Kris Fresonke and Irene Bloemraad (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228399
- eISBN:
- 9780520937147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228399.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Two centuries after their expedition awoke the nation both to the promise and to the disquiet of the vast territory out west, Lewis and Clark still stir the imagination, and their adventure remains ...
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Two centuries after their expedition awoke the nation both to the promise and to the disquiet of the vast territory out west, Lewis and Clark still stir the imagination, and their adventure remains one of the most celebrated and studied chapters in American history. This volume explores the legacy of Lewis and Clark's momentous journey and, on the occasion of its bicentennial, considers the impact of their westward expedition on American culture. Approaching their subject from many different perspectives—literature, history, women's studies, law, medicine, and environmental history, among others—the book charts shifting attitudes about the explorers and their journals, creating a compelling, finely detailed picture of the “interdisciplinary intrigue” that has always surrounded Lewis and Clark's accomplishment. This book offers insights into ongoing debates over the relationships between settler culture and aboriginal peoples, law and land tenure, manifest destiny and westward expansion, as well as over the character of Sacagawea, the expedition's vision of nature, and the interpretation and preservation of the Lewis and Clark Trail.Less
Two centuries after their expedition awoke the nation both to the promise and to the disquiet of the vast territory out west, Lewis and Clark still stir the imagination, and their adventure remains one of the most celebrated and studied chapters in American history. This volume explores the legacy of Lewis and Clark's momentous journey and, on the occasion of its bicentennial, considers the impact of their westward expedition on American culture. Approaching their subject from many different perspectives—literature, history, women's studies, law, medicine, and environmental history, among others—the book charts shifting attitudes about the explorers and their journals, creating a compelling, finely detailed picture of the “interdisciplinary intrigue” that has always surrounded Lewis and Clark's accomplishment. This book offers insights into ongoing debates over the relationships between settler culture and aboriginal peoples, law and land tenure, manifest destiny and westward expansion, as well as over the character of Sacagawea, the expedition's vision of nature, and the interpretation and preservation of the Lewis and Clark Trail.
Robert Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses another “attribute” highly dependent on the specific experiment being conducted—the expectancy the experimenter has of how his subjects will respond. The particular expectation ...
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This chapter discusses another “attribute” highly dependent on the specific experiment being conducted—the expectancy the experimenter has of how his subjects will respond. The particular expectation a scientist has of how his experiment will turn out is variable, depending on the experiment being conducted, but the presence of some expectation is virtually a constant in science. The independent and dependent variables selected for study by the scientist are not chosen by means of a table of random numbers. They are selected because the scientist expects a certain relationship to appear between them. Even in those less carefully planned examinations of relationships called “fishing expeditions” or, more formally, “exploratory analyses” the expectation of the scientist is reflected in the selection of the entire set of variables chosen for examination. Exploratory analyses of data, like real fishing ventures, do not take place in randomly selected pools.Less
This chapter discusses another “attribute” highly dependent on the specific experiment being conducted—the expectancy the experimenter has of how his subjects will respond. The particular expectation a scientist has of how his experiment will turn out is variable, depending on the experiment being conducted, but the presence of some expectation is virtually a constant in science. The independent and dependent variables selected for study by the scientist are not chosen by means of a table of random numbers. They are selected because the scientist expects a certain relationship to appear between them. Even in those less carefully planned examinations of relationships called “fishing expeditions” or, more formally, “exploratory analyses” the expectation of the scientist is reflected in the selection of the entire set of variables chosen for examination. Exploratory analyses of data, like real fishing ventures, do not take place in randomly selected pools.
Quentin R. Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034799
- eISBN:
- 9780813039688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034799.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Experience taught that heavy ice outside the Ross Sea indicated very few whales to be present in that body of water. Norwegian expeditions therefore did not force the pack but entered the Ross Sea ...
