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This lecture discusses Jerome Kern, who provides a convenient and important case study for the reclamation of the musical as historical output. It explores how the cross-disciplinary, unruly, and sometimes ephemeral, materials of popular musical theatre can best be first located and safeguarded. These materials are then reconstituted for the detached assessment they now demand, away from the pressures and traditions of showbusiness and popular canons. The lecture touches on four areas: the changing expectations of genre, the workings of nationalism, the nature and scope of the source materials, and the interplay of creative ambition and commercial expediency.

In this chapter, Moore defends the thesis that right and wrong depend on an action’s actual results or consequences. He does this by arguing against three rival views: (1) that certain specific kinds of actions are always right (or wrong) regardless of the consequences, (2) that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends either partly or entirely on the motive from which it is done, and (3) that right and wrong turn, not on the actual consequences of actions, but rather on their antecedently probable consequences or the consequences that the agent had reason to expect.

This chapter discusses the rules of procedure and evidence at the ICTY which have developed through experimentation and experience. By design or accident, the rules at the beginning of the ICTY left many questions unanswered and allowed for easy amendment. Over the years, judges have repeatedly amended the rules to reflect lessons learned along the way and to develop a procedure designed to address the particular challenges facing the ICTY.

When people speculate over international criminal tribunals as a success or a failure, the answer very much depends on what one expected. Therefore, the first question to be clarified must be the identification of the substantive aims to be pursued by international criminal justice, the procedural means to be employed, and the modes by which they should be performed. With particular focus on ‘adversarial’ or ‘inquisitorial’ structures and features of the procedure, this chapter examines how to improve the search for truth, to guarantee fairness, to enhance expediency, to promote reconciliation, and to record historical findings. Along this line particular attention is paid to the role of the parties, witness proofing, plea bargaining, equality of arms, impartiality of the judges, self-representation of the defendant, and measures to speeding up proceedings.

In 1999, deCODE Genetics printed a “code of ethics” written by “a group of deCODE employees,” with the Ethics Institute of the University of Iceland listed as “Advisors.” No people were listed, just these collectivities. The twenty-page booklet with a heavy blue-paper cover was produced and mailed to the entire population of Iceland. As is often the case with ethics, and particularly codes of ethical principles, there is not a single concrete noun in deCODE's principles that signifies any specific historical, cultural, or institutional body or event; there is only a homogeneous population of bland abstractions. Biochemistry has more to do with ethics, in Halldór Laxness's view, than any theological or even humanist exegesis. “There is only one world in existence,” was the chord struck by the organist, “and in it there prevail either expedient or inexpedient conditions for those who are alive.” This elevation of “expediency” to a kind of ethical principle intrigued the author, and it kept reoccurring in Laxness's novel The Atom Station, often in tandem with biochemical references.

This chapter discusses the tensions between the Florentines and the papal legates. In the years 1374–6, the strained relationship between the people of Florence and Legate of Bologna came to a head when Sir John Hawkwood and his mercenary company had passed into Tuscany, presumably upon the Legate's encouragement, for it was believed that the latter intended to take revenge on the Tuscan cities that had refused to contribute funding for his war against the Visconti, thus forcing him to suspend it. The ensuing outrage had driven the Florentines to consider war against the Church — which eventually occurred, though Guicciardini had been critical of such a decision — to him, considerations relating to the ‘just indignation’ prevailed over those relating to ‘expediency’.

This chapter maps the contradictory interpretations regarding the significance and value of tango music as a cultural form in Buenos Aires. Far from operating as a hegemonic national genre in any broadly shared sense, the value and meaning of tango is strikingly open-ended in Argentina today. This discussion therefore does not simply demonstrate the scope and range of contested cultural politics regarding tango in Buenos Aires, the material consequences of which remain very real, but outlines the mechanisms through which musical values and meanings become subject to expedient claims. The chapter then traces how tango has become deeply but unevenly implicated within a variety of managerial regimes in Buenos Aires, especially the workings of the city government. I show how these regimes, while capable of wielding tremendous power, are themselves internally heterogeneous and contested. Bringing these two tracks together, the chapter concludes by arguing that the same is true regarding musical culture writ large in the age of expediency, such that the most seemingly minute details of musical form and artistic practice are necessarily and inextricably implicated in a much broader network of managerial intervention.

The conclusion revisits the core argument regarding how musical practice and the broader field of cultural production regarding contemporary tango in Buenos Aires has been reframed in the age of expediency. Far from a static national genre or uncontested symbol of Argentina, tango has been and remains a historically informed yet essentially open ended zone of engagement in which a diverse group of intention-filled actors can stake their expedient claims, musical and otherwise. Accounting for these claims requires a renewed commitment to critical engagement with the managerial regimes, including the cultural industries and other media corporations, nonprofit and nongovernmental arts organizations, the cultural policies of local and national governments, and the artistic practice of working musicians. That engagement is fortified by two of the key ideas presented here: that cultural management is itself a mode of cultural practice and therefore very much open to the analytical tools of critical music scholarship and whatever power managerial regimes wield in shaping social, political, and economic life in the age of expediency is ultimately derived from the collective values and social meanings that are invested in musical culture as social practice.

This chapter focuses on the Emanuel Fairbain case and how it had become emblematic of the tensions and divisions in the polity. It contained all the elements of crime, violence, governmental corruption, racial politics, political expediency, and intrigue. It was an exemplar of all that was wrong in the troubled colonial society. With the declaration of three successive States of Emergency between 1962 and 1964, the political system was clearly dysfunctional. The politics of race had corroded the social mores, producing an unhealthy atmosphere of distrust among the races and an absence of common purpose. British Guiana's institutions had ceased to function effectively, and its leaders were paralyzed by the problems they had helped to create.

This chapter presents an Advocate General's perspective on the future architecture of European intellectual property courts. At the moment, the General Court suffers from an overload of trade mark cases. Of the two options – creating of a specialised IP court or increasing the number of judges – the latter seems the more likely one. In patent law, the member states have decided to create a Unified Patent Court. Generally, a balance needs to be struck between efficiency, expediency and the need to not to compromise high quality legal protection. But the author also reminds the IP community that intellectual property is not the only difficult and highly specialised field of law the CJEU has to deal with.

This chapter talks about how activists utilize religious ritual to strengthen moral commitment and moral agency within the movement. Religious ritual gives activists a way to cultivate collective identity, offer low-risk participation, challenge the boundaries of sacred and profane, and display embodied testimony. Through ritual practice, activists “re-member” the sacred, or expand the places and persons included in its scope. Yet, the use of religious ritual is also vulnerable to becoming a form of theater for political expediency, losing its larger meaning and legitimacy. In order for religious ritual to maintain its integrity, its power, and its meaning, religious activists must build and maintain connections with other more continuous worshipping communities.

Historically, herbal cannabis has been used by various cultures for medical, “quasi/alternative” medical, and non-medical purposes. Cannabis became subject to international drug control following the 1925 Second Opium Conference. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 consolidated and extended previous treaty requirements and explicitly brought the cultivation of herbal cannabis under control. However, this and subsequent treaties contain qualifying language that can be interpreted to mitigate certain of their legal obligations. As a result, many countries in recent decades have lessened the penalties that attach to certain conduct, particularly possession of cannabis for personal consumption. These changes may be characterized as forms of depenalization, decriminalization, or, to a more limited extent, legalization. Governments have also devised different regulatory or other tools to distinguish medical from non-medical and “alternative” medical uses of cannabis. Competing concerns and developments will affect the future accessibility of cannabis for any, or all, purposes.