Margit Osterloh and Antoinette Weibel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235926
- eISBN:
- 9780191717093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235926.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some ...
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The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some extent be solved by transactional solutions, such as activating the shadow of the future or selective incentives. But transformational solutions are more important. Employee's intrinsic initiative to participate in knowledge exploration is crowded-out by certain high-powered incentives and unfriendly monitoring. It is crowded-in by low-powered incentives, friendly monitoring, communication, and institutional framing. The chapter concludes that there exist convincing ideas of how to govern explorative knowledge production which should be tested empirically.Less
The generation of new knowledge is crucial for a firm's competitive advantage. This chapter analyses explorative knowledge production in teams as a social dilemma. Such social dilemmas can to some extent be solved by transactional solutions, such as activating the shadow of the future or selective incentives. But transformational solutions are more important. Employee's intrinsic initiative to participate in knowledge exploration is crowded-out by certain high-powered incentives and unfriendly monitoring. It is crowded-in by low-powered incentives, friendly monitoring, communication, and institutional framing. The chapter concludes that there exist convincing ideas of how to govern explorative knowledge production which should be tested empirically.
Bart Nooteboom
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545490
- eISBN:
- 9780191720093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545490.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Knowledge Management
This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and ...
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This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and exploration. A key issue is how this relates to ‘cognitive distance’ within and between communities and organizations, and the cognitive ‘focus’ of organizations.Less
This chapter addresses the question of how communities of different types, such as communities of practice and epistemic communities, relate to the task of organizations to combine exploitation and exploration. A key issue is how this relates to ‘cognitive distance’ within and between communities and organizations, and the cognitive ‘focus’ of organizations.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the four characteristics of 16th-century European expansion that constitute the basic definition of the term Age of Exploration in this book: a ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the four characteristics of 16th-century European expansion that constitute the basic definition of the term Age of Exploration in this book: a starting point of relative geographic and cultural isolation; the subsequent development of expansive political ideologies focused particularly on trade routes and maritime navigation; innovation in a few key areas of military and naval technology that made overseas expansion possible; and an unprecedented intensification of intellectual interest in the outside world. It then outlines the purpose of the book, which is to introduce a new concept of “global politics” into the study of early modern Ottoman history. By detailing the ways in which a developing Ottoman worldview translated into concrete strategies for imperial expansion overseas, it demonstrates that the Ottomans of the 16th century were able to act as protagonists of the first order in creating a newly integrated world system of competing imperial states.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the four characteristics of 16th-century European expansion that constitute the basic definition of the term Age of Exploration in this book: a starting point of relative geographic and cultural isolation; the subsequent development of expansive political ideologies focused particularly on trade routes and maritime navigation; innovation in a few key areas of military and naval technology that made overseas expansion possible; and an unprecedented intensification of intellectual interest in the outside world. It then outlines the purpose of the book, which is to introduce a new concept of “global politics” into the study of early modern Ottoman history. By detailing the ways in which a developing Ottoman worldview translated into concrete strategies for imperial expansion overseas, it demonstrates that the Ottomans of the 16th century were able to act as protagonists of the first order in creating a newly integrated world system of competing imperial states.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
The year 1520 marks the beginning of the very long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, widely considered the grandest and most powerful sultan in the history of the Ottoman state. For all his ...
