Bob Hancké, Martin Rhodes, and Mark Thatcher (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206483
- eISBN:
- 9780191709715
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206483.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Since the early 1990s, Europe's economies have been facing several new challenges: the 1992 single market programme, the collapse of the Berlin wall and eastward enlargement, and monetary ...
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Since the early 1990s, Europe's economies have been facing several new challenges: the 1992 single market programme, the collapse of the Berlin wall and eastward enlargement, and monetary unification. Building on the influential Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) perspective, this book critically analyses these developments in the European political economy and their effects on the continental European economies. The chapters include debate about how VoC can help understand the political-economic challenges that Europe is facing today, and how understanding these new challenges can in turn enrich and enhance the VoC perspective. Thematically, the contributions to this volume are organised in four sections: how the macro-economics of EMU influenced different European models of capitalism; how the Single Market programme was received in the different institutional regimes in European capitalism; how welfare and labour market reforms are debated and implemented; and how European capitalism travelled east after 1989. The book aims to demonstrate that the VoC approach remains — as the editors put it in their introduction — a rich seam to mine, capable of accommodating new developments, and theoretically flexible enough to branch out into new arguments.Less
Since the early 1990s, Europe's economies have been facing several new challenges: the 1992 single market programme, the collapse of the Berlin wall and eastward enlargement, and monetary unification. Building on the influential Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) perspective, this book critically analyses these developments in the European political economy and their effects on the continental European economies. The chapters include debate about how VoC can help understand the political-economic challenges that Europe is facing today, and how understanding these new challenges can in turn enrich and enhance the VoC perspective. Thematically, the contributions to this volume are organised in four sections: how the macro-economics of EMU influenced different European models of capitalism; how the Single Market programme was received in the different institutional regimes in European capitalism; how welfare and labour market reforms are debated and implemented; and how European capitalism travelled east after 1989. The book aims to demonstrate that the VoC approach remains — as the editors put it in their introduction — a rich seam to mine, capable of accommodating new developments, and theoretically flexible enough to branch out into new arguments.
Neil Tennant
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655755
- eISBN:
- 9780191742125
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This account of rational belief revision explains how a rational agent ought to proceed when adopting a new belief — a difficult matter if the new belief contradicts the agent’s old beliefs. Belief ...
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This account of rational belief revision explains how a rational agent ought to proceed when adopting a new belief — a difficult matter if the new belief contradicts the agent’s old beliefs. Belief systems are modeled as finite dependency networks. So one can attend not only to what the agent believes, but also to the variety of reasons the agent has for so believing. The computational complexity of the revision problem is characterized. Algorithms for belief revision are formulated, and implemented in Prolog. The implementation tests well on a range of simple belief‐revision problems that pose a variety of challenges for any account of belief‐revision. The notion of ‘minimal mutilation’ of a belief system is explicated precisely. The proposed revision methods are invariant across different global justificatory structures (foundationalist, coherentist, etc.). They respect the intuition that, when revising one's beliefs, one should not hold on to any belief that has lost all its former justifications. The limitation to finite dependency networks is shown not to compromise theoretical generality. This account affords a novel way to argue that there is an inviolable core of logical principles. These principles, which form the system of Core Logic, cannot be given up, on pain of not being able to carry out the reasoning involved in rationally revising beliefs. The book ends by comparing and contrasting the new account with some major representatives of earlier alternative approaches, from the fields of formal epistemology, artificial intelligence and mathematical logic.Less
This account of rational belief revision explains how a rational agent ought to proceed when adopting a new belief — a difficult matter if the new belief contradicts the agent’s old beliefs. Belief systems are modeled as finite dependency networks. So one can attend not only to what the agent believes, but also to the variety of reasons the agent has for so believing. The computational complexity of the revision problem is characterized. Algorithms for belief revision are formulated, and implemented in Prolog. The implementation tests well on a range of simple belief‐revision problems that pose a variety of challenges for any account of belief‐revision. The notion of ‘minimal mutilation’ of a belief system is explicated precisely. The proposed revision methods are invariant across different global justificatory structures (foundationalist, coherentist, etc.). They respect the intuition that, when revising one's beliefs, one should not hold on to any belief that has lost all its former justifications. The limitation to finite dependency networks is shown not to compromise theoretical generality. This account affords a novel way to argue that there is an inviolable core of logical principles. These principles, which form the system of Core Logic, cannot be given up, on pain of not being able to carry out the reasoning involved in rationally revising beliefs. The book ends by comparing and contrasting the new account with some major representatives of earlier alternative approaches, from the fields of formal epistemology, artificial intelligence and mathematical logic.
