John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Dominic Lopes proposed that pictures differ from other kinds of representations in that only pictures explicitly non-commit to properties. That is to say, with pictures, the price of representing ...
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Dominic Lopes proposed that pictures differ from other kinds of representations in that only pictures explicitly non-commit to properties. That is to say, with pictures, the price of representing something — say someone standing in front of someone else — is not being able to represent other things, such as the features of things behind the person represented. It is argued that this is not essential or unique to depiction, even though it is common only in pictures. Moreover, explicit non-commitment is only a feature of pictures’ fleshed-out contents: it does not appear in their bare-bones contents.Less
Dominic Lopes proposed that pictures differ from other kinds of representations in that only pictures explicitly non-commit to properties. That is to say, with pictures, the price of representing something — say someone standing in front of someone else — is not being able to represent other things, such as the features of things behind the person represented. It is argued that this is not essential or unique to depiction, even though it is common only in pictures. Moreover, explicit non-commitment is only a feature of pictures’ fleshed-out contents: it does not appear in their bare-bones contents.
Michael Rathjen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566519
- eISBN:
- 9780191713927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566519.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter studies generalized inductive definitions on the basis of constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF. In theories such as classical Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, it can be shown that ...
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This chapter studies generalized inductive definitions on the basis of constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF. In theories such as classical Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, it can be shown that every inductive definition over a set gives rise to a least and a greatest fixed point, which are sets. This principle, notated GID, can also be deduced from CZF plus the full impredicative separation axiom or CZF augmented by the power set axiom. Full separation and a fortiori the power set axiom, however, are entirely unacceptable from a constructive point of view. It is shown that while CZF+GID is stronger than CZF, the principle GID does not embody the strength of any of these axioms. CZF+GID can be interpreted in Feferman's Explicit Mathematics with a least fixed point principle. The proof-theoretic strength of the latter theory is expressible by means of a fragment of second order arithmetic.Less
This chapter studies generalized inductive definitions on the basis of constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, CZF. In theories such as classical Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, it can be shown that every inductive definition over a set gives rise to a least and a greatest fixed point, which are sets. This principle, notated GID, can also be deduced from CZF plus the full impredicative separation axiom or CZF augmented by the power set axiom. Full separation and a fortiori the power set axiom, however, are entirely unacceptable from a constructive point of view. It is shown that while CZF+GID is stronger than CZF, the principle GID does not embody the strength of any of these axioms. CZF+GID can be interpreted in Feferman's Explicit Mathematics with a least fixed point principle. The proof-theoretic strength of the latter theory is expressible by means of a fragment of second order arithmetic.
Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new ...
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An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new knowledge by (1) converting between tacit and explicit knowledge; (2) extending core capabilities; and (3) transferring knowledge across different parts of the organization. Knowledge sharing depends on social networks that are built on norms of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation. This chapter looks at a number of cases that exemplify these concepts, including the community of practice in the Xerox Eureka project, and knowledge transfer at GM-Toyota NUMMI.Less
An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new knowledge by (1) converting between tacit and explicit knowledge; (2) extending core capabilities; and (3) transferring knowledge across different parts of the organization. Knowledge sharing depends on social networks that are built on norms of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation. This chapter looks at a number of cases that exemplify these concepts, including the community of practice in the Xerox Eureka project, and knowledge transfer at GM-Toyota NUMMI.
Todd M. Thrash, Scott E. Cassidy, Laura A. Maruskin, and Andrew J. Elliot
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter addresses the relation between implicit and explicit motives and focuses on factors that influence the degree to which an individual exhibits motive congruence (i.e., consistency between ...