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The year 1520 marks the beginning of the very long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, widely considered the grandest and most powerful sultan in the history of the Ottoman state. For all his undeniable accomplishments, however, Suleiman's carefully cultivated reputation deserves to be treated with a certain degree of skepticism, for in one sense the forty-six years of his rule mark the start of something new and decidedly unmagnificent in the history of the Ottoman dynasty: an extended period during which the influence of viziers, advisors, and members of the royal household rose precipitously, eventually to such an extent that they began to undermine the authority of the sultan himself. Understanding the politics during Suleiman's reign requires pulling the focus away from the sultan in order to accommodate a wider political playing field. This chapter shows how from 1520 onwards, a constantly shifting cast of characters, including grand viziers, provincial governors, and even ladies of the imperial harem, were consistently more active in shaping the empire's policies than anyone sitting on the throne in Istanbul. Among them was Ibrahim Pasha, Suleiman's childhood friend and boom companion, whose meteoric rise in the 1520s is inextricably linked with the beginning of the second phase of the Ottoman Age of Exploration.Less
The year 1520 marks the beginning of the very long reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, widely considered the grandest and most powerful sultan in the history of the Ottoman state. For all his undeniable accomplishments, however, Suleiman's carefully cultivated reputation deserves to be treated with a certain degree of skepticism, for in one sense the forty-six years of his rule mark the start of something new and decidedly unmagnificent in the history of the Ottoman dynasty: an extended period during which the influence of viziers, advisors, and members of the royal household rose precipitously, eventually to such an extent that they began to undermine the authority of the sultan himself. Understanding the politics during Suleiman's reign requires pulling the focus away from the sultan in order to accommodate a wider political playing field. This chapter shows how from 1520 onwards, a constantly shifting cast of characters, including grand viziers, provincial governors, and even ladies of the imperial harem, were consistently more active in shaping the empire's policies than anyone sitting on the throne in Istanbul. Among them was Ibrahim Pasha, Suleiman's childhood friend and boom companion, whose meteoric rise in the 1520s is inextricably linked with the beginning of the second phase of the Ottoman Age of Exploration.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in ...
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This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in November of 1544, Rustem went on to hold the position almost continuously until his death seventeen years later. Unlike his predecessor Hadim Suleiman, who had consistently sought to maximize the free flow of trade across Ottoman lands from the Indian Ocean, Rustem professed a deep-seated suspicion of foreign merchants and generally favored an economic policy that subordinated mercantile interests to the needs of supplying the army and provisioning the Ottoman capital. Rather than seeing the flow of goods in and out of the Ottoman Empire as a source of wealth and a reaffirmation of Ottoman prestige, Rustem seems to have viewed international trade primarily as a threat, a drain through which the precious metals and other strategic resources of the empire were being continually sucked away.Less
This chapter focuses on Rustem Pasha, who dominated Ottoman political life throughout the middle decades of the 16th century. Nominated to the grand vizierate upon Hadim Suleiman's dismissal in November of 1544, Rustem went on to hold the position almost continuously until his death seventeen years later. Unlike his predecessor Hadim Suleiman, who had consistently sought to maximize the free flow of trade across Ottoman lands from the Indian Ocean, Rustem professed a deep-seated suspicion of foreign merchants and generally favored an economic policy that subordinated mercantile interests to the needs of supplying the army and provisioning the Ottoman capital. Rather than seeing the flow of goods in and out of the Ottoman Empire as a source of wealth and a reaffirmation of Ottoman prestige, Rustem seems to have viewed international trade primarily as a threat, a drain through which the precious metals and other strategic resources of the empire were being continually sucked away.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. ...
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This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. Much like his well-placed predecessors Ibrahim and Rustem, Sokollu Mehmed was a palace favorite, a member of the Imperial Divan since 1554, and a figure especially close to the sultan's son Selim, whose daughter he married in 1562. Promoted to the grand vizierate just three years later, upon the death of his aged colleague Semiz Ali, Sokollu would thereafter dominate political life in the empire as perhaps no other grand vizier ever had before. His uninterrupted tenure in office eventually spanned fifteen years and the reigns of three successive sultans, before his own death in 1579.Less
This chapter focuses on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, one of the most compelling personalities of the entire 16th century and the mastermind of the Ottoman Empire's last great push into the Indian Ocean. Much like his well-placed predecessors Ibrahim and Rustem, Sokollu Mehmed was a palace favorite, a member of the Imperial Divan since 1554, and a figure especially close to the sultan's son Selim, whose daughter he married in 1562. Promoted to the grand vizierate just three years later, upon the death of his aged colleague Semiz Ali, Sokollu would thereafter dominate political life in the empire as perhaps no other grand vizier ever had before. His uninterrupted tenure in office eventually spanned fifteen years and the reigns of three successive sultans, before his own death in 1579.
