Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a ...
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Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.Less
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306880
- eISBN:
- 9780199867950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306880.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Over recent years, the psychology of concepts has been rejuvenated by new work on prototypes, inventive ideas on causal cognition, the development of neo-empiricist theories of concepts, and the ...
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Over recent years, the psychology of concepts has been rejuvenated by new work on prototypes, inventive ideas on causal cognition, the development of neo-empiricist theories of concepts, and the inputs of the budding neuropsychology of concepts. But our empirical knowledge about concepts has yet to be organized in a coherent framework. This book argues that the dominant psychological theories of concepts fail to provide such a framework and that drastic conceptual changes are required to make sense of the research on concepts in psychology and neuropsychology. The book shows that the class of concepts divides into several distinct kinds that have little in common with one another and that for this very reason, it is a mistake to attempt to encompass all known phenomena within a single theory of concepts. In brief, concepts are not a natural kind. The book concludes that the theoretical notion of concept should be eliminated from the theoretical apparatus of contemporary psychology and should be replaced with theoretical notions that are more appropriate for fulfilling psychologists' goals. The notion of concept has encouraged psychologists to believe that a single theory of concepts could be developed, leading to useless theoretical controversies between the dominant paradigms of concepts. Keeping this notion would slow down, and maybe prevent, the development of a more adequate classification and would overshadow the theoretical and empirical issues that are raised by this more adequate classification.Less
Over recent years, the psychology of concepts has been rejuvenated by new work on prototypes, inventive ideas on causal cognition, the development of neo-empiricist theories of concepts, and the inputs of the budding neuropsychology of concepts. But our empirical knowledge about concepts has yet to be organized in a coherent framework. This book argues that the dominant psychological theories of concepts fail to provide such a framework and that drastic conceptual changes are required to make sense of the research on concepts in psychology and neuropsychology. The book shows that the class of concepts divides into several distinct kinds that have little in common with one another and that for this very reason, it is a mistake to attempt to encompass all known phenomena within a single theory of concepts. In brief, concepts are not a natural kind. The book concludes that the theoretical notion of concept should be eliminated from the theoretical apparatus of contemporary psychology and should be replaced with theoretical notions that are more appropriate for fulfilling psychologists' goals. The notion of concept has encouraged psychologists to believe that a single theory of concepts could be developed, leading to useless theoretical controversies between the dominant paradigms of concepts. Keeping this notion would slow down, and maybe prevent, the development of a more adequate classification and would overshadow the theoretical and empirical issues that are raised by this more adequate classification.
Karen Pechilis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195145380
- eISBN:
- 9780199849963
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145380.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A distinctive aspect of Hindu devotion is the veneration of a human guru, who is not only an exemplar and a teacher, but is often worshipped as an embodiment of the divine. In the past these gurus ...
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A distinctive aspect of Hindu devotion is the veneration of a human guru, who is not only an exemplar and a teacher, but is often worshipped as an embodiment of the divine. In the past these gurus have almost always been men. Today, however, female gurus are a noticeable presence, especially in the United States. This book containing nine chapter looks at the phenomenon of the female guru both in its original Indian context, where Hindu women leaders have been unusual but not unknown, and as it has evolved on the American scene. Each chapter is devoted to a particular female guru, ranging from the 5th-century Tamil saint Karaikkal Ammaiyar to Gurumayi, who today presides over the worldwide movement of Siddha Yoga, headquartered in the Catskill resort town of South Fallsburg, New York.Less
A distinctive aspect of Hindu devotion is the veneration of a human guru, who is not only an exemplar and a teacher, but is often worshipped as an embodiment of the divine. In the past these gurus have almost always been men. Today, however, female gurus are a noticeable presence, especially in the United States. This book containing nine chapter looks at the phenomenon of the female guru both in its original Indian context, where Hindu women leaders have been unusual but not unknown, and as it has evolved on the American scene. Each chapter is devoted to a particular female guru, ranging from the 5th-century Tamil saint Karaikkal Ammaiyar to Gurumayi, who today presides over the worldwide movement of Siddha Yoga, headquartered in the Catskill resort town of South Fallsburg, New York.
Melanie M. Morey and John J. Piderit
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305517
- eISBN:
- 9780199784813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305515.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines the contributions of religious activities at Catholic colleges and universities to the Catholic culture on campuses, specifically liturgical life, service programs, and the ...