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This chapter addresses the relation between implicit and explicit motives and focuses on factors that influence the degree to which an individual exhibits motive congruence (i.e., consistency between corresponding implicit and explicit motives). The chapter begins with a review of the extant empirical literature on motive congruence. A general conceptual framework based on the principles of structural equation modeling is proposed. Various theoretical perspectives on the processes through which congruence may be achieved are organized in terms of the general framework, and important methodological issues that have been overlooked in past research are identified. Finally, the chapter integrates the motive congruence literature with related literatures within psychology and identifies directions for future research.Less
This chapter addresses the relation between implicit and explicit motives and focuses on factors that influence the degree to which an individual exhibits motive congruence (i.e., consistency between corresponding implicit and explicit motives). The chapter begins with a review of the extant empirical literature on motive congruence. A general conceptual framework based on the principles of structural equation modeling is proposed. Various theoretical perspectives on the processes through which congruence may be achieved are organized in terms of the general framework, and important methodological issues that have been overlooked in past research are identified. Finally, the chapter integrates the motive congruence literature with related literatures within psychology and identifies directions for future research.
Silvia Fabiani, Angela Gattulli, and Roberto Sabbatini
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195309287
- eISBN:
- 9780199783939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309287.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter examines price setting behaviour of Italian firms on the basis of the results of a survey conducted by Banca d'Italia in early 2003 on a sample of around 350 firms belonging to all ...
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This chapter examines price setting behaviour of Italian firms on the basis of the results of a survey conducted by Banca d'Italia in early 2003 on a sample of around 350 firms belonging to all economic sectors. Prices are mostly fixed following standard mark-up rules, although customer-specific characteristics have a role and rival prices mostly affect price-setting strategies in industrial firms. In reviewing their prices, firms follow either state-dependent rules or a combination of time and state-dependent ones. The most important explanations of nominal rigidity are: explicit contracts, coordination failure and the perception of the temporary nature of the shock. Asymmetries are also important: cost shocks impact more when prices have to be raised than when they have to be reduced, whereas demand decreases are more likely to induce a price change than demand increases.Less
This chapter examines price setting behaviour of Italian firms on the basis of the results of a survey conducted by Banca d'Italia in early 2003 on a sample of around 350 firms belonging to all economic sectors. Prices are mostly fixed following standard mark-up rules, although customer-specific characteristics have a role and rival prices mostly affect price-setting strategies in industrial firms. In reviewing their prices, firms follow either state-dependent rules or a combination of time and state-dependent ones. The most important explanations of nominal rigidity are: explicit contracts, coordination failure and the perception of the temporary nature of the shock. Asymmetries are also important: cost shocks impact more when prices have to be raised than when they have to be reduced, whereas demand decreases are more likely to induce a price change than demand increases.
Simon Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198568360
- eISBN:
- 9780191594748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568360.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Analysis
In this chapter the constructions of chapters 1 and 2 for are illustrated with explicit computations. The first part of the chapter presents various methods of computation commonly used in the ...
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In this chapter the constructions of chapters 1 and 2 for are illustrated with explicit computations. The first part of the chapter presents various methods of computation commonly used in the literature and which have acted as guide posts to the development of trace and determinant methods in geometric analysis over the past few decades. There are basic equivalences, indispensable in both theoretical developments and exact computations, between coefficients in the asymptotic expansions of zeta traces, heat traces and resolvent traces. The middle part of the chapter presents and proves these identifications, and provides an application to the computation of relative zeta determinants. The final part of the chapter turns to residue trace and residue determinant computations. Based on a residue determinant formula for the spectral zeta function at zero, an elementary proof of the local Atiyah Singer index theorem is given.Less
In this chapter the constructions of chapters 1 and 2 for are illustrated with explicit computations. The first part of the chapter presents various methods of computation commonly used in the literature and which have acted as guide posts to the development of trace and determinant methods in geometric analysis over the past few decades. There are basic equivalences, indispensable in both theoretical developments and exact computations, between coefficients in the asymptotic expansions of zeta traces, heat traces and resolvent traces. The middle part of the chapter presents and proves these identifications, and provides an application to the computation of relative zeta determinants. The final part of the chapter turns to residue trace and residue determinant computations. Based on a residue determinant formula for the spectral zeta function at zero, an elementary proof of the local Atiyah Singer index theorem is given.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k ...
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This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.Less
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.