Giancarlo Casale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377828
- eISBN:
- 9780199775699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on the waning years of the Ottoman Age of Exploration. By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire's era of relentless international expansion had drawn to a close. But ...
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This chapter focuses on the waning years of the Ottoman Age of Exploration. By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire's era of relentless international expansion had drawn to a close. But thanks to the complex combination of political patronage, market stimuli, and intellectual cross-fertilization of the preceding decades, the Ottomans had acquired a critical mass of scholarly tools that allowed them to understand the physical and human dimensions of the world to an unprecedented degree of sophistication. In the process, they had also gained a new self-consciousness about the global role of their own empire, allowing them to look back on the grand imperial designs of Ibrahim Pasha, Hadim Suleiman, and Sokollu Mehmed with a sense of informed historical detachment. Tellingly, during the very last years of the century, a new genre of historical writing began to develop that strove to rewrite the history of the Ottoman state from an international perspective and to describe the genealogy of its relationship with other powers, particularly the rival Islamic empires of Safavid Iran and Mughal India.Less
This chapter focuses on the waning years of the Ottoman Age of Exploration. By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire's era of relentless international expansion had drawn to a close. But thanks to the complex combination of political patronage, market stimuli, and intellectual cross-fertilization of the preceding decades, the Ottomans had acquired a critical mass of scholarly tools that allowed them to understand the physical and human dimensions of the world to an unprecedented degree of sophistication. In the process, they had also gained a new self-consciousness about the global role of their own empire, allowing them to look back on the grand imperial designs of Ibrahim Pasha, Hadim Suleiman, and Sokollu Mehmed with a sense of informed historical detachment. Tellingly, during the very last years of the century, a new genre of historical writing began to develop that strove to rewrite the history of the Ottoman state from an international perspective and to describe the genealogy of its relationship with other powers, particularly the rival Islamic empires of Safavid Iran and Mughal India.
E. J. Milner-Gulland and Marcus Rowcliffe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198530367
- eISBN:
- 9780191713095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530367.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The effective management of natural resources use requires a mechanistic understanding of the system, not just correlations between variables of the kind discussed in Chapter 4. Understanding may ...
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The effective management of natural resources use requires a mechanistic understanding of the system, not just correlations between variables of the kind discussed in Chapter 4. Understanding may simply be in the form of a conceptual model, but is much more powerful when formalized as a mathematical model. This chapter introduces methods for building a model of the system that can be used to predict future sustainability with or without management interventions. The emphasis is on the simulation of biological and bioeconomic dynamics, for which step-by-step worked examples are given. These examples start with conceptual models, then show how to formalize these as mathematical equations, build these into computer code; test model sensitivity, validity, and alternative structures; and finally, explore future scenarios. Methods for modelling stochasticity and human behaviour are also introduced, as well as the use of Bayesian methods for understanding dynamic systems and exploring management interventions.Less
The effective management of natural resources use requires a mechanistic understanding of the system, not just correlations between variables of the kind discussed in Chapter 4. Understanding may simply be in the form of a conceptual model, but is much more powerful when formalized as a mathematical model. This chapter introduces methods for building a model of the system that can be used to predict future sustainability with or without management interventions. The emphasis is on the simulation of biological and bioeconomic dynamics, for which step-by-step worked examples are given. These examples start with conceptual models, then show how to formalize these as mathematical equations, build these into computer code; test model sensitivity, validity, and alternative structures; and finally, explore future scenarios. Methods for modelling stochasticity and human behaviour are also introduced, as well as the use of Bayesian methods for understanding dynamic systems and exploring management interventions.
Frederick Grinnell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064575
- eISBN:
- 9780199869442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064575.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Chapter 2 describes discovery in science: exploration at the frontiers of knowledge, becoming first to know something new, and establishing intellectual ownership by making public a discovery claim. ...
