David E. Klein and Gregory Mitchell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195367584
- eISBN:
- 9780199776917
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This volume of essays examines the psychological processes that underlie judicial decision making. Chapters in the first section of the book take as their starting point the fact that judges make ...
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This volume of essays examines the psychological processes that underlie judicial decision making. Chapters in the first section of the book take as their starting point the fact that judges make many of the same judgments and decisions that ordinary people make and consider how our knowledge about judgment and decision-making in general applies to the case of legal judges. Chapters in the second section focus on the specific tasks that judges perform within a unique social setting and examine the expertise and particular modes of reasoning that judges develop to deal with their tasks in this unique setting. Chapters in the third section raise questions about whether and how we can evaluate judicial performance, with implications for the possibility of improving judging through the selection and training of judges and structuring of judicial institutions. Together the essays apply a wide range of psychological insights to help us better understand how judges make decisions and to open new avenues of inquiry into the influences on judicial behavior.Less
This volume of essays examines the psychological processes that underlie judicial decision making. Chapters in the first section of the book take as their starting point the fact that judges make many of the same judgments and decisions that ordinary people make and consider how our knowledge about judgment and decision-making in general applies to the case of legal judges. Chapters in the second section focus on the specific tasks that judges perform within a unique social setting and examine the expertise and particular modes of reasoning that judges develop to deal with their tasks in this unique setting. Chapters in the third section raise questions about whether and how we can evaluate judicial performance, with implications for the possibility of improving judging through the selection and training of judges and structuring of judicial institutions. Together the essays apply a wide range of psychological insights to help us better understand how judges make decisions and to open new avenues of inquiry into the influences on judicial behavior.
Julie Ellison
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199561643
- eISBN:
- 9780191730313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561643.003.0018
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked ...
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This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked to elicit information from a shocked and traumatized family in an emphatic and compassionate way. They also provide investigative expertise and support to families.Less
This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked to elicit information from a shocked and traumatized family in an emphatic and compassionate way. They also provide investigative expertise and support to families.
Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver, and K. Danner Clouser
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159066
- eISBN:
- 9780199786466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159063.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter shows how different societies and professions generate particular moral rules and special duties from the general moral rules and moral ideals. The role that particular moral rules and ...
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This chapter shows how different societies and professions generate particular moral rules and special duties from the general moral rules and moral ideals. The role that particular moral rules and special duties play in professional ethics is explained, and it is shown that there cannot be any incompatibility between common morality and professional ethics.Less
This chapter shows how different societies and professions generate particular moral rules and special duties from the general moral rules and moral ideals. The role that particular moral rules and special duties play in professional ethics is explained, and it is shown that there cannot be any incompatibility between common morality and professional ethics.
Larry Carbone
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161960
- eISBN:
- 9780199790067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161960.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter examines the interplay of expertise and advocacy in animal welfare policy-making: does expertise lead automatically to advocacy? Does advocacy require expertise? Should there be a ...
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This chapter examines the interplay of expertise and advocacy in animal welfare policy-making: does expertise lead automatically to advocacy? Does advocacy require expertise? Should there be a special advocacy or accountability role for veterinarians that goes beyond doctoring the animals? As veterinarians, protectionists, and research advocates debated these questions with the USDA regulations writers, the animals themselves and controversial questions of who knew what was best for them were often lost in the cross fire.Less
This chapter examines the interplay of expertise and advocacy in animal welfare policy-making: does expertise lead automatically to advocacy? Does advocacy require expertise? Should there be a special advocacy or accountability role for veterinarians that goes beyond doctoring the animals? As veterinarians, protectionists, and research advocates debated these questions with the USDA regulations writers, the animals themselves and controversial questions of who knew what was best for them were often lost in the cross fire.
Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In Chapters 2–3 of the Introduction, the cultural‐theory framework is used to explore two central problems of public management—the analysis of the characteristic ways in which different forms of ...