D.M. Gabbay and L. Maksimova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198511748
- eISBN:
- 9780191705779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198511748.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
Beth's theorems state that in the classical predicate logic, any implicitly definable predicate is explicitly definable. This chapter proves an analogue of this theorem for all extensions of K4. It ...
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Beth's theorems state that in the classical predicate logic, any implicitly definable predicate is explicitly definable. This chapter proves an analogue of this theorem for all extensions of K4. It follows that any variety of transitive modal algebra has the Beth property. The final section shows how to construct explicit definitions in logics of finite slice.Less
Beth's theorems state that in the classical predicate logic, any implicitly definable predicate is explicitly definable. This chapter proves an analogue of this theorem for all extensions of K4. It follows that any variety of transitive modal algebra has the Beth property. The final section shows how to construct explicit definitions in logics of finite slice.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Public resources are managed to satisfy societal values, and policies are set to prescribe management programs that satisfy those values. Science does not set policies but provides a factual ...
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Public resources are managed to satisfy societal values, and policies are set to prescribe management programs that satisfy those values. Science does not set policies but provides a factual environment in which policies can be set. The natural-regulation policy was set internally within NPS, a procedure that tends to promote ownership of the policy and resistance to critical scientific evidence. Scientific objectivity is more likely to be promoted with policies set externally by representatives of all interest groups as in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Effective administration of national parks requires explicit goals for the purposes of the areas, and freedom to employ whatever management is needed to achieve the goals.Less
Public resources are managed to satisfy societal values, and policies are set to prescribe management programs that satisfy those values. Science does not set policies but provides a factual environment in which policies can be set. The natural-regulation policy was set internally within NPS, a procedure that tends to promote ownership of the policy and resistance to critical scientific evidence. Scientific objectivity is more likely to be promoted with policies set externally by representatives of all interest groups as in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Effective administration of national parks requires explicit goals for the purposes of the areas, and freedom to employ whatever management is needed to achieve the goals.
Arthur S. Reber
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195106589
- eISBN:
- 9780199871698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195106589.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This introductory chapter provides an overall introduction to the issue of unconscious cognitive functions. It reviews the literature on a host of topics that are intimately related to the core issue ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overall introduction to the issue of unconscious cognitive functions. It reviews the literature on a host of topics that are intimately related to the core issue including a short history of work on learning, a discussion of nativism and its relations to empiricism, an overview of the notion of consciousness, how to study it and its mental contents, and the links between these topics and basic principles of evolutionary biology.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overall introduction to the issue of unconscious cognitive functions. It reviews the literature on a host of topics that are intimately related to the core issue including a short history of work on learning, a discussion of nativism and its relations to empiricism, an overview of the notion of consciousness, how to study it and its mental contents, and the links between these topics and basic principles of evolutionary biology.
Albert O. Hirschman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159904
- eISBN:
- 9781400848409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159904.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter discusses the complicated relationship between perception and reality in development. It explores the role of emotions and subjective forces—especially envy—in arguing that just as ...
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This chapter discusses the complicated relationship between perception and reality in development. It explores the role of emotions and subjective forces—especially envy—in arguing that just as social scientists and policy makers should not confuse circumstantial setbacks with failure in development, rising intolerance for inequality need not be seen as a sign of a crisis of capitalism, or of having to choose between growth or equality. Psychological effects, like the “tunnel effect,” are highly contingent, and one has to understand them carefully before jumping to big conclusions. After all, a strong tunnel effect, by making social injustice more visible, can have positive repercussions.Less
This chapter discusses the complicated relationship between perception and reality in development. It explores the role of emotions and subjective forces—especially envy—in arguing that just as social scientists and policy makers should not confuse circumstantial setbacks with failure in development, rising intolerance for inequality need not be seen as a sign of a crisis of capitalism, or of having to choose between growth or equality. Psychological effects, like the “tunnel effect,” are highly contingent, and one has to understand them carefully before jumping to big conclusions. After all, a strong tunnel effect, by making social injustice more visible, can have positive repercussions.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous ...