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276776
- eISBN:
- 9780191603051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276773.003.0025
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
China’s growing influence has become a concern in terms of its role and potential dominance in East Asian integration. The key to a successful new paradigm for East Asia involves taking elements from ...
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China’s growing influence has become a concern in terms of its role and potential dominance in East Asian integration. The key to a successful new paradigm for East Asia involves taking elements from both the pre-crisis and Anglo-American models resulting in better policy coordination, more efficient regional cooperative agreements, and deeper integration.Less
China’s growing influence has become a concern in terms of its role and potential dominance in East Asian integration. The key to a successful new paradigm for East Asia involves taking elements from both the pre-crisis and Anglo-American models resulting in better policy coordination, more efficient regional cooperative agreements, and deeper integration.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1963
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281450
- eISBN:
- 9780191596650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is ...
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This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.Less
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of ...
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This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of rotating planets and stars. Using a teaching method perfected in the classroom, the book begins by offering a step-by-step guide on how to design codes for simulating nonlinear time-dependent thermal convection in a 2D box using Fourier expansions in the horizontal direction and finite differences in the vertical direction. It then describes how to implement more efficient a nd accurate numerical methods and more realistic geometries in two and three dimensions. The third part of the book demonstrates how to incorporate more sophisticated physics, including the effects of magnetic field, density stratification, and rotation. The book features numerous exercises throughout, and is an ideal textbook for students and an essential resource for researchers. It explains how to create codes that simulate the internal dynamics of planets and stars, and builds on basic concepts and simple methods. The book shows how to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical methods. It considers more relevant geometries and boundary conditions.Less
This book provides readers with the skills they need to write computer codes that simulate convection, internal gravity waves, and magnetic field generation in the interiors and atmospheres of rotating planets and stars. Using a teaching method perfected in the classroom, the book begins by offering a step-by-step guide on how to design codes for simulating nonlinear time-dependent thermal convection in a 2D box using Fourier expansions in the horizontal direction and finite differences in the vertical direction. It then describes how to implement more efficient a nd accurate numerical methods and more realistic geometries in two and three dimensions. The third part of the book demonstrates how to incorporate more sophisticated physics, including the effects of magnetic field, density stratification, and rotation. The book features numerous exercises throughout, and is an ideal textbook for students and an essential resource for researchers. It explains how to create codes that simulate the internal dynamics of planets and stars, and builds on basic concepts and simple methods. The book shows how to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical methods. It considers more relevant geometries and boundary conditions.
A. H. Halsey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266609
- eISBN:
- 9780191601019
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266603.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Literary claims to ownership of the third culture of sociology are considered and the rise of scientific method traced. The institutional history is summarized from the establishment of a chair of ...
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Literary claims to ownership of the third culture of sociology are considered and the rise of scientific method traced. The institutional history is summarized from the establishment of a chair of sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1907. Phases of expansion (1950–67), revolt (1968–75) and uncertainty (1976–2000) are described. Analysis of the professors—their origins, careers and fame—is presented. A content analysis of three leading British journals of sociology is reported. An epilogue is finally added of eight essays by well‐known sociologists—A. H. Halsey, Z. Bauman, C. Crouch, A. Giddens, A. Oakley, J. Platt, W.G. Runciman, and J. Westergaard.Less
Literary claims to ownership of the third culture of sociology are considered and the rise of scientific method traced. The institutional history is summarized from the establishment of a chair of sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1907. Phases of expansion (1950–67), revolt (1968–75) and uncertainty (1976–2000) are described. Analysis of the professors—their origins, careers and fame—is presented. A content analysis of three leading British journals of sociology is reported. An epilogue is finally added of eight essays by well‐known sociologists—A. H. Halsey, Z. Bauman, C. Crouch, A. Giddens, A. Oakley, J. Platt, W.G. Runciman, and J. Westergaard.
A. H. Halsey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266609
- eISBN:
- 9780191601019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266603.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
During the 1950s, an expansion of sociology began in Britain, accelerated in the 1960s by the Robbins Committee report. Sociology ran ahead of the general expansion. Demand outran supply; ...