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Experience taught that heavy ice outside the Ross Sea indicated very few whales to be present in that body of water. Norwegian expeditions therefore did not force the pack but entered the Ross Sea only if mild conditions prevailed. The Japanese frequently worked that area. The blue whale was reported to be the only commercial species in the Ross Sea. It was believed that most of the expeditions working the Antarctic for 1937–38 were between 30° E and 130° E; the Japanese were believed to be either in or just outside the Ross Sea. Species of whales were located there within the restricted limits. However, it is possible to locate the areas within which whales could be found by looking at past records that indicated results over an extended period.Less
Experience taught that heavy ice outside the Ross Sea indicated very few whales to be present in that body of water. Norwegian expeditions therefore did not force the pack but entered the Ross Sea only if mild conditions prevailed. The Japanese frequently worked that area. The blue whale was reported to be the only commercial species in the Ross Sea. It was believed that most of the expeditions working the Antarctic for 1937–38 were between 30° E and 130° E; the Japanese were believed to be either in or just outside the Ross Sea. Species of whales were located there within the restricted limits. However, it is possible to locate the areas within which whales could be found by looking at past records that indicated results over an extended period.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy ...
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When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy this situation, namely the aggressive pursuit of a royal expedition, partly in order to promote his manhood in the sense of his renown and personal honour. Those who wished to contest this and other strategies to establish the king's authority took recourse instead to the topos of his inconstant youth. This chapter traces the project of a royal expedition from the first emergence of the king's ‘firm purpose’ in May 1382 to his attempts to intervene in Bishop Despenser's Crusade in autumn 1383. It places this in the context of other forms of evidence of the king's self-assertion, up to the tumultuous parliament held at Salisbury in April 1384.Less
When Richard II began to assert himself at the age of 15, it was still ambiguous whether he was of an age to exert his full authority. This chapter focuses on one strategy the king pursued to remedy this situation, namely the aggressive pursuit of a royal expedition, partly in order to promote his manhood in the sense of his renown and personal honour. Those who wished to contest this and other strategies to establish the king's authority took recourse instead to the topos of his inconstant youth. This chapter traces the project of a royal expedition from the first emergence of the king's ‘firm purpose’ in May 1382 to his attempts to intervene in Bishop Despenser's Crusade in autumn 1383. It places this in the context of other forms of evidence of the king's self-assertion, up to the tumultuous parliament held at Salisbury in April 1384.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter continues the story of Richard II's pursuit of manhood to its first apparent success in the 1385 royal expedition to Scotland. Although it was met with enthusiasm by contemporaries, and ...
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This chapter continues the story of Richard II's pursuit of manhood to its first apparent success in the 1385 royal expedition to Scotland. Although it was met with enthusiasm by contemporaries, and although it contributed to preventing a two-pronged invasion by the French, this expedition did not achieve the results in terms of promoting the king's manhood and authority which he might have hoped for. Wishing to distribute manly largesse to his supporters on his return, Richard was instead forced to accept a new commission of inquiry into his government. His situation worsened in 1386, as the invasion threat was renewed. When Richard reacted by attempting to force through a pre-emptive expedition to the continent, partly justified by the promotion of his ‘honour and manhood’, the Lords and Commons instead obliged him to accept a new Continual Council, or ‘Commission’, similar to those put in place during his tender age.Less
This chapter continues the story of Richard II's pursuit of manhood to its first apparent success in the 1385 royal expedition to Scotland. Although it was met with enthusiasm by contemporaries, and although it contributed to preventing a two-pronged invasion by the French, this expedition did not achieve the results in terms of promoting the king's manhood and authority which he might have hoped for. Wishing to distribute manly largesse to his supporters on his return, Richard was instead forced to accept a new commission of inquiry into his government. His situation worsened in 1386, as the invasion threat was renewed. When Richard reacted by attempting to force through a pre-emptive expedition to the continent, partly justified by the promotion of his ‘honour and manhood’, the Lords and Commons instead obliged him to accept a new Continual Council, or ‘Commission’, similar to those put in place during his tender age.
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813035406
- eISBN:
- 9780813038377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035406.003.0026
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This chapter relates the greed of those who busied themselves in pearl harvesting on the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, provinces and coasts of Paria, Araya, and Cumaná. Those people were so ...