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This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous amnesic patient H. M. show that memory can be distinguished from other psychological faculties. Furthermore, studies on H. M. distinguish declarative memory, which was severely impaired in his case, and spared working memory and non-memory perceptual, motor, and cognitive capacities. In addition, H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampal region had several preserved learning capacities including intact perceptual learning, motor skill learning, cognitive skill learning, pattern classification learning, classical conditioning of motor reflexes, and repetition priming. Thus, his memory impairment has been characterized as a deficit in explicit, declarative, or relational memory. Parallel studies using functional imaging of the brain have shown that the hippocampus is activated during encoding and retrieval in declarative memory.Less
This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous amnesic patient H. M. show that memory can be distinguished from other psychological faculties. Furthermore, studies on H. M. distinguish declarative memory, which was severely impaired in his case, and spared working memory and non-memory perceptual, motor, and cognitive capacities. In addition, H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampal region had several preserved learning capacities including intact perceptual learning, motor skill learning, cognitive skill learning, pattern classification learning, classical conditioning of motor reflexes, and repetition priming. Thus, his memory impairment has been characterized as a deficit in explicit, declarative, or relational memory. Parallel studies using functional imaging of the brain have shown that the hippocampus is activated during encoding and retrieval in declarative memory.
Jean Matter Mandler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195311839
- eISBN:
- 9780199786770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311839.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
On e of the main theories of this book is that perception and conception differ in content, representational format, and methods of processing. This chapter focuses on the differences in ...
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On e of the main theories of this book is that perception and conception differ in content, representational format, and methods of processing. This chapter focuses on the differences in representation. It shows that perceptual and conceptual knowledge differ in important ways, and that it is necessary to distinguish them to understand how the mind develops. However, the interrelations between the two are many and intricate and still only partially understood.Less
On e of the main theories of this book is that perception and conception differ in content, representational format, and methods of processing. This chapter focuses on the differences in representation. It shows that perceptual and conceptual knowledge differ in important ways, and that it is necessary to distinguish them to understand how the mind develops. However, the interrelations between the two are many and intricate and still only partially understood.
Paul Horwich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199268900
- eISBN:
- 9780191708459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268900.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
This chapter contrasts Alfred Tarski's compositional conception (whereby the truth-values of sentences are explained in terms of the referential characteristics of their component words) unfavorably ...
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This chapter contrasts Alfred Tarski's compositional conception (whereby the truth-values of sentences are explained in terms of the referential characteristics of their component words) unfavorably with minimalism (which relies merely on the schema, ‘(p) is true ↔ p’). First, it argues against Tarski that his approach is: (i) misdirected, insofar as it doesn't elucidate our actual concept of truth, which applies to propositions rather than sentences; (ii) ill-motivated, insofar as it reflects an insistence on explicit definitions; (iii) not generally workable, insofar as those definitions cannot devised for all the multifarious constructions that occur in natural languages; and (iv) pointless, insofar as it addresses no question worth answering. Second, it is shown that minimalism can be the basis for a superior treatment of the liar paradoxes. And, finally, a response is developed to the claim (Tarski, Gupta, Soames, Halbach) that Tarski-style compositional definitions are needed in order to accommodate generalizations about truth (e.g., that all instances of ‘p→p’ are true).Less
This chapter contrasts Alfred Tarski's compositional conception (whereby the truth-values of sentences are explained in terms of the referential characteristics of their component words) unfavorably with minimalism (which relies merely on the schema, ‘(p) is true ↔ p’). First, it argues against Tarski that his approach is: (i) misdirected, insofar as it doesn't elucidate our actual concept of truth, which applies to propositions rather than sentences; (ii) ill-motivated, insofar as it reflects an insistence on explicit definitions; (iii) not generally workable, insofar as those definitions cannot devised for all the multifarious constructions that occur in natural languages; and (iv) pointless, insofar as it addresses no question worth answering. Second, it is shown that minimalism can be the basis for a superior treatment of the liar paradoxes. And, finally, a response is developed to the claim (Tarski, Gupta, Soames, Halbach) that Tarski-style compositional definitions are needed in order to accommodate generalizations about truth (e.g., that all instances of ‘p→p’ are true).