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During the 1950s, an expansion of sociology began in Britain, accelerated in the 1960s by the Robbins Committee report. Sociology ran ahead of the general expansion. Demand outran supply; sociologists moved faster and were drawn into the also expanding international network of America and Europe. Leicester became prominent; then Essex and other new universities. Scottish and Welsh and Redbrick institutions joined the expansion. The subject became more exciting, more specialized and more influential as a source of social and governmental policy. It flourished in London and in the provinces. But Oxford and Cambridge were reluctant and resisted outside pressure to expand their curricula to include sociology. Both Oxford and Cambridge stories are retailed here. The relation of the social sciences to Government developed a new phase after the Heyworth Committee recommended the formation of a Social Science Research Council to match the ones for the Physical Sciences and Medicine. Michael Young was its first chairman, from 1965 to 1969.Less
During the 1950s, an expansion of sociology began in Britain, accelerated in the 1960s by the Robbins Committee report. Sociology ran ahead of the general expansion. Demand outran supply; sociologists moved faster and were drawn into the also expanding international network of America and Europe. Leicester became prominent; then Essex and other new universities. Scottish and Welsh and Redbrick institutions joined the expansion. The subject became more exciting, more specialized and more influential as a source of social and governmental policy. It flourished in London and in the provinces. But Oxford and Cambridge were reluctant and resisted outside pressure to expand their curricula to include sociology. Both Oxford and Cambridge stories are retailed here. The relation of the social sciences to Government developed a new phase after the Heyworth Committee recommended the formation of a Social Science Research Council to match the ones for the Physical Sciences and Medicine. Michael Young was its first chairman, from 1965 to 1969.
Barry M McCoy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556632
- eISBN:
- 9780191723278
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556632.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on ...
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This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on general theory which includes a summary of the basic principles of statistical mechanics; a presentation of the physical phenomena covered and the models used to discuss them; theorems on the existence and uniqueness of partition functions; theorems on order; and critical phenomena and scaling theory. The second part is on series and numerical methods which includes derivations of the Mayer and Ree–Hoover expansions of the low density virial equation of state; Groeneveld's theorems; the application to hard spheres and discs; a summary of numerical studies of systems at high density; and the use of high temperature series expansions to estimate critical exponents for magnets. The third part covers exactly solvable models which includes a detailed presentation of the Pfaffian methods of computing the Ising partition function, magnetization, correlation functions, and susceptibility; the star-triangle (Yang–Baxter equation); functional equations and the free energy for the eight-vertex model; and the hard hexagon and chiral Potts models. All needed mathematics is developed in detail and many open questions are discussed. The goal is to guide the reader to the current forefront of research.Less
This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on general theory which includes a summary of the basic principles of statistical mechanics; a presentation of the physical phenomena covered and the models used to discuss them; theorems on the existence and uniqueness of partition functions; theorems on order; and critical phenomena and scaling theory. The second part is on series and numerical methods which includes derivations of the Mayer and Ree–Hoover expansions of the low density virial equation of state; Groeneveld's theorems; the application to hard spheres and discs; a summary of numerical studies of systems at high density; and the use of high temperature series expansions to estimate critical exponents for magnets. The third part covers exactly solvable models which includes a detailed presentation of the Pfaffian methods of computing the Ising partition function, magnetization, correlation functions, and susceptibility; the star-triangle (Yang–Baxter equation); functional equations and the free energy for the eight-vertex model; and the hard hexagon and chiral Potts models. All needed mathematics is developed in detail and many open questions are discussed. The goal is to guide the reader to the current forefront of research.
You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban ...
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Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.Less
Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of family policy. Concentrating on basic aspects of family support, such benefits and tax allowances for families, as well as pension ...