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In Chapters 2–3 of the Introduction, the cultural‐theory framework is used to explore two central problems of public management—the analysis of the characteristic ways in which different forms of organization can collapse and fail (this chapter), and the analysis of the range of forms of control and regulation (in the broadest sense) available in public management (the next chapter); in both cases, an examination through the lens of cultural theory can add an extra dimension or an alternative perspective to the analysis. Aims to show how a cultural‐theory perspective can assist the analysis of public management failure and collapse in two ways. First, such a perspective can help bring out some of the varying and contradictory attitudes towards scandal or catastrophe in public management, in the sense of who to blame or how to put matters right. Second, the four basic organizational ways of life that cultural theory identifies (as introduced in the first chapter) can each be expected to have its own characteristic pattern of in‐built failure. The different sections are Responses to Public‐Management Disasters; Four Types of Failure and Collapse; Private Gain From Public Office; Fiascos Resulting from Excessive Trust in Authority and Expertise; Unresolved Conflict and Internecine Strife; Apathy and Inertia: Lack of Planning, Initiative, and Foresight; and Accounting for Failure in Public Management.Less
In Chapters 2–3 of the Introduction, the cultural‐theory framework is used to explore two central problems of public management—the analysis of the characteristic ways in which different forms of organization can collapse and fail (this chapter), and the analysis of the range of forms of control and regulation (in the broadest sense) available in public management (the next chapter); in both cases, an examination through the lens of cultural theory can add an extra dimension or an alternative perspective to the analysis. Aims to show how a cultural‐theory perspective can assist the analysis of public management failure and collapse in two ways. First, such a perspective can help bring out some of the varying and contradictory attitudes towards scandal or catastrophe in public management, in the sense of who to blame or how to put matters right. Second, the four basic organizational ways of life that cultural theory identifies (as introduced in the first chapter) can each be expected to have its own characteristic pattern of in‐built failure. The different sections are Responses to Public‐Management Disasters; Four Types of Failure and Collapse; Private Gain From Public Office; Fiascos Resulting from Excessive Trust in Authority and Expertise; Unresolved Conflict and Internecine Strife; Apathy and Inertia: Lack of Planning, Initiative, and Foresight; and Accounting for Failure in Public Management.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296294
- eISBN:
- 9780191599668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296290.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
King presents a historical account of the rise of expert influence on public policy and offers an explanation of how governments adopt illiberal social policies shaped by these expert ideas. He ...
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King presents a historical account of the rise of expert influence on public policy and offers an explanation of how governments adopt illiberal social policies shaped by these expert ideas. He maintains that liberal democracy necessarily creates the need for expertise as a basis for social policy since first, it permits freedom of ideas and competition amongst them; second, it politically requires government intervention to establish equality of opportunity by rectifying sources of inequality or by expanding choice. King draws examples from his case studies focusing on what he views as the increasing professionalization of social science research in think tanks, research institutes, foundations, and universities. More broadly, King highlights the role of ideas in public policy, thus downplaying the relative importance of institutional arrangements or ‘policy networks’ as determining features of public policy‐making.Less
King presents a historical account of the rise of expert influence on public policy and offers an explanation of how governments adopt illiberal social policies shaped by these expert ideas. He maintains that liberal democracy necessarily creates the need for expertise as a basis for social policy since first, it permits freedom of ideas and competition amongst them; second, it politically requires government intervention to establish equality of opportunity by rectifying sources of inequality or by expanding choice. King draws examples from his case studies focusing on what he views as the increasing professionalization of social science research in think tanks, research institutes, foundations, and universities. More broadly, King highlights the role of ideas in public policy, thus downplaying the relative importance of institutional arrangements or ‘policy networks’ as determining features of public policy‐making.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296294
- eISBN:
- 9780191599668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296290.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
King documents the establishment and operation of British Instructional Centres from 1929–38, ‘labour camps’, which also featured physical training and reconditioning classes. He argues that, unlike ...
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King documents the establishment and operation of British Instructional Centres from 1929–38, ‘labour camps’, which also featured physical training and reconditioning classes. He argues that, unlike British eugenics policies, there was little expertise cited or marshalled in the formulation of British work camps; instead, such policies rested simply on the perception amongst senior civil servants that the long‐term unemployed required physical ‘reconditioning’ to successfully enter the labour market. As a result, in King's view, such camps serve as striking examples of collectivism and the antithesis of the liberalism individualism.Less
King documents the establishment and operation of British Instructional Centres from 1929–38, ‘labour camps’, which also featured physical training and reconditioning classes. He argues that, unlike British eugenics policies, there was little expertise cited or marshalled in the formulation of British work camps; instead, such policies rested simply on the perception amongst senior civil servants that the long‐term unemployed required physical ‘reconditioning’ to successfully enter the labour market. As a result, in King's view, such camps serve as striking examples of collectivism and the antithesis of the liberalism individualism.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm ...
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This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.Less
This chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.
George Cheney, Daniel J. Lair, Dean Ritz, and Brenden E. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195182774
- eISBN:
- 9780199871001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182774.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the ...