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This chapter examines the contributions of religious activities at Catholic colleges and universities to the Catholic culture on campuses, specifically liturgical life, service programs, and the demonstration of religious tolerance and inclusion. The chapter also explores a complex of contested topics swirling around the question of who will be the heroic cultural leaders at Catholic colleges and universities when the presence of religious congregations is gone. In particular, it examines whether these new knowledgeable experts and role models will emphasize Catholic culture or congregational connections as they lead the institutions forward. The final section of the chapter addresses the issue and offers reasons for stressing “Catholic” culture rather than “congregational” culture.Less
This chapter examines the contributions of religious activities at Catholic colleges and universities to the Catholic culture on campuses, specifically liturgical life, service programs, and the demonstration of religious tolerance and inclusion. The chapter also explores a complex of contested topics swirling around the question of who will be the heroic cultural leaders at Catholic colleges and universities when the presence of religious congregations is gone. In particular, it examines whether these new knowledgeable experts and role models will emphasize Catholic culture or congregational connections as they lead the institutions forward. The final section of the chapter addresses the issue and offers reasons for stressing “Catholic” culture rather than “congregational” culture.
Sean McKeever and Michael Ridge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290659
- eISBN:
- 9780191603617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290652.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Morality is a practical matter that concerns choice and action, and a sound moral outlook should be capable of motivating someone to act virtuously. Hence, it is reasonable to expect that moral ...
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Morality is a practical matter that concerns choice and action, and a sound moral outlook should be capable of motivating someone to act virtuously. Hence, it is reasonable to expect that moral principles might play an important role in guiding action. This final chapter addresses this concern, and explains how moral principles can and should play an important role in guiding action. Moral principles can help us avoid the all too human failings of special pleading and rationalization. They can also help make certain features of situations more salient, and help structure thinking in ways more likely to lead to morally right action. Different philosophical models of principled guidance, contemporary empirical debates about the nature of moral cognition, and indeed of concept deployment more generally, are considered. It is argued that certain findings from cognitive science associated with so-called ‘prototype theory’ and ‘exemplar theory’ do not do much to undermine a robust role for moral principles in guiding the actions of a morally decent agent. Some empirical findings from ‘prospect theory’ about the effects of framing situations in one way rather than another are used to bolster the positive case for principled guidance.Less
Morality is a practical matter that concerns choice and action, and a sound moral outlook should be capable of motivating someone to act virtuously. Hence, it is reasonable to expect that moral principles might play an important role in guiding action. This final chapter addresses this concern, and explains how moral principles can and should play an important role in guiding action. Moral principles can help us avoid the all too human failings of special pleading and rationalization. They can also help make certain features of situations more salient, and help structure thinking in ways more likely to lead to morally right action. Different philosophical models of principled guidance, contemporary empirical debates about the nature of moral cognition, and indeed of concept deployment more generally, are considered. It is argued that certain findings from cognitive science associated with so-called ‘prototype theory’ and ‘exemplar theory’ do not do much to undermine a robust role for moral principles in guiding the actions of a morally decent agent. Some empirical findings from ‘prospect theory’ about the effects of framing situations in one way rather than another are used to bolster the positive case for principled guidance.
Keith Lehrer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304985
- eISBN:
- 9780199918164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304985.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, General
Art changes the totality of human experience as Dewey emphasized. Goodman and Heidegger propose that art reveals a special contribution to the world-making experience of the artist and the receivers ...