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This chapter relates the greed of those who busied themselves in pearl harvesting on the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, provinces and coasts of Paria, Araya, and Cumaná. Those people were so thorough and diligent that they exhausted the profit of that business to the point that the trade almost totally ceased. A few years later, some pearl beds were discovered on the same coast more to the west around the cape called La Vela and thereabouts. Some residents of Cubagua, Santa Marta, and Hispaniola and of other parts went there to settle. Many pearls were brought to Hispaniola and sent on to Spain. With the news of the discovery, many from this city outfitted expeditions at great expense. Among them was a reverend father, canon of this holy cathedral, named García de la Roca, who spent much money on this business for ships, canoes, slave-divers, supplies, and other expenses.Less
This chapter relates the greed of those who busied themselves in pearl harvesting on the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, provinces and coasts of Paria, Araya, and Cumaná. Those people were so thorough and diligent that they exhausted the profit of that business to the point that the trade almost totally ceased. A few years later, some pearl beds were discovered on the same coast more to the west around the cape called La Vela and thereabouts. Some residents of Cubagua, Santa Marta, and Hispaniola and of other parts went there to settle. Many pearls were brought to Hispaniola and sent on to Spain. With the news of the discovery, many from this city outfitted expeditions at great expense. Among them was a reverend father, canon of this holy cathedral, named García de la Roca, who spent much money on this business for ships, canoes, slave-divers, supplies, and other expenses.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199548231
- eISBN:
- 9780191739224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
During the Second World War the British developed a sophisticated and highly effective capability to mount amphibious expeditionary operations. This chapter begins by examining how and why that ...
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During the Second World War the British developed a sophisticated and highly effective capability to mount amphibious expeditionary operations. This chapter begins by examining how and why that capability was allowed to wither away after 1945. It then analyses why the army found it so difficult to generate forces for expeditionary operations. Finally, in examining the army's contribution to operations at Abadan, Korea and Suez, it looks at what the conduct of those operations had to say about its combat capability.Less
During the Second World War the British developed a sophisticated and highly effective capability to mount amphibious expeditionary operations. This chapter begins by examining how and why that capability was allowed to wither away after 1945. It then analyses why the army found it so difficult to generate forces for expeditionary operations. Finally, in examining the army's contribution to operations at Abadan, Korea and Suez, it looks at what the conduct of those operations had to say about its combat capability.
Freda Harcourt and Sarah Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719073939
- eISBN:
- 9781781700761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719073939.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This book is a study on the history of the P&O shipping company, paying due attention to the context of nineteenth-century imperial politics that so significantly shaped the company's development. ...
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This book is a study on the history of the P&O shipping company, paying due attention to the context of nineteenth-century imperial politics that so significantly shaped the company's development. Based chiefly on unpublished material in the P&O archives and in the National Archives and on contemporary official publications, it covers the crucial period from the company's origins to 1867. After presenting new findings about the company's origins in the Irish transport industry, the book charts the extension of the founders' interests from the Iberian Peninsula to the Mediterranean, India, China and Australia. In so doing it deals also with the development of the necessary financial infrastructure for P&O's operations, with the founders' attitudes to technical advances, with the shareholding base, with the company's involvement in the opium trade, and with its acquisition of mail, Admiralty and other government contracts. It was the P&O's status as a government contractor that, above all else, implicated its fortunes in the wider politics of empire, and the book culminates in an episode which illustrates this clearly: the company's rescue from the edge of a financial precipice by the award of a new government mail contract prompted, among other things, by the Abyssinian expedition of 1867.Less
This book is a study on the history of the P&O shipping company, paying due attention to the context of nineteenth-century imperial politics that so significantly shaped the company's development. Based chiefly on unpublished material in the P&O archives and in the National Archives and on contemporary official publications, it covers the crucial period from the company's origins to 1867. After presenting new findings about the company's origins in the Irish transport industry, the book charts the extension of the founders' interests from the Iberian Peninsula to the Mediterranean, India, China and Australia. In so doing it deals also with the development of the necessary financial infrastructure for P&O's operations, with the founders' attitudes to technical advances, with the shareholding base, with the company's involvement in the opium trade, and with its acquisition of mail, Admiralty and other government contracts. It was the P&O's status as a government contractor that, above all else, implicated its fortunes in the wider politics of empire, and the book culminates in an episode which illustrates this clearly: the company's rescue from the edge of a financial precipice by the award of a new government mail contract prompted, among other things, by the Abyssinian expedition of 1867.