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This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”Less
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”
Patrick van Zwanenberg and Erik Millstone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525813
- eISBN:
- 9780191723902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525813.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making ...
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This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.Less
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter identifies four sources of problems that promote knowledge loss in organizations by creating barriers to knowledge sharing and knowledge management. It suggests change management ...
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This chapter identifies four sources of problems that promote knowledge loss in organizations by creating barriers to knowledge sharing and knowledge management. It suggests change management strategies for dealing with them. The sources identified are: the fact that no one gets promoted for investing in knowledge retention; poor interpersonal expert/novice dynamics; organizational conflict that undermines knowledge sharing; and the psychological trap of “competing commitments” that creates organizational barriers to action.Less
This chapter identifies four sources of problems that promote knowledge loss in organizations by creating barriers to knowledge sharing and knowledge management. It suggests change management strategies for dealing with them. The sources identified are: the fact that no one gets promoted for investing in knowledge retention; poor interpersonal expert/novice dynamics; organizational conflict that undermines knowledge sharing; and the psychological trap of “competing commitments” that creates organizational barriers to action.
Mike Redmayne
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198267805
- eISBN:
- 9780191714856
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the ...
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As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.Less
As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.
Nils Ringe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572557
- eISBN:
- 9780191722431
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
How do individual legislators in the European Parliament (EP) make decisions? Despite a flourishing literature on the European Union's only directly elected institution, we know surprisingly little ...
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How do individual legislators in the European Parliament (EP) make decisions? Despite a flourishing literature on the European Union's only directly elected institution, we know surprisingly little about the micro-foundations of EP politics. This book's principal argument is that members of the EP (MEPs) make decisions on the basis of perceived preference coherence. When lacking the resources and expertise to make fully informed decisions on most policy proposals, MEPs adopt the positions of those expert colleagues in the responsible legislative committee whose preferences over policy outcomes they perceive to most closely match their own. Given that these preferences are difficult to determine, legislators rely on a shared party label as a stand-in for common preferences. This process results in cohesive party groups not because legislators are “whipped” by their party leadership, but because most MEPs do not know what their preferences and positions ought to be independent of the input provided by their party's policy expert. If nonexpert legislators demand information about how the proposed policy positions relate to their most preferred outcomes, policy experts provide it in the form of focal points, which summarize and evaluate the expected implications of the legislation. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, the book explicitly investigates policy-making processes and outcomes. This not only helps us explain how individual legislators make decisions, it also sheds light on the nature and role of parties and committees in EP politics. “Who Decides, and How?” illustrates how legislators make broadly representative decisions under conditions of resource scarcity, informational uncertainty, and problematic policy preferences.Less
How do individual legislators in the European Parliament (EP) make decisions? Despite a flourishing literature on the European Union's only directly elected institution, we know surprisingly little about the micro-foundations of EP politics. This book's principal argument is that members of the EP (MEPs) make decisions on the basis of perceived preference coherence. When lacking the resources and expertise to make fully informed decisions on most policy proposals, MEPs adopt the positions of those expert colleagues in the responsible legislative committee whose preferences over policy outcomes they perceive to most closely match their own. Given that these preferences are difficult to determine, legislators rely on a shared party label as a stand-in for common preferences. This process results in cohesive party groups not because legislators are “whipped” by their party leadership, but because most MEPs do not know what their preferences and positions ought to be independent of the input provided by their party's policy expert. If nonexpert legislators demand information about how the proposed policy positions relate to their most preferred outcomes, policy experts provide it in the form of focal points, which summarize and evaluate the expected implications of the legislation. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, the book explicitly investigates policy-making processes and outcomes. This not only helps us explain how individual legislators make decisions, it also sheds light on the nature and role of parties and committees in EP politics. “Who Decides, and How?” illustrates how legislators make broadly representative decisions under conditions of resource scarcity, informational uncertainty, and problematic policy preferences.
Matthew Gill
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547142
- eISBN:
- 9780191720017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547142.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter illustrates how accountants' conception of professionalism has been eroded both by the idea of the accountant as a technical expert, and by the competing imperative of commercialism in ...
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This chapter illustrates how accountants' conception of professionalism has been eroded both by the idea of the accountant as a technical expert, and by the competing imperative of commercialism in accounting firms. Yet accountants still aspire to professionalism, even though the concept has become opaque to them. The chapter explores why professionalism remains important to accountants, and reveals its potential as a means of securing public trust in the accounting profession.Less
This chapter illustrates how accountants' conception of professionalism has been eroded both by the idea of the accountant as a technical expert, and by the competing imperative of commercialism in accounting firms. Yet accountants still aspire to professionalism, even though the concept has become opaque to them. The chapter explores why professionalism remains important to accountants, and reveals its potential as a means of securing public trust in the accounting profession.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Roman army officers and soldiers are documented in varying functions at imperial mines and quarries. From inscribed stone monuments set up at quarries and from labels on quarried blocks it emerges ...