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Art changes the totality of human experience as Dewey emphasized. Goodman and Heidegger propose that art reveals a special contribution to the world-making experience of the artist and the receivers of the artwork. Art is often representational. It may, as Bell and Fry affirmed, contain significant form giving rise to a special emotion, it may be expressive of human feelings, as Croce and Collingwood averred. It may deconstruct previous artworks, removing them from their frames to assemble something new, as Derrida suggests. Some art does each, and I seek to explain how. But not all art does these things, and not only art does them. So what is the special contribution that art makes to experience that changes human life? Art uses sensory consciousness as the focus of attention to create new form and content out of exemplars of experience. The exemplars mark a new distinction in conceptual space. I call this exemplarization. We value art because of the new content it offers us in our lives. We are provoked by art to ask ourselves whether to transfer the content of the artwork to our world and ourselves beyond the artwork. Our answer reveals to us what we are like as we exercise our freedom and autonomy in how we represent our world. Art is that part of experience that uses experience to change the content of experience. Exemplar representation, exemplarization, unifies the aesthetic, creating a new understanding of our selves and our world.Less
Art changes the totality of human experience as Dewey emphasized. Goodman and Heidegger propose that art reveals a special contribution to the world-making experience of the artist and the receivers of the artwork. Art is often representational. It may, as Bell and Fry affirmed, contain significant form giving rise to a special emotion, it may be expressive of human feelings, as Croce and Collingwood averred. It may deconstruct previous artworks, removing them from their frames to assemble something new, as Derrida suggests. Some art does each, and I seek to explain how. But not all art does these things, and not only art does them. So what is the special contribution that art makes to experience that changes human life? Art uses sensory consciousness as the focus of attention to create new form and content out of exemplars of experience. The exemplars mark a new distinction in conceptual space. I call this exemplarization. We value art because of the new content it offers us in our lives. We are provoked by art to ask ourselves whether to transfer the content of the artwork to our world and ourselves beyond the artwork. Our answer reveals to us what we are like as we exercise our freedom and autonomy in how we represent our world. Art is that part of experience that uses experience to change the content of experience. Exemplar representation, exemplarization, unifies the aesthetic, creating a new understanding of our selves and our world.
Keith Lehrer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304985
- eISBN:
- 9780199918164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304985.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, General
The introduction concerns the role of art in human experience. That role is explained in terms of how sensory consciousness of an artwork provides us with an exemplar of experience used to exhibit ...
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The introduction concerns the role of art in human experience. That role is explained in terms of how sensory consciousness of an artwork provides us with an exemplar of experience used to exhibit what the form and content of the work is like. The exemplar represents the content it exhibits in a process I call exemplar representation, or exemplarization. Exemplarization explains content, form, and expression in art. It connects art referentially to issues in the world beyond art: feminism, value, the self, death, globalization, intentionality, and scientific representation. Exemplar is used as a term to refer to what it represents exhibiting what it is like. It ties experience to the system of representation in a keystone loop in art and science.Less
The introduction concerns the role of art in human experience. That role is explained in terms of how sensory consciousness of an artwork provides us with an exemplar of experience used to exhibit what the form and content of the work is like. The exemplar represents the content it exhibits in a process I call exemplar representation, or exemplarization. Exemplarization explains content, form, and expression in art. It connects art referentially to issues in the world beyond art: feminism, value, the self, death, globalization, intentionality, and scientific representation. Exemplar is used as a term to refer to what it represents exhibiting what it is like. It ties experience to the system of representation in a keystone loop in art and science.
Keith N. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195311600
- eISBN:
- 9780199870707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311600.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter provides instructors with a means of introducing an alternate and more popular side of Confucianism: stories and images of historical men and women whose actions embodied the Ru ...
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This chapter provides instructors with a means of introducing an alternate and more popular side of Confucianism: stories and images of historical men and women whose actions embodied the Ru teachings. These figures are usually noted for, in the case of men, their filiality or loyalty, and in the case of women, their chastity. Instead of presenting the tradition as merely a system of ideas, this approach indicates that for most Chinese Confucian values were not just intellectual notions, but forms of behavior that could and had to be embodied by its practitioners. Instead of merely plodding through dry texts, through these materials, students interact with the tradition by reading arresting and strange accounts and looking at vivid and telling images. Finally, instead of merely perusing the books read by the elite, these tools of propaganda furnish a sense of how the great majority of premodern Chinese understood and viewed the Confucian tradition.Less
This chapter provides instructors with a means of introducing an alternate and more popular side of Confucianism: stories and images of historical men and women whose actions embodied the Ru teachings. These figures are usually noted for, in the case of men, their filiality or loyalty, and in the case of women, their chastity. Instead of presenting the tradition as merely a system of ideas, this approach indicates that for most Chinese Confucian values were not just intellectual notions, but forms of behavior that could and had to be embodied by its practitioners. Instead of merely plodding through dry texts, through these materials, students interact with the tradition by reading arresting and strange accounts and looking at vivid and telling images. Finally, instead of merely perusing the books read by the elite, these tools of propaganda furnish a sense of how the great majority of premodern Chinese understood and viewed the Confucian tradition.
Adele Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199268511
- eISBN:
- 9780191708428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268511.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Language contains both large generalizations and idiosyncratic facts, and therefore we unavoidably find those who favour lumping and those who favour splitting. The constructionist approach to ...