Robert W. Proctor and E.J. Capaldi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
This book attempts to describe the influence of psychological processes on the creation of science. Although implicit processes have attracted some attention, most prior work in this area has ...
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This book attempts to describe the influence of psychological processes on the creation of science. Although implicit processes have attracted some attention, most prior work in this area has emphasized the role of explicit reasoning in science. Contemporary research in psychology has tended to emphasize the importance of implicit processes in decision making and choice, and it has provided evidence that performance of many tasks involves a complex relationship between implicit and explicit processes. The book includes chapters from leaders in the emerging discipline of the psychology of science and from various other individuals who are experts on the roles of implicit and explicit processes in thinking. The book has a novel emphasis on the role of implicit processes in the creation of scientific knowledge and on recent findings and theorizing that will allow development of a closer relation between the psychology of science and psychology more generally. Understanding implicit processes, and how they relate to explicit cognitive processes, is essential to issues in a variety of areas of psychology including cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience.Less
This book attempts to describe the influence of psychological processes on the creation of science. Although implicit processes have attracted some attention, most prior work in this area has emphasized the role of explicit reasoning in science. Contemporary research in psychology has tended to emphasize the importance of implicit processes in decision making and choice, and it has provided evidence that performance of many tasks involves a complex relationship between implicit and explicit processes. The book includes chapters from leaders in the emerging discipline of the psychology of science and from various other individuals who are experts on the roles of implicit and explicit processes in thinking. The book has a novel emphasis on the role of implicit processes in the creation of scientific knowledge and on recent findings and theorizing that will allow development of a closer relation between the psychology of science and psychology more generally. Understanding implicit processes, and how they relate to explicit cognitive processes, is essential to issues in a variety of areas of psychology including cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience.
Nelson Cowan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195119107
- eISBN:
- 9780199870097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish between memory with less versus more attention devoted at the time of encoding. If little attention is devoted, one retains only implicit memory, showing up in indirect tests of memory and as procedural memory (knowing how to do something as opposed to knowing things about it) or a sense of familiarity with the material. These processes are encoded and retrieved with relative automaticity. With more attention comes the additional availability of explicit memory and recollection (including episodic memory, or memory for events one has experienced). Jacoby proposed a well-known model in which familiarity and recollection are independent but the present chapter challenges that view in favor of an alternative suggestion that the recollected material is a subset of familiar materials.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish between memory with less versus more attention devoted at the time of encoding. If little attention is devoted, one retains only implicit memory, showing up in indirect tests of memory and as procedural memory (knowing how to do something as opposed to knowing things about it) or a sense of familiarity with the material. These processes are encoded and retrieved with relative automaticity. With more attention comes the additional availability of explicit memory and recollection (including episodic memory, or memory for events one has experienced). Jacoby proposed a well-known model in which familiarity and recollection are independent but the present chapter challenges that view in favor of an alternative suggestion that the recollected material is a subset of familiar materials.
Marlene Behrmann, Galia Avidan, Cibu Thomas, and Kate Humphreys
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of ...
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Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of any obvious sensory, neural, or cognitive disorder, while the latter is the loss of skill as a result of explicit brain injury. Whether the mechanisms affected in CP and AP are the same is not yet clear. For example, patients with CP are better at deriving emotional information from faces, and all patients with AP show abnormal electrophysiological (ERP), magnetoencephalographic (MEG), and neuroimaging profiles, whereas this is not always the case for CP. Studies that directly compare the detailed behavioral and neural signatures of CP and AP will be informative with respect to uncovering the fundamental sequence of acquisition or ordering of the componential processes associated with face recognition.Less
Both congenital prosopagnosia (CP) and acquired prosopagnosia (AP) are characterized by a deficit in recognizing faces, but the former is a failure to acquire face-processing skills in the absence of any obvious sensory, neural, or cognitive disorder, while the latter is the loss of skill as a result of explicit brain injury. Whether the mechanisms affected in CP and AP are the same is not yet clear. For example, patients with CP are better at deriving emotional information from faces, and all patients with AP show abnormal electrophysiological (ERP), magnetoencephalographic (MEG), and neuroimaging profiles, whereas this is not always the case for CP. Studies that directly compare the detailed behavioral and neural signatures of CP and AP will be informative with respect to uncovering the fundamental sequence of acquisition or ordering of the componential processes associated with face recognition.