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Chapter 2 describes discovery in science: exploration at the frontiers of knowledge, becoming first to know something new, and establishing intellectual ownership by making public a discovery claim. Every scientist faces Plato's paradox — the tendency to find that for which one is looking. Noticing the unexpected frequently provides the key to transcending this paradox, and unintended experiments often provide the opportunities. Each researcher has a unique thought style that depends on education, experience, and temperament and influences every aspect of discovery: what to study, what experiments to do, what distinguishes data from background noise. Thought styles explain the researcher's courage to pursue convictions despite community skepticism and experimental difficulties. Discovery transforms the researcher's thought style and world view. Collaboration among researchers and introduction of new research technologies enhance possibilities for this transformation to occur.Less
Chapter 2 describes discovery in science: exploration at the frontiers of knowledge, becoming first to know something new, and establishing intellectual ownership by making public a discovery claim. Every scientist faces Plato's paradox — the tendency to find that for which one is looking. Noticing the unexpected frequently provides the key to transcending this paradox, and unintended experiments often provide the opportunities. Each researcher has a unique thought style that depends on education, experience, and temperament and influences every aspect of discovery: what to study, what experiments to do, what distinguishes data from background noise. Thought styles explain the researcher's courage to pursue convictions despite community skepticism and experimental difficulties. Discovery transforms the researcher's thought style and world view. Collaboration among researchers and introduction of new research technologies enhance possibilities for this transformation to occur.
T. C. Smout
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748635139
- eISBN:
- 9780748651375
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635139.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This volume brings together the best of the author's recent articles and contributions to books and journals on the topic of environmental history and offers them as a collection of ‘explorations’. ...
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This volume brings together the best of the author's recent articles and contributions to books and journals on the topic of environmental history and offers them as a collection of ‘explorations’. The author's interests are multi-faceted and, though often focussed on post-1600 Scotland, by no means restricted to that area.Less
This volume brings together the best of the author's recent articles and contributions to books and journals on the topic of environmental history and offers them as a collection of ‘explorations’. The author's interests are multi-faceted and, though often focussed on post-1600 Scotland, by no means restricted to that area.
Jose Juan Gonzalez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579853
- eISBN:
- 9780191722745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579853.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter analyses the scope and limitations of the principle of national property over natural resources of the subsoil established by Art 27 of the Mexican Constitution. It discusses the ...
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This chapter analyses the scope and limitations of the principle of national property over natural resources of the subsoil established by Art 27 of the Mexican Constitution. It discusses the difference between state and national property from a comparative perspective. In addition, it describes the evolution of the constitutional and legal framework regarding the role private investment has played in the public monopoly of oil exploration and exploitation. From this analysis, the chapter proposes the adoption of a new approach to make effective the principle of national sovereignty over oil resources without excluding the possibility of private investment participating in oil exploration and exploitation.Less
This chapter analyses the scope and limitations of the principle of national property over natural resources of the subsoil established by Art 27 of the Mexican Constitution. It discusses the difference between state and national property from a comparative perspective. In addition, it describes the evolution of the constitutional and legal framework regarding the role private investment has played in the public monopoly of oil exploration and exploitation. From this analysis, the chapter proposes the adoption of a new approach to make effective the principle of national sovereignty over oil resources without excluding the possibility of private investment participating in oil exploration and exploitation.
Sujit Sivasundaram
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265413
- eISBN:
- 9780191760464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265413.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter studies a particular moment in the emergence of the idea of the ‘native’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By considering the role played by Pacific islanders, ...
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This chapter studies a particular moment in the emergence of the idea of the ‘native’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By considering the role played by Pacific islanders, Asians, and Africans in defining territorial identities, bonds of attachment to rulers, and patterns of settlement prior to contact with colonists, it argues that the ‘native’ emerged partly out of extant traditions. The British empire recontextualized mutating extant senses of culture in global maps of heritage and thus minted a new sense of the ‘native’. Throughout this process, what appears is not an unproblematic concept of the ‘native’ or ‘indigenous’, but a notion of how claims of a separate heritage arose in contexts of hybridity and creolization.Less
This chapter studies a particular moment in the emergence of the idea of the ‘native’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By considering the role played by Pacific islanders, Asians, and Africans in defining territorial identities, bonds of attachment to rulers, and patterns of settlement prior to contact with colonists, it argues that the ‘native’ emerged partly out of extant traditions. The British empire recontextualized mutating extant senses of culture in global maps of heritage and thus minted a new sense of the ‘native’. Throughout this process, what appears is not an unproblematic concept of the ‘native’ or ‘indigenous’, but a notion of how claims of a separate heritage arose in contexts of hybridity and creolization.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological ...