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The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of family policy. Concentrating on basic aspects of family support, such benefits and tax allowances for families, as well as pension credits and parental leave programmes, the chapter contrasts current policy provision with the one which existed in the late 1970s. Using a number of indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The chapter argues that both countries have traditionally favoured the male breadwinner families and been rather modest in the support for families per se, albeit for different reasons. However, family support has expanded in both countries, particularly since the 1990s, for several reasons. The ‘paid work’ oriented rationale for policy expansion has become a major driving force in the UK and, more recently, in Germany. Institutionally less embedded than the other two policy areas, national family policy profiles have evolved more dynamically.Less
The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of family policy. Concentrating on basic aspects of family support, such benefits and tax allowances for families, as well as pension credits and parental leave programmes, the chapter contrasts current policy provision with the one which existed in the late 1970s. Using a number of indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The chapter argues that both countries have traditionally favoured the male breadwinner families and been rather modest in the support for families per se, albeit for different reasons. However, family support has expanded in both countries, particularly since the 1990s, for several reasons. The ‘paid work’ oriented rationale for policy expansion has become a major driving force in the UK and, more recently, in Germany. Institutionally less embedded than the other two policy areas, national family policy profiles have evolved more dynamically.
Maurizio Viroli
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198780885
- eISBN:
- 9780191695407
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198780885.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book presents a critical examination of Machiavelli's thought, and an account of his work with a reassessment of his central ideas and arguments. It challenges the accepted interpretations of ...
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This book presents a critical examination of Machiavelli's thought, and an account of his work with a reassessment of his central ideas and arguments. It challenges the accepted interpretations of Machiavelli's work, insisting that his republicanism was based not on a commitment to virtue, greatness, and expansion, but on the ideal of civic life protected by a shield of fair laws. This detailed study of how Machiavelli composed his famous work, The Prince, offers new interpretations, and it further argues that the most challenging and completely underestimated aspect of Machiavelli's thought is his philosophy of life, in particular his conceptions of love, women, irony, God, and the human condition. This book demonstrates that Machiavelli composed The Prince, and all his works, according to the rules of classical rhetoric and never intended to found the ‘modern science of politics’, aiming rather to continue and refine the practice of political theorizing as a rhetorical endeavor taught by the Roman masters of civic philosophy.Less
This book presents a critical examination of Machiavelli's thought, and an account of his work with a reassessment of his central ideas and arguments. It challenges the accepted interpretations of Machiavelli's work, insisting that his republicanism was based not on a commitment to virtue, greatness, and expansion, but on the ideal of civic life protected by a shield of fair laws. This detailed study of how Machiavelli composed his famous work, The Prince, offers new interpretations, and it further argues that the most challenging and completely underestimated aspect of Machiavelli's thought is his philosophy of life, in particular his conceptions of love, women, irony, God, and the human condition. This book demonstrates that Machiavelli composed The Prince, and all his works, according to the rules of classical rhetoric and never intended to found the ‘modern science of politics’, aiming rather to continue and refine the practice of political theorizing as a rhetorical endeavor taught by the Roman masters of civic philosophy.
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns ...
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There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within the global economy. The second ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within a developing economy. This ‘dualism within dualism’ pattern is symptomatic of a process of resource-based development, accompanied by substantial resource conversion, which often leads to benefits that are inequitably distributed. To reverse this ‘vicious cycle’, specific policies must be aimed at overcoming the structural features of ‘dualism within dualism’ in resource use patterns. Second, policies must also be introduced that improve the overall success of resource-based development that is accompanied by frontier land expansion. Specific policies include reform of land, tax, credit, and other economic policies that generally reinforce the dominance of wealthier households in natural resource and land markets, and promote the speculative investment in these resources as tax shelters.Less
There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within the global economy. The second ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within a developing economy. This ‘dualism within dualism’ pattern is symptomatic of a process of resource-based development, accompanied by substantial resource conversion, which often leads to benefits that are inequitably distributed. To reverse this ‘vicious cycle’, specific policies must be aimed at overcoming the structural features of ‘dualism within dualism’ in resource use patterns. Second, policies must also be introduced that improve the overall success of resource-based development that is accompanied by frontier land expansion. Specific policies include reform of land, tax, credit, and other economic policies that generally reinforce the dominance of wealthier households in natural resource and land markets, and promote the speculative investment in these resources as tax shelters.
George Em Karniadakis and Spencer J. Sherwin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528692
- eISBN:
- 9780191713491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528692.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter considers the extension of the one-dimensional formulation to two and three dimensions by the development of expansion bases in standard regions such as triangles or rectangles in two ...