Robert J Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579815
- eISBN:
- 9780191594465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579815.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter shows how throughout American history that the United States government, state governments, and U.S. citizens relied on Discovery principles to claim and acquire the lands and rights of ...
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This chapter shows how throughout American history that the United States government, state governments, and U.S. citizens relied on Discovery principles to claim and acquire the lands and rights of the native governments and peoples who owned the lands that now comprise the United States.Less
This chapter shows how throughout American history that the United States government, state governments, and U.S. citizens relied on Discovery principles to claim and acquire the lands and rights of the native governments and peoples who owned the lands that now comprise the United States.
Robert Lawrence Gunn
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479842582
- eISBN:
- 9781479812516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479842582.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapter 2 explores early written documentation of Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)—often referred to as Plains Sign Talk, or Hand Talk—noted pervasively across 19th-Century literatures of ...
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Chapter 2 explores early written documentation of Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)—often referred to as Plains Sign Talk, or Hand Talk—noted pervasively across 19th-Century literatures of encounter, but routinely overlooked in Americanist literary study. This discussion reviews the Long Expedition along the Red and Arkansas Rivers (1819-21), organized to survey the new international boundary negotiated with Spain in the Adams-Ónis Treaty. The Long Expedition’s documentation of PISL revealed a highly developed manual linguistic system that existing theories of Indian languages were ill-equipped to assess, but which demonstrated a largely unrecognized network of linguistic communication across the Great Plains. Focusing on key shortcomings in developing theories of Indian languages, this chapter explores PISL’s semiotics of embodiment in relation to racial theories of Indian oratory, gesture, and Native primitivism, by Atwater, Reid, and Buffon, and an emergent U.S. discourse on deafness and disability, particularly by Gallaudet and Akerly.Less
Chapter 2 explores early written documentation of Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)—often referred to as Plains Sign Talk, or Hand Talk—noted pervasively across 19th-Century literatures of encounter, but routinely overlooked in Americanist literary study. This discussion reviews the Long Expedition along the Red and Arkansas Rivers (1819-21), organized to survey the new international boundary negotiated with Spain in the Adams-Ónis Treaty. The Long Expedition’s documentation of PISL revealed a highly developed manual linguistic system that existing theories of Indian languages were ill-equipped to assess, but which demonstrated a largely unrecognized network of linguistic communication across the Great Plains. Focusing on key shortcomings in developing theories of Indian languages, this chapter explores PISL’s semiotics of embodiment in relation to racial theories of Indian oratory, gesture, and Native primitivism, by Atwater, Reid, and Buffon, and an emergent U.S. discourse on deafness and disability, particularly by Gallaudet and Akerly.
Neil Rennie
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186274
- eISBN:
- 9780191674471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186274.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
Early in 1787, Joseph Banks convinced the British government of the advantages for transplanting breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. He believed that this almost paradisal plant could usefully ...