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This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological experimentation. It describes the agents' central role in cultural production about the region, as famous explorers and authors intimate with Edwardian literary society, with whom they fashioned a new literary cult of the desert, in which the spy novel figured centrally. Many of them had gone to the Middle East looking for literary inspiration, a modernist aesthetic, romantic adventure, and spiritual fulfillment in a time in which social change and modern science had made many Britons anxious about their place in society and the universe. The agents saw their work in the Middle East, particularly during the war, as an opportunity to shape their own lives and Middle Eastern reality in the image of fiction.Less
This chapter explains why Britons were particularly drawn to the Ottoman Empire in this period and how intelligence agents' particular cultural motivations disposed them to epistemological experimentation. It describes the agents' central role in cultural production about the region, as famous explorers and authors intimate with Edwardian literary society, with whom they fashioned a new literary cult of the desert, in which the spy novel figured centrally. Many of them had gone to the Middle East looking for literary inspiration, a modernist aesthetic, romantic adventure, and spiritual fulfillment in a time in which social change and modern science had made many Britons anxious about their place in society and the universe. The agents saw their work in the Middle East, particularly during the war, as an opportunity to shape their own lives and Middle Eastern reality in the image of fiction.
Lynette A. Jones and Susan J. Lederman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173154
- eISBN:
- 9780199786749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173154.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter addresses human hand functions based on performance of manual tasks that specifically involve active haptic sensing, another form of manual sensing that relies on cutaneous inputs from ...
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This chapter addresses human hand functions based on performance of manual tasks that specifically involve active haptic sensing, another form of manual sensing that relies on cutaneous inputs from the skin in combination with kinesthetic inputs derived from active use of our muscles, tendons, and joints. Many of the tasks related to tactile sensing are relevant to the discussion of active haptic sensing, because the latter also involves the stimulation of cutaneous receptors. Other key topics in this chapter involve the nature of manual exploration and the manner in which it constrains and enhances haptic perception of raised two- and three-dimensional objects and their material and geometric properties. Finally, performance via direct touch is compared to that achieved by indirect touch, in which the observer remotely explores the environment using intermediate links (e.g., probes) held in the hand.Less
This chapter addresses human hand functions based on performance of manual tasks that specifically involve active haptic sensing, another form of manual sensing that relies on cutaneous inputs from the skin in combination with kinesthetic inputs derived from active use of our muscles, tendons, and joints. Many of the tasks related to tactile sensing are relevant to the discussion of active haptic sensing, because the latter also involves the stimulation of cutaneous receptors. Other key topics in this chapter involve the nature of manual exploration and the manner in which it constrains and enhances haptic perception of raised two- and three-dimensional objects and their material and geometric properties. Finally, performance via direct touch is compared to that achieved by indirect touch, in which the observer remotely explores the environment using intermediate links (e.g., probes) held in the hand.
Walter W. Powell and Jason Owen-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter follows the trajectory of the life sciences into the present day, focusing on the larger question of industry or field evolution. In a field characterized by “gales of creative ...