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This chapter considers the extension of the one-dimensional formulation to two and three dimensions by the development of expansion bases in standard regions such as triangles or rectangles in two dimensions, and tetrahedrons, prisms, pyramids, and hexahedrons in three dimensions. The construction of these bases uses a unified approach for the development of computationally efficient expansions. The modal basis is formulated as solutions to a generalized Sturm-Liouville problem. Optimal nodal points, the so-called Fekete points, the electrostatic points on a simplex, and related approximation results, are also presented. The exercises at the end of the chapter target construction of multi-dimensional elemental matrices.Less
This chapter considers the extension of the one-dimensional formulation to two and three dimensions by the development of expansion bases in standard regions such as triangles or rectangles in two dimensions, and tetrahedrons, prisms, pyramids, and hexahedrons in three dimensions. The construction of these bases uses a unified approach for the development of computationally efficient expansions. The modal basis is formulated as solutions to a generalized Sturm-Liouville problem. Optimal nodal points, the so-called Fekete points, the electrostatic points on a simplex, and related approximation results, are also presented. The exercises at the end of the chapter target construction of multi-dimensional elemental matrices.
Héctor Ochoa
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter presents the results of a study conducted in Colombia to determine how some Latin American companies successfully expanded into international markets, and to identify business models and ...
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This chapter presents the results of a study conducted in Colombia to determine how some Latin American companies successfully expanded into international markets, and to identify business models and common characteristics of these companies and their affiliates in other regions worldwide. The foods division of the Colombian ‘Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño’ (Antioquia Business Group), which consists of a conglomerate of companies owned by Inversiones Nacional de Chocolates, was selected for analysis because it is probably the group that has achieved the greatest success in Colombia in the globalization process. The study identifies the outstanding characteristics that enabled the group to develop the core competences that provided the foundations for establishing successful strategies to penetrate different international markets; learn from the different cultures associated with those markets, but at the same time expand its own culture in those places, specially in the retailing activity to neighbourhood stores; and develop processes to manage risks, add value to the products, and face the increasing competition from other multinational firms.Less
This chapter presents the results of a study conducted in Colombia to determine how some Latin American companies successfully expanded into international markets, and to identify business models and common characteristics of these companies and their affiliates in other regions worldwide. The foods division of the Colombian ‘Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño’ (Antioquia Business Group), which consists of a conglomerate of companies owned by Inversiones Nacional de Chocolates, was selected for analysis because it is probably the group that has achieved the greatest success in Colombia in the globalization process. The study identifies the outstanding characteristics that enabled the group to develop the core competences that provided the foundations for establishing successful strategies to penetrate different international markets; learn from the different cultures associated with those markets, but at the same time expand its own culture in those places, specially in the retailing activity to neighbourhood stores; and develop processes to manage risks, add value to the products, and face the increasing competition from other multinational firms.
David Schlosberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256419
- eISBN:
- 9780191600203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256411.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
In concluding the book, this chapter begins an evaluation of critical pluralism in practice – begins because both critical pluralism and the environmental justice movement are young, and a thorough ...
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In concluding the book, this chapter begins an evaluation of critical pluralism in practice – begins because both critical pluralism and the environmental justice movement are young, and a thorough evaluation will have to be done over time. However, it is possible to explore at this point the successes of the model and the movement, as well as some of the possible problems that it faces now and in the future. In this initial attempt at evaluation, a number of questions are addressed about the value and sustainability of critical pluralist practice in the environmental justice movement in the United States, as well as the possibility of the expansion of such practices into the larger environmental movement.Less
In concluding the book, this chapter begins an evaluation of critical pluralism in practice – begins because both critical pluralism and the environmental justice movement are young, and a thorough evaluation will have to be done over time. However, it is possible to explore at this point the successes of the model and the movement, as well as some of the possible problems that it faces now and in the future. In this initial attempt at evaluation, a number of questions are addressed about the value and sustainability of critical pluralist practice in the environmental justice movement in the United States, as well as the possibility of the expansion of such practices into the larger environmental movement.
Max. M Edling
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195148701
- eISBN:
- 9780199835096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148703.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general ...