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Early in 1787, Joseph Banks convinced the British government of the advantages for transplanting breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. He believed that this almost paradisal plant could usefully feed the slaves in the West Indies, who would produce cheaper sugar for the planters and merchants in the West Indies. There would inevitably be more trouble initially, but Banks persuaded British officials of the ultimate benefits of an expedition and in May the government instructed the Admiralty accordingly. The Bounty sailed on December 27, 1787, under the command of Lieutenant William Bligh, and anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on October 26, 1788. Bligh had found the carpenter ‘insolent’ and the Master ‘troublesome’ on the voyage out, and he had also been frustrated by bad weather at the Horn, which had forced the Bounty to turn back and take the passage to the Pacific via the Cape of Good Hope. On arrival at Matavai Bay, Bligh asked immediately for news of Omai, and heard that Omai was no more.Less
Early in 1787, Joseph Banks convinced the British government of the advantages for transplanting breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. He believed that this almost paradisal plant could usefully feed the slaves in the West Indies, who would produce cheaper sugar for the planters and merchants in the West Indies. There would inevitably be more trouble initially, but Banks persuaded British officials of the ultimate benefits of an expedition and in May the government instructed the Admiralty accordingly. The Bounty sailed on December 27, 1787, under the command of Lieutenant William Bligh, and anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on October 26, 1788. Bligh had found the carpenter ‘insolent’ and the Master ‘troublesome’ on the voyage out, and he had also been frustrated by bad weather at the Horn, which had forced the Bounty to turn back and take the passage to the Pacific via the Cape of Good Hope. On arrival at Matavai Bay, Bligh asked immediately for news of Omai, and heard that Omai was no more.
BONNIE S. McDOUGALL
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199256792
- eISBN:
- 9780191698378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256792.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Xu Guangping re-opened the correspondence, expressing misgivings about their separation, which she described as being for only a year, and already began to think about how Lu Xun might make his way ...
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Xu Guangping re-opened the correspondence, expressing misgivings about their separation, which she described as being for only a year, and already began to think about how Lu Xun might make his way from Amoy to Canton. The single topic above all that occupied their attention in the letters that followed was whether and when Lu Xun would come to Canton. The letters from 1926 and early 1927 discussed the tense political and military situation as the Northern Expedition proceeded; the problems they encountered in their workplace; Lu Xun's difficulty in adjusting to academic life as a full-time member of staff; the climate; their need for privacy, living in a residential campus; and their daily habits, health, and clothing. Above all, they were preoccupied by the future of their own relationship.Less
Xu Guangping re-opened the correspondence, expressing misgivings about their separation, which she described as being for only a year, and already began to think about how Lu Xun might make his way from Amoy to Canton. The single topic above all that occupied their attention in the letters that followed was whether and when Lu Xun would come to Canton. The letters from 1926 and early 1927 discussed the tense political and military situation as the Northern Expedition proceeded; the problems they encountered in their workplace; Lu Xun's difficulty in adjusting to academic life as a full-time member of staff; the climate; their need for privacy, living in a residential campus; and their daily habits, health, and clothing. Above all, they were preoccupied by the future of their own relationship.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The Jacobean Peace — which followed James VI and I’s accession to the English throne and the end of the Anglo-Spanish war — was characterized by the official pursuit of diplomacy rather than war in ...
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The Jacobean Peace — which followed James VI and I’s accession to the English throne and the end of the Anglo-Spanish war — was characterized by the official pursuit of diplomacy rather than war in order to resolve the religious and dynastic conflicts of Europe, and led to a neglect of the arts of war and the decay of the military forces of the crown. James’s policy of peace sought marital alliances with the leading Protestant and Catholic powers. His son-in-law Frederick V, elector palatine’s unwise acceptance of the Bohemian crown precipitated the Thirty Years War and provoked the Hapsburg invasion of the Rhenish Palatinate. James’s Puritan subjects were dismayed at the king’s slow response in defending the Protestant cause and his family’s honour, and the military and naval expeditions to the Palatinate, Cadiz, and the Isle of Rhé demonstrated the military ineffectiveness of the governments of James I and his son and heir Charles I, as well as the incompetence of the royal favourite and chief minister, the duke of Buckingham.Less
The Jacobean Peace — which followed James VI and I’s accession to the English throne and the end of the Anglo-Spanish war — was characterized by the official pursuit of diplomacy rather than war in order to resolve the religious and dynastic conflicts of Europe, and led to a neglect of the arts of war and the decay of the military forces of the crown. James’s policy of peace sought marital alliances with the leading Protestant and Catholic powers. His son-in-law Frederick V, elector palatine’s unwise acceptance of the Bohemian crown precipitated the Thirty Years War and provoked the Hapsburg invasion of the Rhenish Palatinate. James’s Puritan subjects were dismayed at the king’s slow response in defending the Protestant cause and his family’s honour, and the military and naval expeditions to the Palatinate, Cadiz, and the Isle of Rhé demonstrated the military ineffectiveness of the governments of James I and his son and heir Charles I, as well as the incompetence of the royal favourite and chief minister, the duke of Buckingham.