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This chapter follows the trajectory of the life sciences into the present day, focusing on the larger question of industry or field evolution. In a field characterized by “gales of creative destruction,” the chapter considers how some types of organizations have managed to retain a position of centrality even as others exit and many newcomers arrive. It analyzes the emergence of a core group of organizations, diverse in form and function, which they label an “open elite.” The animating question is why this group of organizations, which constituted a structural backbone of the field, did not become ossified gatekeepers but remained active in expansive exploration. The answer is found in their multiconnectivity—the multiple, independent pathways that link research-focused organizations in a wide array of different activities.Less
This chapter follows the trajectory of the life sciences into the present day, focusing on the larger question of industry or field evolution. In a field characterized by “gales of creative destruction,” the chapter considers how some types of organizations have managed to retain a position of centrality even as others exit and many newcomers arrive. It analyzes the emergence of a core group of organizations, diverse in form and function, which they label an “open elite.” The animating question is why this group of organizations, which constituted a structural backbone of the field, did not become ossified gatekeepers but remained active in expansive exploration. The answer is found in their multiconnectivity—the multiple, independent pathways that link research-focused organizations in a wide array of different activities.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195309379
- eISBN:
- 9780199786688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309379.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter looks at the lives of four emerging adults in order to see what it is like to be an emerging adult and how it is reflected in individual lives. The persons were chosen so because they ...
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This chapter looks at the lives of four emerging adults in order to see what it is like to be an emerging adult and how it is reflected in individual lives. The persons were chosen so because they represent a broad range of backgrounds and experiences in emerging adulthood. Two are male and two are female; two are white and two are members of ethnic minorities; two are college graduates and two are not; and the four of them grew up in several different parts of the United States. They range in age from twenty-one to twenty-seven. These studies give a taste of the diversity that exists among emerging adults, as well as some of the qualities that are common to hem. None of those studied here are married, and none of them have children. None of them are firmly settled into a career path. Rather, the persons in the profiles were chosen because they exemplify the characteristics that define emerging adulthood as a distinct period of life: the age of explorations, instability, the self-focused, of feeling in-between, and of possibilities.Less
This chapter looks at the lives of four emerging adults in order to see what it is like to be an emerging adult and how it is reflected in individual lives. The persons were chosen so because they represent a broad range of backgrounds and experiences in emerging adulthood. Two are male and two are female; two are white and two are members of ethnic minorities; two are college graduates and two are not; and the four of them grew up in several different parts of the United States. They range in age from twenty-one to twenty-seven. These studies give a taste of the diversity that exists among emerging adults, as well as some of the qualities that are common to hem. None of those studied here are married, and none of them have children. None of them are firmly settled into a career path. Rather, the persons in the profiles were chosen because they exemplify the characteristics that define emerging adulthood as a distinct period of life: the age of explorations, instability, the self-focused, of feeling in-between, and of possibilities.
Michael Spivey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170788
- eISBN:
- 9780199786831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170788.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the motor processes involved in any cognitive task. Findings in the field of embodied cognition show that constraints on motor movement ...
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This chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the motor processes involved in any cognitive task. Findings in the field of embodied cognition show that constraints on motor movement strongly influence both language comprehension and visual perception. Moreover, action verbs and images of tools induce activation in the motor cortex. Rhythmic movement tasks and haptic exploration tasks show that elegant dynamical equations, using only biomechanical parameters, can account for behavioral data without postulating cognitive representational states. The chapter ends with an examination of continuous motor measures in cognitive tasks, and a discussion of the role of anticipated percepts in motor processing and learning.Less
This chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the motor processes involved in any cognitive task. Findings in the field of embodied cognition show that constraints on motor movement strongly influence both language comprehension and visual perception. Moreover, action verbs and images of tools induce activation in the motor cortex. Rhythmic movement tasks and haptic exploration tasks show that elegant dynamical equations, using only biomechanical parameters, can account for behavioral data without postulating cognitive representational states. The chapter ends with an examination of continuous motor measures in cognitive tasks, and a discussion of the role of anticipated percepts in motor processing and learning.
Amir Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149042
- eISBN:
- 9781400842681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149042.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter traces the history of mathematics, from the late sixteenth century to the present, through the lens of mathematical stories. The period is divided into three main epochs and a possible ...