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It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general terms, between institutional and intellectual development, and between political reality and political rhetoric. Equally, it would be a mistake to assume that there is no relation whatsoever, and it would have been remarkable if the great expansion of the fiscal and military capacity of central government in Britain in the early modern period had gone unnoticed by contemporaries, so as to leave no mark on historical, political, and social reflection. Shows that the European process of state formation had indeed influenced political commentary in giving rise to arguments analyzing and criticizing the growth of the state, and that these arguments found their way across the Atlantic from Britain to the American colonies in the form of “Country” thought, which gave rise to a complete vocabulary with which to respond to the growth of the British fiscal‐military state in the Anglo‐American world of political discourse. In fact, Antifederalism can be described as an expression of Country thought, although it cannot at the same time be claimed that Federalism was a repetition of the contrasting central Court defense of state expansion.Less
It would be a fundamental mistake to assume a priori a complete correspondence between the historical sociology of state formation and the conceptual history of the “state,” or, in more general terms, between institutional and intellectual development, and between political reality and political rhetoric. Equally, it would be a mistake to assume that there is no relation whatsoever, and it would have been remarkable if the great expansion of the fiscal and military capacity of central government in Britain in the early modern period had gone unnoticed by contemporaries, so as to leave no mark on historical, political, and social reflection. Shows that the European process of state formation had indeed influenced political commentary in giving rise to arguments analyzing and criticizing the growth of the state, and that these arguments found their way across the Atlantic from Britain to the American colonies in the form of “Country” thought, which gave rise to a complete vocabulary with which to respond to the growth of the British fiscal‐military state in the Anglo‐American world of political discourse. In fact, Antifederalism can be described as an expression of Country thought, although it cannot at the same time be claimed that Federalism was a repetition of the contrasting central Court defense of state expansion.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. ...
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It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. If this is so, we shall have left the epoch of the democratic class struggle and, possibly, regressed to a world dominated by the ‘social question’ and social polarization. These compelling reasons can be summarized under two labels: the first is globalization and technology, both of which undoubtedly enrich all nations, although in the process, they also accelerate industrial decline and contribute to unemployment; the second is tertiarization, which favours those with human and social capital, but which also may cause stagnation because of low productivity. In any case, both reasons point in the same direction: the less skilled are likely to become losers—be it as unemployed, or as low‐paid workers. The different sections of the chapter are: Jobs and Unemployment Trends Across Welfare Regimes; The Dilemmas of Globalization and Technological Change; Dilemmas of the New Service Economy; Identifying Services; Service Sectors; Service Occupations; Lousy Jobs or Outsiders? — post‐industrial job trends towards service job growth; The Cost‐Disease and Service Expansion; The Micro‐Foundations of Post‐industrial Employment; and The New Keynesian Household.Less
It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. If this is so, we shall have left the epoch of the democratic class struggle and, possibly, regressed to a world dominated by the ‘social question’ and social polarization. These compelling reasons can be summarized under two labels: the first is globalization and technology, both of which undoubtedly enrich all nations, although in the process, they also accelerate industrial decline and contribute to unemployment; the second is tertiarization, which favours those with human and social capital, but which also may cause stagnation because of low productivity. In any case, both reasons point in the same direction: the less skilled are likely to become losers—be it as unemployed, or as low‐paid workers. The different sections of the chapter are: Jobs and Unemployment Trends Across Welfare Regimes; The Dilemmas of Globalization and Technological Change; Dilemmas of the New Service Economy; Identifying Services; Service Sectors; Service Occupations; Lousy Jobs or Outsiders? — post‐industrial job trends towards service job growth; The Cost‐Disease and Service Expansion; The Micro‐Foundations of Post‐industrial Employment; and The New Keynesian Household.
Kathleen R. McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This is the first of three chapters on salient EU policy innovations and expansion between 2000 and 2002, and it looks at European monetary policy (monetary integration) in light of the introduction ...