Terryl L. Givens and Matthew J. Grow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195375732
- eISBN:
- 9780199918300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375732.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In 1847, along with apostle John Taylor, Pratt led the first large Mormon wagon caravan to Utah following Brigham Young’s pioneer company. He clashed first with Young and then local ecclesiastical ...
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In 1847, along with apostle John Taylor, Pratt led the first large Mormon wagon caravan to Utah following Brigham Young’s pioneer company. He clashed first with Young and then local ecclesiastical leaders over issues of authority and the organization of the emigration company and then pioneer Utah. Pratt emerged as both explorer and entrepreneur during these years. In the winter of 1849-1850, he led a fifty-man expedition to central and southern Utah, identifying future locations for many Mormon cities and surveying the natural resources, including iron ore, in the area. He also constructed a toll road up Big Canyon (later renamed Parley’s Canyon), as an alternative route for travelers and immigrants into the Salt Lake Valley.Less
In 1847, along with apostle John Taylor, Pratt led the first large Mormon wagon caravan to Utah following Brigham Young’s pioneer company. He clashed first with Young and then local ecclesiastical leaders over issues of authority and the organization of the emigration company and then pioneer Utah. Pratt emerged as both explorer and entrepreneur during these years. In the winter of 1849-1850, he led a fifty-man expedition to central and southern Utah, identifying future locations for many Mormon cities and surveying the natural resources, including iron ore, in the area. He also constructed a toll road up Big Canyon (later renamed Parley’s Canyon), as an alternative route for travelers and immigrants into the Salt Lake Valley.
Cindy S. Aron
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195142341
- eISBN:
- 9780199849024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142341.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The history of tourism cannot be entirely subsumed within the history of vacations. Some people became tourists without being on vacation at all; business travelers, for example, who “did” the sights ...
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The history of tourism cannot be entirely subsumed within the history of vacations. Some people became tourists without being on vacation at all; business travelers, for example, who “did” the sights on the way to or from their destination. Moreover, elite Americans were touring and sightseeing decades before vacationing had become a familiar middle-class experience. This chapter explores the origins of tourism in the United States in the travels and expeditions of a small group of early 19th-century elite men and women. The sorts of places that these “pioneer tourists” visited became the established American tourist attractions—spots that would continue to draw people for at least the next hundred years. Understanding the growth and significance of tourism in the last half of the 19th century requires its consideration within the context of the development of vacationing.Less
The history of tourism cannot be entirely subsumed within the history of vacations. Some people became tourists without being on vacation at all; business travelers, for example, who “did” the sights on the way to or from their destination. Moreover, elite Americans were touring and sightseeing decades before vacationing had become a familiar middle-class experience. This chapter explores the origins of tourism in the United States in the travels and expeditions of a small group of early 19th-century elite men and women. The sorts of places that these “pioneer tourists” visited became the established American tourist attractions—spots that would continue to draw people for at least the next hundred years. Understanding the growth and significance of tourism in the last half of the 19th century requires its consideration within the context of the development of vacationing.
Law Wing Sang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099296
- eISBN:
- 9789882206755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099296.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter observes that in contrast to the one-China conception in dominance now, regionalism was a key theme of early Republican Chinese politics, as there was no stable central Chinese ...
