MARK MAZOWER
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202059
- eISBN:
- 9780191675126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202059.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Economic History
The period of export growth in Greece which had begun with the tobacco boom in the early 1920s ended in 1929. Two commodities — tobacco and currants — accounted for 60–70% of total exports, and the ...
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The period of export growth in Greece which had begun with the tobacco boom in the early 1920s ended in 1929. Two commodities — tobacco and currants — accounted for 60–70% of total exports, and the country's balance of trade was heavily affected by their performance. After 1929 neither fared well and export earnings declined until 1933. The most striking collapse was in tobacco sales as German merchants, hit by the onset of the slump there, ran down their stocks and reduced purchases. Between 1929 and 1932 drachma earnings from tobacco exports were halved. Since tobacco was not just the single most important source of Greek export and tax revenues, but was also of vital political importance — with northern Greece a key area of Venizelist support — this chapter looks in some detail at how the export crisis hit the tobacco economy, and how it affected the various groups involved-the state, growers, merchants, and workers.Less
The period of export growth in Greece which had begun with the tobacco boom in the early 1920s ended in 1929. Two commodities — tobacco and currants — accounted for 60–70% of total exports, and the country's balance of trade was heavily affected by their performance. After 1929 neither fared well and export earnings declined until 1933. The most striking collapse was in tobacco sales as German merchants, hit by the onset of the slump there, ran down their stocks and reduced purchases. Between 1929 and 1932 drachma earnings from tobacco exports were halved. Since tobacco was not just the single most important source of Greek export and tax revenues, but was also of vital political importance — with northern Greece a key area of Venizelist support — this chapter looks in some detail at how the export crisis hit the tobacco economy, and how it affected the various groups involved-the state, growers, merchants, and workers.
Christopher M Bacon, V. Ernesto Mendez, Stephen R Gliessman, David Goodman, and Jonathan A Fox (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026338
- eISBN:
- 9780262267526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026338.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Our morning cups of coffee connect us to a global industry and, also, to an export crisis in the tropics that is destroying livelihoods, undermining the cohesion of families and communities, and ...
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Our morning cups of coffee connect us to a global industry and, also, to an export crisis in the tropics that is destroying livelihoods, undermining the cohesion of families and communities, and threatening ecosystems. This book explores the crisis facing small-scale coffee farmers of Mexico and Central America, the political economy of the global coffee industry, the coffee producers’ response to this crisis, and the initiatives that claim to promote more sustainable rural development among coffee-producing communities. The contributors review the historical, political, economic, and agroecological processes involved in today’s coffee industry and analyze the severely depressed export market that small-scale growers in Mexico and Central America encounters. The book presents a series of interdisciplinary case studies showing how small-scale farmers manage ecosystems and organize collectively as they seek useful collaboration with international NGOs and coffee companies to create opportunities for themselves in the coffee market. The findings demonstrate the interconnections between the livelihoods of farmers, biodiversity, conservation, and changing coffee markets. Additional chapters examine alternative trade practices, certification, and eco-labeling, and discuss the politics and market growth of organic, shade-grown, and Fair Trade coffees.Less
Our morning cups of coffee connect us to a global industry and, also, to an export crisis in the tropics that is destroying livelihoods, undermining the cohesion of families and communities, and threatening ecosystems. This book explores the crisis facing small-scale coffee farmers of Mexico and Central America, the political economy of the global coffee industry, the coffee producers’ response to this crisis, and the initiatives that claim to promote more sustainable rural development among coffee-producing communities. The contributors review the historical, political, economic, and agroecological processes involved in today’s coffee industry and analyze the severely depressed export market that small-scale growers in Mexico and Central America encounters. The book presents a series of interdisciplinary case studies showing how small-scale farmers manage ecosystems and organize collectively as they seek useful collaboration with international NGOs and coffee companies to create opportunities for themselves in the coffee market. The findings demonstrate the interconnections between the livelihoods of farmers, biodiversity, conservation, and changing coffee markets. Additional chapters examine alternative trade practices, certification, and eco-labeling, and discuss the politics and market growth of organic, shade-grown, and Fair Trade coffees.
Peter Drahos
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197534755
- eISBN:
- 9780197534786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197534755.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
States, motivated by military concerns, have mismanaged the geo-energy trilemma with the result that they face a much deeper climate emergency than they otherwise might. The geo-energy trilemma ...
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States, motivated by military concerns, have mismanaged the geo-energy trilemma with the result that they face a much deeper climate emergency than they otherwise might. The geo-energy trilemma consists of climate mitigation, energy security, and economic/military development. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has been central to the creation of a data path that prioritizes fossil fuels over the development of renewable energy. The International Energy Agency sent states down the track of more coal development even though carbon capture storage was never a realistic prospect. The IEA failed to build trust among states on energy and climate change issues. The creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an important step forward globally for the renewable energy industries.Less
States, motivated by military concerns, have mismanaged the geo-energy trilemma with the result that they face a much deeper climate emergency than they otherwise might. The geo-energy trilemma consists of climate mitigation, energy security, and economic/military development. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has been central to the creation of a data path that prioritizes fossil fuels over the development of renewable energy. The International Energy Agency sent states down the track of more coal development even though carbon capture storage was never a realistic prospect. The IEA failed to build trust among states on energy and climate change issues. The creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an important step forward globally for the renewable energy industries.