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This chapter traces the history of mathematics, from the late sixteenth century to the present, through the lens of mathematical stories. The period is divided into three main epochs and a possible fourth, each characterized by a different dominant mathematical story, which in turn is related to a different dominant mathematical style. Each period reveals one or several dominant narratives that enjoyed wide currency not only among the broader population but also among practicing mathematicians. The chapter examines the transition of mathematics from the older narratives, spanning the Enlightenment and the exploration mathematics periods, to the time of tragic mathematical heroes such as Évariste Galois and Georg Cantor.Less
This chapter traces the history of mathematics, from the late sixteenth century to the present, through the lens of mathematical stories. The period is divided into three main epochs and a possible fourth, each characterized by a different dominant mathematical story, which in turn is related to a different dominant mathematical style. Each period reveals one or several dominant narratives that enjoyed wide currency not only among the broader population but also among practicing mathematicians. The chapter examines the transition of mathematics from the older narratives, spanning the Enlightenment and the exploration mathematics periods, to the time of tragic mathematical heroes such as Évariste Galois and Georg Cantor.
Williams Martin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083491
- eISBN:
- 9780199853205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083491.003.0041
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Horace Silver Quintet's “Further Explorations” on Blue Note had a piece titled “Melancholy”; it was a slow piano trio performance. Its theme was an adept borrowing from Debussy. Silver's performance ...
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Horace Silver Quintet's “Further Explorations” on Blue Note had a piece titled “Melancholy”; it was a slow piano trio performance. Its theme was an adept borrowing from Debussy. Silver's performance soon became a double-timed, disjointed series of interpolations of everything from bugle calls to gospel motifs, bop figures to archaic blues riffs. “Ill Wind” was given a scoring and tempo that made it into something rather flip which did hardly anything with the implicit possibilities of its melody or mood. Art Farmer was the soloist trumpeter of this recording. He was emphatically not the typical Eastern hard cooker, but a trumpeter of experience and range.Less
Horace Silver Quintet's “Further Explorations” on Blue Note had a piece titled “Melancholy”; it was a slow piano trio performance. Its theme was an adept borrowing from Debussy. Silver's performance soon became a double-timed, disjointed series of interpolations of everything from bugle calls to gospel motifs, bop figures to archaic blues riffs. “Ill Wind” was given a scoring and tempo that made it into something rather flip which did hardly anything with the implicit possibilities of its melody or mood. Art Farmer was the soloist trumpeter of this recording. He was emphatically not the typical Eastern hard cooker, but a trumpeter of experience and range.
Matthew Shindell
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226662084
- eISBN:
- 9780226662114
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226662114.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This biography of the Nobel Prize winning chemist Harold C. Urey (1893-1981) follows the famous scientist through his orthodox religious upbringing as a member of the German Baptist Brethren (Dunker) ...
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This biography of the Nobel Prize winning chemist Harold C. Urey (1893-1981) follows the famous scientist through his orthodox religious upbringing as a member of the German Baptist Brethren (Dunker) church, his education at the University of Montana and the University of California, Berkeley, his wartime work in the chemical industry during World War I, his postgraduate work at Niels Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, his scientific work on deuterium that won him the Nobel Prize, his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II, his turn to isotope geochemistry, and his contributions to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's lunar science program and Project Apollo. The book also traces Urey's professional career at Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, San Diego. The book examines Urey's family background, his religious life and his views on religion, science, and society, and relates these to his post-WWII research program. It also examines his efforts to use his scientific authority and fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters during the Cold War. This biography uses one scientific life to discern broader changes in the social and intellectual landscape of twentieth-century America.Less
This biography of the Nobel Prize winning chemist Harold C. Urey (1893-1981) follows the famous scientist through his orthodox religious upbringing as a member of the German Baptist Brethren (Dunker) church, his education at the University of Montana and the University of California, Berkeley, his wartime work in the chemical industry during World War I, his postgraduate work at Niels Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, his scientific work on deuterium that won him the Nobel Prize, his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II, his turn to isotope geochemistry, and his contributions to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's lunar science program and Project Apollo. The book also traces Urey's professional career at Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, San Diego. The book examines Urey's family background, his religious life and his views on religion, science, and society, and relates these to his post-WWII research program. It also examines his efforts to use his scientific authority and fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters during the Cold War. This biography uses one scientific life to discern broader changes in the social and intellectual landscape of twentieth-century America.