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This chapter observes that in contrast to the one-China conception in dominance now, regionalism was a key theme of early Republican Chinese politics, as there was no stable central Chinese government until Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition in 1926. It notes that the southern provinces, largely out of reach of Qing imperial control, could be used by various forces as testing grounds for new projects such as reformist experiments in building Western-style institutions and the revolutionary mobilization of migrants returned from overseas. In this regard, the southern provinces were the place where different political forces sought support from foreign powers. It notes that in contrast, the northern provinces fell under the control of traditional imperial bureaucrats and, therefore, remained relatively uncontested in cultural and political terms. It adds that the Republican Revolution of 1911 elevated the political status of the southern provinces, signaling the rise of southern influence.Less
This chapter observes that in contrast to the one-China conception in dominance now, regionalism was a key theme of early Republican Chinese politics, as there was no stable central Chinese government until Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition in 1926. It notes that the southern provinces, largely out of reach of Qing imperial control, could be used by various forces as testing grounds for new projects such as reformist experiments in building Western-style institutions and the revolutionary mobilization of migrants returned from overseas. In this regard, the southern provinces were the place where different political forces sought support from foreign powers. It notes that in contrast, the northern provinces fell under the control of traditional imperial bureaucrats and, therefore, remained relatively uncontested in cultural and political terms. It adds that the Republican Revolution of 1911 elevated the political status of the southern provinces, signaling the rise of southern influence.
Ernest Campbell Mossner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243365
- eISBN:
- 9780191697241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243365.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
On Sunday morning, May 18, everything was ready, and the heavy baggage had already been dispatched to the ship for Berwick. On Sunday evening, in the midst of farewells to friends, a totally ...
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On Sunday morning, May 18, everything was ready, and the heavy baggage had already been dispatched to the ship for Berwick. On Sunday evening, in the midst of farewells to friends, a totally unexpected invitation induced David Hume at once, and gladly, to change his mind, and, instead of returning to Scotland, to set off on a projected military expedition to America. Having followed the course of the Rebellion of 1745 from the sidelines, he was now to be actively engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession and in an important campaign: the projected conquest of Canada. Lieut.-General James St Clair was a distant relation of Hume's and, when they chanced to meet in London, took an immediate fancy to him. It was the offer to act as secretary to the General and to accompany him on the expedition in Canada that Hume jumped at on that memorable Sunday evening.Less
On Sunday morning, May 18, everything was ready, and the heavy baggage had already been dispatched to the ship for Berwick. On Sunday evening, in the midst of farewells to friends, a totally unexpected invitation induced David Hume at once, and gladly, to change his mind, and, instead of returning to Scotland, to set off on a projected military expedition to America. Having followed the course of the Rebellion of 1745 from the sidelines, he was now to be actively engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession and in an important campaign: the projected conquest of Canada. Lieut.-General James St Clair was a distant relation of Hume's and, when they chanced to meet in London, took an immediate fancy to him. It was the offer to act as secretary to the General and to accompany him on the expedition in Canada that Hume jumped at on that memorable Sunday evening.
Barbara R. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520227262
- eISBN:
- 9780520926387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520227262.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
As related in the latter portion of the previous chapter, Alexander developed a keen interest in paleontology. This chapter looks at her first expeditions. Alexander first attended a series of ...
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As related in the latter portion of the previous chapter, Alexander developed a keen interest in paleontology. This chapter looks at her first expeditions. Alexander first attended a series of lectures on paleontology conducted by John C. Merriam, and her first trips were to the Bay Area in order to explore its geology and topography. These trips were quickly followed by several others, such as the 1901 Fossil Lake expedition, which is noted as a valuable learning experience for Alexander, as well as a chance to be reunited with her friend, Beckwith. The discussion includes an account of the events that occurred during the expedition. A second expedition was proposed by Merriam, but it was on Alexander's second paleontological expedition to Shasta County in California that she uncovered a fossil which was thought to be another specimen of the new genus of Shastasaurus.Less
As related in the latter portion of the previous chapter, Alexander developed a keen interest in paleontology. This chapter looks at her first expeditions. Alexander first attended a series of lectures on paleontology conducted by John C. Merriam, and her first trips were to the Bay Area in order to explore its geology and topography. These trips were quickly followed by several others, such as the 1901 Fossil Lake expedition, which is noted as a valuable learning experience for Alexander, as well as a chance to be reunited with her friend, Beckwith. The discussion includes an account of the events that occurred during the expedition. A second expedition was proposed by Merriam, but it was on Alexander's second paleontological expedition to Shasta County in California that she uncovered a fossil which was thought to be another specimen of the new genus of Shastasaurus.