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This is the first of three chapters on salient EU policy innovations and expansion between 2000 and 2002, and it looks at European monetary policy (monetary integration) in light of the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 2002. McNamara compares the introduction of the Euro with historical cases of currency unification, and demonstrates why patterns of legal, political, and social authority creation at the supranational level must be taken into account to understand recent developments. The first section of the chapter briefly outlines the history of the Euro and EMU (European Monetary Union), and the second examines the potential for currency to act as an engine of institutional innovation and expansion by reviewing the literature on comparative political development, and generating a template for understanding the specific mechanisms that might link currency creation to political development. The third section situates this theoretical discussion within a historical perspective on monetary and institutional change, and the final section turns to a discussion of the potential future trajectory of the EU, asking whether the similar origins of currency consolidation are likely to produce similar results in terms of broader state‐building effects as described in the comparative political development literature. It is argued that the American historical example suggests the potential paths towards a federal Europe that the introduction of the Euro may portend, most importantly in terms of fiscal capacity.Less
This is the first of three chapters on salient EU policy innovations and expansion between 2000 and 2002, and it looks at European monetary policy (monetary integration) in light of the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 2002. McNamara compares the introduction of the Euro with historical cases of currency unification, and demonstrates why patterns of legal, political, and social authority creation at the supranational level must be taken into account to understand recent developments. The first section of the chapter briefly outlines the history of the Euro and EMU (European Monetary Union), and the second examines the potential for currency to act as an engine of institutional innovation and expansion by reviewing the literature on comparative political development, and generating a template for understanding the specific mechanisms that might link currency creation to political development. The third section situates this theoretical discussion within a historical perspective on monetary and institutional change, and the final section turns to a discussion of the potential future trajectory of the EU, asking whether the similar origins of currency consolidation are likely to produce similar results in terms of broader state‐building effects as described in the comparative political development literature. It is argued that the American historical example suggests the potential paths towards a federal Europe that the introduction of the Euro may portend, most importantly in terms of fiscal capacity.
Geir Lundestad
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266685
- eISBN:
- 9780191601057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266689.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Discusses the transatlantic drift (or split) that has occurred between the US and Western Europe since the election of George W. Bush in December 2000, and the attack on the World Trade Centre in New ...
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Discusses the transatlantic drift (or split) that has occurred between the US and Western Europe since the election of George W. Bush in December 2000, and the attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 Sept 2001. The further tensions that have arisen since then over the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are discussed, as is the crisis over North Korea and the huge expansion in NATO and in the EU through the entry of Eastern European countries. The author presents speculations on the future of the American–Western European relationship, and forecasts an even further drift apart. This he bases on eight primary reasons, which he discusses in detail. These are: the Cold War is over; unilateralism is growing stronger in the US; the EU is slowly but steadily taking on an ever stronger role; out‐of‐area disputes are becoming increasingly frequent and they have been notoriously difficult to handle for the two sides of the Atlantic; redefinitions of leadership and burdens are always difficult to do; economic disputes are proliferating; even cultural disputes are becoming increasingly numerous; and finally, demographic changes are taking place, particularly on the American side of the Atlantic, that in the long run are likely to challenge the existing relationship.Less
Discusses the transatlantic drift (or split) that has occurred between the US and Western Europe since the election of George W. Bush in December 2000, and the attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 Sept 2001. The further tensions that have arisen since then over the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are discussed, as is the crisis over North Korea and the huge expansion in NATO and in the EU through the entry of Eastern European countries. The author presents speculations on the future of the American–Western European relationship, and forecasts an even further drift apart. This he bases on eight primary reasons, which he discusses in detail. These are: the Cold War is over; unilateralism is growing stronger in the US; the EU is slowly but steadily taking on an ever stronger role; out‐of‐area disputes are becoming increasingly frequent and they have been notoriously difficult to handle for the two sides of the Atlantic; redefinitions of leadership and burdens are always difficult to do; economic disputes are proliferating; even cultural disputes are becoming increasingly numerous; and finally, demographic changes are taking place, particularly on the American side of the Atlantic, that in the long run are likely to challenge the existing relationship.
Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244904
- eISBN:
- 9780191600050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244901.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Brandan O’Leary sets up a framework for a broad theory of right‐sizing the state. He addresses the distinctiveness of modern state borders, the centrality of nationality and ethnicity that makes ...
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Brandan O’Leary sets up a framework for a broad theory of right‐sizing the state. He addresses the distinctiveness of modern state borders, the centrality of nationality and ethnicity that makes public officials concerned with ‘right‐peopling’ their states, and territorial expansion, maintenance and contraction, which oblige public officials to consider ‘right‐sizing’. His theory builds on Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism and Ian Lustick's theory of state expansion and contraction. The author also classifies different strategies of eliminating and managing ethnic differences and existing borders.Less
Brandan O’Leary sets up a framework for a broad theory of right‐sizing the state. He addresses the distinctiveness of modern state borders, the centrality of nationality and ethnicity that makes public officials concerned with ‘right‐peopling’ their states, and territorial expansion, maintenance and contraction, which oblige public officials to consider ‘right‐sizing’. His theory builds on Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism and Ian Lustick's theory of state expansion and contraction. The author also classifies different strategies of eliminating and managing ethnic differences and existing borders.