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Roman army officers and soldiers are documented in varying functions at imperial mines and quarries. From inscribed stone monuments set up at quarries and from labels on quarried blocks it emerges that centurions were transfered across the whole empire to take charge of particular quarrying operations. This chapter explores these particular practices and shines a light on the role the emperor plays in providing technical experts to extractive operations. Set aside these ‘specialists’ (who gained their experience during numerous provincial building ventures in which the Roman army assisted), the main job of soldiers in quarries was to provide security and, on occasion, auxiliary administrative services.Less
Roman army officers and soldiers are documented in varying functions at imperial mines and quarries. From inscribed stone monuments set up at quarries and from labels on quarried blocks it emerges that centurions were transfered across the whole empire to take charge of particular quarrying operations. This chapter explores these particular practices and shines a light on the role the emperor plays in providing technical experts to extractive operations. Set aside these ‘specialists’ (who gained their experience during numerous provincial building ventures in which the Roman army assisted), the main job of soldiers in quarries was to provide security and, on occasion, auxiliary administrative services.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199282838
- eISBN:
- 9780191712487
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282838.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book examines the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. From the perspectives of both political theory and policy studies, the chapters explore the implications of deliberative ...
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This book examines the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. From the perspectives of both political theory and policy studies, the chapters explore the implications of deliberative democratic governance for professional expertise and extend them to specific policy practices. The discussion focuses in particular on the ways professional practices might be reoriented to assist citizens in understanding and discussing the complex policy issues of an advanced technological society. In doing so, it also explores how public deliberation can be improved through more cooperative forms of policy inquiry. Adopting a deliberative-analytic approach, policy inquiry is grounded in a postempiricist, constructivist understanding of inquiry and knowledge and the participatory practices that support it. Toward this end, the chapters draw on thriving theoretical and practical work dedicated to revitalizing the citizen's role in both civil society and newer practices of democratic governance, in particular deliberative democracy in political theory, practical work with deliberative experiments, the theory and practices of democratic governance, and participatory research. Deliberative practices are promoted here as a new component part of policy-related disciplines required for participatory governance. Calling for a specialization of ‘policy epistemics’ to advance such practices, the second half of the book takes up issues related to deliberative empowerment, including the relation of technical and social knowledge, the interpretive dimensions of social meaning and multiple realities, the role of narrative knowledge and storylines policy inquiry, social learning, tacit knowledge, the design of discursive spaces, and the place of emotional expression in public deliberation.Less
This book examines the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. From the perspectives of both political theory and policy studies, the chapters explore the implications of deliberative democratic governance for professional expertise and extend them to specific policy practices. The discussion focuses in particular on the ways professional practices might be reoriented to assist citizens in understanding and discussing the complex policy issues of an advanced technological society. In doing so, it also explores how public deliberation can be improved through more cooperative forms of policy inquiry. Adopting a deliberative-analytic approach, policy inquiry is grounded in a postempiricist, constructivist understanding of inquiry and knowledge and the participatory practices that support it. Toward this end, the chapters draw on thriving theoretical and practical work dedicated to revitalizing the citizen's role in both civil society and newer practices of democratic governance, in particular deliberative democracy in political theory, practical work with deliberative experiments, the theory and practices of democratic governance, and participatory research. Deliberative practices are promoted here as a new component part of policy-related disciplines required for participatory governance. Calling for a specialization of ‘policy epistemics’ to advance such practices, the second half of the book takes up issues related to deliberative empowerment, including the relation of technical and social knowledge, the interpretive dimensions of social meaning and multiple realities, the role of narrative knowledge and storylines policy inquiry, social learning, tacit knowledge, the design of discursive spaces, and the place of emotional expression in public deliberation.
Nils Ringe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572557
- eISBN:
- 9780191722431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572557.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible ...