Donald Read
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207689
- eISBN:
- 9780191677779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207689.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter recounts the rapid growth of Reuters after they completed the world's first transatlantic cable and how their subscribers began to receive an unbroken flow of news. The speed of news by ...
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This chapter recounts the rapid growth of Reuters after they completed the world's first transatlantic cable and how their subscribers began to receive an unbroken flow of news. The speed of news by cable compared with that sent by steamship was immediately apparent. This new immediacy added to the power of news and helped to sell more newspapers. During this time, war news generated continuing interest of another kind. To report the wars of the second half of the century, a new breed of war correspondents emerged. After a few years, public interest in sport had also become more intense throughout the British Empire. Although the cost of sports reporting in detail was high, Reuters provided maximum coverage. Reuters was two hours ahead in London with a report of the almost unbelievable news of the sinking of the ‘unsinkable’ Titanic on her maiden transatlantic voyage.Less
This chapter recounts the rapid growth of Reuters after they completed the world's first transatlantic cable and how their subscribers began to receive an unbroken flow of news. The speed of news by cable compared with that sent by steamship was immediately apparent. This new immediacy added to the power of news and helped to sell more newspapers. During this time, war news generated continuing interest of another kind. To report the wars of the second half of the century, a new breed of war correspondents emerged. After a few years, public interest in sport had also become more intense throughout the British Empire. Although the cost of sports reporting in detail was high, Reuters provided maximum coverage. Reuters was two hours ahead in London with a report of the almost unbelievable news of the sinking of the ‘unsinkable’ Titanic on her maiden transatlantic voyage.
Christopher A. Ford
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813192635
- eISBN:
- 9780813135519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813192635.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Because it was surrounded by what it perceived as weaker and culturally inferior neighbors for most of its ancient history, China has a traditional view of itself in relation to the rest of the world ...
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Because it was surrounded by what it perceived as weaker and culturally inferior neighbors for most of its ancient history, China has a traditional view of itself in relation to the rest of the world as the center of the political and moral universe. Even where vigorous barbarian peoples were occasionally recognized as equal adversaries in terms of raw power, coequal formal status seems not to have been conceded. The Chinese theory of world order would seem to imply not merely the superiority of the Middle Kingdom but also the arrangement of other peoples of the world into concentric circles of decreasing status proportional to their virtuousness. When an ethnically foreign dynasty was established following the conquest of China by the Mongol and Manchu armies, the traditional Chinese remained steadfast in their belief in Sinic universalism. On the few occasions that Ming emperors dispatched naval expeditions across the seas, their practical object was to take advantage of trading opportunities but their overriding purpose was to “show the flag and reveal the might of the Ming dynasty” to the barbarian kingdoms. In its dealings with different European powers seeking trade relations, China would receive envoys only if they paid homage and offered tribute. Consequently, for some time the Chinese continued to count European barbarians as just another set of foreign tributaries.Less
Because it was surrounded by what it perceived as weaker and culturally inferior neighbors for most of its ancient history, China has a traditional view of itself in relation to the rest of the world as the center of the political and moral universe. Even where vigorous barbarian peoples were occasionally recognized as equal adversaries in terms of raw power, coequal formal status seems not to have been conceded. The Chinese theory of world order would seem to imply not merely the superiority of the Middle Kingdom but also the arrangement of other peoples of the world into concentric circles of decreasing status proportional to their virtuousness. When an ethnically foreign dynasty was established following the conquest of China by the Mongol and Manchu armies, the traditional Chinese remained steadfast in their belief in Sinic universalism. On the few occasions that Ming emperors dispatched naval expeditions across the seas, their practical object was to take advantage of trading opportunities but their overriding purpose was to “show the flag and reveal the might of the Ming dynasty” to the barbarian kingdoms. In its dealings with different European powers seeking trade relations, China would receive envoys only if they paid homage and offered tribute. Consequently, for some time the Chinese continued to count European barbarians as just another set of foreign tributaries.