Hartry Field
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230747
- eISBN:
- 9780191710933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230747.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea ...
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This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea that there is an indefinitely extensible class of truth predicates, and of axiomatic characterization of truth as opposed to explicit definition.Less
This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea that there is an indefinitely extensible class of truth predicates, and of axiomatic characterization of truth as opposed to explicit definition.
Joachim C. Brunstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter reviews research highlighting the importance of the concept of motivational congruence, defined as the degree of correspondence between what people consciously seek to attain and what ...
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This chapter reviews research highlighting the importance of the concept of motivational congruence, defined as the degree of correspondence between what people consciously seek to attain and what they nonconsciously would like to do, in the prediction of well-being experiences. It begins with a brief overview of research showing that implicit motives assessed with Picture Story Tests do not overlap with self-reported goals and subjective intentions. It then reviews research demonstrating that a high degree of motivational congruence is an important prerequisite for high emotional well-being. The chapter considers potential mechanisms (goal achievement and motive satisfaction) accounting for this relation and discusses procedures helping people achieve a sense of harmony between their implicit and explicit motives.Less
This chapter reviews research highlighting the importance of the concept of motivational congruence, defined as the degree of correspondence between what people consciously seek to attain and what they nonconsciously would like to do, in the prediction of well-being experiences. It begins with a brief overview of research showing that implicit motives assessed with Picture Story Tests do not overlap with self-reported goals and subjective intentions. It then reviews research demonstrating that a high degree of motivational congruence is an important prerequisite for high emotional well-being. The chapter considers potential mechanisms (goal achievement and motive satisfaction) accounting for this relation and discusses procedures helping people achieve a sense of harmony between their implicit and explicit motives.
Joel Weinberger, Tanya Cotler, and Daniel Fishman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives ...
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Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives results in a sense of well-being. Frustrating them results in unhappiness and even psychopathology. The interaction of explicit motives and implicit motives is also clinically relevant. When they are in harmony, the outcome is usually positive; when they conflict, negative outcomes ensue. Models by Kuhl and by Freud are reviewed to explain these findings. Kuhl’s is shown to have empirical support. Freud’s has not yet been adequately tested. The next focus is on psychotherapeutic treatment. The most clearly established variable underlying successful psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship may be partly understood through implicit motivation. It is argued that the oneness motive, an implicit motive revolving around a need to belong to or be part of something larger than the self, partly underlies the therapeutic relationship and its ameliorative effects. The oneness motive is defined and supporting data are reviewed. Special attention is paid to data relating to clinical populations. These results are then applied to the therapeutic relationship.Less
Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives results in a sense of well-being. Frustrating them results in unhappiness and even psychopathology. The interaction of explicit motives and implicit motives is also clinically relevant. When they are in harmony, the outcome is usually positive; when they conflict, negative outcomes ensue. Models by Kuhl and by Freud are reviewed to explain these findings. Kuhl’s is shown to have empirical support. Freud’s has not yet been adequately tested. The next focus is on psychotherapeutic treatment. The most clearly established variable underlying successful psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship may be partly understood through implicit motivation. It is argued that the oneness motive, an implicit motive revolving around a need to belong to or be part of something larger than the self, partly underlies the therapeutic relationship and its ameliorative effects. The oneness motive is defined and supporting data are reviewed. Special attention is paid to data relating to clinical populations. These results are then applied to the therapeutic relationship.