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Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible committee whose preferences over political outcomes they believe most closely match their own. This is based on the assumption that these positions resemble what they would favor if they possessed the resources and expertise necessary to independently evaluate the policy proposal. The critical mechanism explaining policy choice is perceived preference coherence between expert and nonexpert legislators. Common party affiliation serves as a proxy for shared preferences, and therefore party positions are cohesive as long as a unified party line is achieved among party policy experts in committee. This chapter additionally outlines what is to come in the remainder of the book and provides background information on the European Parliament and EP decision-making.Less
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible committee whose preferences over political outcomes they believe most closely match their own. This is based on the assumption that these positions resemble what they would favor if they possessed the resources and expertise necessary to independently evaluate the policy proposal. The critical mechanism explaining policy choice is perceived preference coherence between expert and nonexpert legislators. Common party affiliation serves as a proxy for shared preferences, and therefore party positions are cohesive as long as a unified party line is achieved among party policy experts in committee. This chapter additionally outlines what is to come in the remainder of the book and provides background information on the European Parliament and EP decision-making.
Vanessa Barker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195370027
- eISBN:
- 9780199871315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370027.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter analyzes how New York's democratic process has been informed by a mix of pragmatism and elitism, a tension between providing for the public good and private self‐interest. In this ...
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This chapter analyzes how New York's democratic process has been informed by a mix of pragmatism and elitism, a tension between providing for the public good and private self‐interest. In this insular and underdemocratized polity, state officials and experts control government and have created a more managerial approach to crime control, a move which defused some of the emotional and moral undertones of penal sanctioning. Crime was perceived to be a threat to public health, a contagion to be quarantined, rather than an indication of moral depravity. New York created a bifurcated penal regime: harsh for certain kinds of crimes and lenient for others, supporting surprisingly moderate imprisonment rates over thirty years. This bureaucratized polity has been insulated from crime victims movements and their demands for harsh justice but has nevertheless pursued some tough anticrime legislation such as the Rockefeller drug laws.Less
This chapter analyzes how New York's democratic process has been informed by a mix of pragmatism and elitism, a tension between providing for the public good and private self‐interest. In this insular and underdemocratized polity, state officials and experts control government and have created a more managerial approach to crime control, a move which defused some of the emotional and moral undertones of penal sanctioning. Crime was perceived to be a threat to public health, a contagion to be quarantined, rather than an indication of moral depravity. New York created a bifurcated penal regime: harsh for certain kinds of crimes and lenient for others, supporting surprisingly moderate imprisonment rates over thirty years. This bureaucratized polity has been insulated from crime victims movements and their demands for harsh justice but has nevertheless pursued some tough anticrime legislation such as the Rockefeller drug laws.
Dean Keith Simonton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189636
- eISBN:
- 9780199868605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189636.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses the place of volition in the act of creation. Discussion of this issue raises something of a paradox. The human will has both a major role in creativity and a very minor role ...
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This chapter discusses the place of volition in the act of creation. Discussion of this issue raises something of a paradox. The human will has both a major role in creativity and a very minor role in creativity. In a sense, creative thought is a function of both active and passive processes — of yang and yin. This conclusion is apparent from research on the creative process and its relation to incubation, serendipity, chance, regression, behavior genetics, psychoticism, expertise development, and multiples. The safest conclusion is simply that creativity is a complex consequence of the interaction between willful independence and will-free contingency.Less
This chapter discusses the place of volition in the act of creation. Discussion of this issue raises something of a paradox. The human will has both a major role in creativity and a very minor role in creativity. In a sense, creative thought is a function of both active and passive processes — of yang and yin. This conclusion is apparent from research on the creative process and its relation to incubation, serendipity, chance, regression, behavior genetics, psychoticism, expertise development, and multiples. The safest conclusion is simply that creativity is a complex consequence of the interaction between willful independence and will-free contingency.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199282838
- eISBN:
- 9780191712487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282838.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This Introduction starts by discussing the purpose of looking at the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. It talks about the book's focus and the idea behind the book. The book, the ...
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This Introduction starts by discussing the purpose of looking at the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. It talks about the book's focus and the idea behind the book. The book, the Introduction explains, was motivated by an interest in problems of expert knowledge, complexity, and citizen deliberation, and by the new interest in participatory modes of governance in Western liberal polities over the past couple of decades, especially in Europe. The Introduction sets out the context of the book. Finally it summarizes the chapters that follow.Less
This Introduction starts by discussing the purpose of looking at the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. It talks about the book's focus and the idea behind the book. The book, the Introduction explains, was motivated by an interest in problems of expert knowledge, complexity, and citizen deliberation, and by the new interest in participatory modes of governance in Western liberal polities over the past couple of decades, especially in Europe. The Introduction sets out the context of the book. Finally it summarizes the chapters that follow.
