competition and factor market constraints. The chapter highlights the role of competition in the factor and product markets, as well as entrepreneurial experimentation with business models in explaining the evolution of the software industry.
Dan Breznitz
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275601
- eISBN:
- 9780191705823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275601.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter argues that the software industry in Israel evolved as a second IT industry following the successful development of the hardware sector. The main competitive advantage that enabled the ...
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This chapter argues that the software industry in Israel evolved as a second IT industry following the successful development of the hardware sector. The main competitive advantage that enabled the development of the local software industry was Israel's R&D capabilities, which are diffused throughout the innovation system with their source being the strong academic research apparatus. The chapter also argues that it was the conscious aim of the Israeli state to develop exactly such an industry, and shows that at critical times the state, through the OCS, started catalytic programs to spurred private technological entrepreneurship.Less
This chapter argues that the software industry in Israel evolved as a second IT industry following the successful development of the hardware sector. The main competitive advantage that enabled the development of the local software industry was Israel's R&D capabilities, which are diffused throughout the innovation system with their source being the strong academic research apparatus. The chapter also argues that it was the conscious aim of the Israeli state to develop exactly such an industry, and shows that at critical times the state, through the OCS, started catalytic programs to spurred private technological entrepreneurship.
Bijit Bora, Roman Grynberg, and Mohammad A. Razzaque
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234707
- eISBN:
- 9780191715488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234707.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter attempts to explain marginalization for LDCs and SVS in merchandise exports in terms of falling share of agricultural products in total global exports, and in terms of world export-GDP ...
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This chapter attempts to explain marginalization for LDCs and SVS in merchandise exports in terms of falling share of agricultural products in total global exports, and in terms of world export-GDP ratio. The study establishes a valid long-run statistical relationship, indicating that these factors explain about 91% and 85% variation in the declining share of LDCs and SVS, respectively.Less
This chapter attempts to explain marginalization for LDCs and SVS in merchandise exports in terms of falling share of agricultural products in total global exports, and in terms of world export-GDP ratio. The study establishes a valid long-run statistical relationship, indicating that these factors explain about 91% and 85% variation in the declining share of LDCs and SVS, respectively.
Young-Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325454
- eISBN:
- 9780199783908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325454.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable ...
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This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.Less
This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.
ANDREW GLYN
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226795
- eISBN:
- 9780191710544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226795.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the changing economic fortunes of the USA, currently restored to its position of pre-eminence amongst the rich countries. It then considers the challenge posed to the economies ...
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This chapter examines the changing economic fortunes of the USA, currently restored to its position of pre-eminence amongst the rich countries. It then considers the challenge posed to the economies of the most developed economies by the spectacular rise of China. Finally, the broader issues of international economic integration are analysed.Less
This chapter examines the changing economic fortunes of the USA, currently restored to its position of pre-eminence amongst the rich countries. It then considers the challenge posed to the economies of the most developed economies by the spectacular rise of China. Finally, the broader issues of international economic integration are analysed.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Japan represents a fascinating role model to the East Asian NICs. In this chapter, the similarities and differences in export patterns among the NICs with those of Japan at various historic periods ...
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Japan represents a fascinating role model to the East Asian NICs. In this chapter, the similarities and differences in export patterns among the NICs with those of Japan at various historic periods are evaluated. Relative leaders and laggers in world trade are identified by examining the overlapping of export commodities between the NICs and Japan through the use of the “similarity index” of Finger and Kreinin. An intertemporal examination of the respective export compositions of the four Asian NICs indicates that although they differ significantly from each other at any given time, they all share a clear dynamic tendency to emulate Japan. Further, evidence shows that rather than match and displace the faster growing Japan, the NICs demonstrated a more complex interaction with the said country.Less
Japan represents a fascinating role model to the East Asian NICs. In this chapter, the similarities and differences in export patterns among the NICs with those of Japan at various historic periods are evaluated. Relative leaders and laggers in world trade are identified by examining the overlapping of export commodities between the NICs and Japan through the use of the “similarity index” of Finger and Kreinin. An intertemporal examination of the respective export compositions of the four Asian NICs indicates that although they differ significantly from each other at any given time, they all share a clear dynamic tendency to emulate Japan. Further, evidence shows that rather than match and displace the faster growing Japan, the NICs demonstrated a more complex interaction with the said country.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
One of the less contentious issues surrounding MNCs is their significant and still increasing impact on international trade flows and policy. This trend is the result of increasing reliance by large ...
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One of the less contentious issues surrounding MNCs is their significant and still increasing impact on international trade flows and policy. This trend is the result of increasing reliance by large manufacturing companies on FDI as an alternative to exporting to sell their goods and services to customers in other countries. This chapter surveys the data demonstrating the extent to which FDI has displaced exports as a marketing vehicle and altered the product composition of many countries' exports and imports. It presents several country case studies to provide more specific and detailed insight into changing national trade patterns. The other two topics discussed at length are the questions first, of the likely extent that the proliferation of FDI has decreased national exports and jobs, and second, of the extent to which FDI proliferation has rendered traditional trade theory largely or totally obsolete.Less
One of the less contentious issues surrounding MNCs is their significant and still increasing impact on international trade flows and policy. This trend is the result of increasing reliance by large manufacturing companies on FDI as an alternative to exporting to sell their goods and services to customers in other countries. This chapter surveys the data demonstrating the extent to which FDI has displaced exports as a marketing vehicle and altered the product composition of many countries' exports and imports. It presents several country case studies to provide more specific and detailed insight into changing national trade patterns. The other two topics discussed at length are the questions first, of the likely extent that the proliferation of FDI has decreased national exports and jobs, and second, of the extent to which FDI proliferation has rendered traditional trade theory largely or totally obsolete.
Mohammad A. Razzaque, Philip Osafa‐Kwaako, and Roman Grynberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234707
- eISBN:
- 9780191715488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234707.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews the foreign exchange losses suffered by LDCs, HIPCs, and SVS through the sustained weakness in relative prices of primary commodities. Falling real prices of commodities have ...
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This chapter reviews the foreign exchange losses suffered by LDCs, HIPCs, and SVS through the sustained weakness in relative prices of primary commodities. Falling real prices of commodities have caused lower purchasing power of primary exports, on which most of these countries rely predominantly for financing their imports. The resultant foreign exchange losses relative to the total primary and merchandise exports of many of these countries are quite substantial.Less
This chapter reviews the foreign exchange losses suffered by LDCs, HIPCs, and SVS through the sustained weakness in relative prices of primary commodities. Falling real prices of commodities have caused lower purchasing power of primary exports, on which most of these countries rely predominantly for financing their imports. The resultant foreign exchange losses relative to the total primary and merchandise exports of many of these countries are quite substantial.
Shehzad Nadeem
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147871
- eISBN:
- 9781400836697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147871.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was ...
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This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was salubrious in the long term and consistent with broad trends of economic restructuring. To others, it heralded a new era of job loss and economic vulnerability. The chapter explains how, in both cases, the international trade in services became a synecdoche for the promise and peril of increasing global interdependence. It examines how offshoring has crept into the service sector and tackles questions that nobody seems prepared to answer: about concession bargaining, about the denial of workers' rights in Export-Processing Zones, and about the impact on wages and working conditions in the United States. Finally, it discusses the offshore outsourcing of service work from the Indian perspective.Less
This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was salubrious in the long term and consistent with broad trends of economic restructuring. To others, it heralded a new era of job loss and economic vulnerability. The chapter explains how, in both cases, the international trade in services became a synecdoche for the promise and peril of increasing global interdependence. It examines how offshoring has crept into the service sector and tackles questions that nobody seems prepared to answer: about concession bargaining, about the denial of workers' rights in Export-Processing Zones, and about the impact on wages and working conditions in the United States. Finally, it discusses the offshore outsourcing of service work from the Indian perspective.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Given the book's pivotal argument that there is no “one size fits all” model of either MNCs or FDI, this chapter presents a lengthy analysis and description of the many distinct forms that they take. ...
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Given the book's pivotal argument that there is no “one size fits all” model of either MNCs or FDI, this chapter presents a lengthy analysis and description of the many distinct forms that they take. The oft-repeated imperatives of disaggregation and avoidance of generalizations are direct outgrowths of the absence of uniformity. The implications of the widespread failure of policymakers, the general public, and most scholars to recognize and appreciate heterogeneity are discussed, with specific reference to the resulting failure to differentiate between costs and benefits, high quality and low quality FDI and MNCs depending on which of the various forms and behavior patterns are assumed by an individual foreign subsidiary. The second and third sections of the chapter consist of lengthy, value-free empirical profiles of the various forms of FDI and MNCs, respectively.Less
Given the book's pivotal argument that there is no “one size fits all” model of either MNCs or FDI, this chapter presents a lengthy analysis and description of the many distinct forms that they take. The oft-repeated imperatives of disaggregation and avoidance of generalizations are direct outgrowths of the absence of uniformity. The implications of the widespread failure of policymakers, the general public, and most scholars to recognize and appreciate heterogeneity are discussed, with specific reference to the resulting failure to differentiate between costs and benefits, high quality and low quality FDI and MNCs depending on which of the various forms and behavior patterns are assumed by an individual foreign subsidiary. The second and third sections of the chapter consist of lengthy, value-free empirical profiles of the various forms of FDI and MNCs, respectively.
Richard Pomfret
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182216
- eISBN:
- 9780691185408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182216.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter analyzes the first decade of Central Asia's independence and transition towards market-based economies. After December 1991, the new independent states had no alternative than to embark ...
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This chapter analyzes the first decade of Central Asia's independence and transition towards market-based economies. After December 1991, the new independent states had no alternative than to embark on the transition from central planning. Throughout Central Asia, the 1990s were a grim decade, with falling output and increased income inequality and poverty. The transitional recession was most moderate in Uzbekistan and most severe in Tajikistan, which suffered from civil war until 1997. Recovery began in the late 1990s, and in the first decade of the twenty-first century, Central Asia was one of the fastest growing parts of the world economy, buoyed by a mixture of recovery from recession and soaring world prices for key energy and mineral exports.Less
This chapter analyzes the first decade of Central Asia's independence and transition towards market-based economies. After December 1991, the new independent states had no alternative than to embark on the transition from central planning. Throughout Central Asia, the 1990s were a grim decade, with falling output and increased income inequality and poverty. The transitional recession was most moderate in Uzbekistan and most severe in Tajikistan, which suffered from civil war until 1997. Recovery began in the late 1990s, and in the first decade of the twenty-first century, Central Asia was one of the fastest growing parts of the world economy, buoyed by a mixture of recovery from recession and soaring world prices for key energy and mineral exports.