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Language contains both large generalizations and idiosyncratic facts, and therefore we unavoidably find those who favour lumping and those who favour splitting. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma: the approach allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. In particular, constructionist approaches are generally usage based: facts about the actual use of linguistic expressions, such as frequencies and individual patterns that are fully compositional are recorded alongside more traditional linguistic generalizations. This chapter consolidates evidence that such a usage based model is required to account for the synchronic state of grammar. Relevant findings in the non-linguistic category literature are also reviewed.Less
Language contains both large generalizations and idiosyncratic facts, and therefore we unavoidably find those who favour lumping and those who favour splitting. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma: the approach allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. In particular, constructionist approaches are generally usage based: facts about the actual use of linguistic expressions, such as frequencies and individual patterns that are fully compositional are recorded alongside more traditional linguistic generalizations. This chapter consolidates evidence that such a usage based model is required to account for the synchronic state of grammar. Relevant findings in the non-linguistic category literature are also reviewed.
Dan P. McAdams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176933
- eISBN:
- 9780199786787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176933.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Drawing from empirical research on the psychology and sociology of religion and from historical analyses of American religious life, this chapter describes how religiosity among Americans is ...
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Drawing from empirical research on the psychology and sociology of religion and from historical analyses of American religious life, this chapter describes how religiosity among Americans is positively associated with physical health, psychological well-being, and generativity. Case studies of moral exemplars and empirical research on the life narrative and generativity, strongly suggest that highly generative American adults often draw upon religious traditions to articulate their redemptive stories of self. The chapter also considers how Americans have reacted to the narrative challenge of reconciling within their own redemptive life stories their devout religious sentiments on the one hand, and the drive for money and material gain on the other.Less
Drawing from empirical research on the psychology and sociology of religion and from historical analyses of American religious life, this chapter describes how religiosity among Americans is positively associated with physical health, psychological well-being, and generativity. Case studies of moral exemplars and empirical research on the life narrative and generativity, strongly suggest that highly generative American adults often draw upon religious traditions to articulate their redemptive stories of self. The chapter also considers how Americans have reacted to the narrative challenge of reconciling within their own redemptive life stories their devout religious sentiments on the one hand, and the drive for money and material gain on the other.
G. Sujin Pak
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371925
- eISBN:
- 9780199870981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371925.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 4 demonstrates that Calvin departs from the antecedent Christian tradition, Luther and Bucer's christological readings of these eight messianic Psalms, and instead reads them in reference to ...
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Chapter 4 demonstrates that Calvin departs from the antecedent Christian tradition, Luther and Bucer's christological readings of these eight messianic Psalms, and instead reads them in reference to David as the supreme exemplar of Protestant piety. The author begins by demarcating the ways in which Calvin not only limits christological exegesis of these Psalms, but also eclipses their traditional use to provide teachings about Trinity and the two natures of Christ. When Calvin reads a Psalm christologically, it is almost always through the tool of typology. The author then shows how Calvin presents David as a profound teacher of God's beneficence, election, and providence and as an exemplar of true Christian piety for the church. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Calvin's views on Jews and uses of Jewish exegesis, with particular focus on Psalms 8 and 16.Less
Chapter 4 demonstrates that Calvin departs from the antecedent Christian tradition, Luther and Bucer's christological readings of these eight messianic Psalms, and instead reads them in reference to David as the supreme exemplar of Protestant piety. The author begins by demarcating the ways in which Calvin not only limits christological exegesis of these Psalms, but also eclipses their traditional use to provide teachings about Trinity and the two natures of Christ. When Calvin reads a Psalm christologically, it is almost always through the tool of typology. The author then shows how Calvin presents David as a profound teacher of God's beneficence, election, and providence and as an exemplar of true Christian piety for the church. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Calvin's views on Jews and uses of Jewish exegesis, with particular focus on Psalms 8 and 16.
José Ferreirós
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691167510
- eISBN:
- 9781400874002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691167510.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter introduces a “core scheme” for the analysis of mathematical practices that can be presented in a simplified way by means of a couple dubbed Framework–Agent. Mathematics in practice will ...
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This chapter introduces a “core scheme” for the analysis of mathematical practices that can be presented in a simplified way by means of a couple dubbed Framework–Agent. Mathematics in practice will typically depend on the performance of several Framework–Agent couples, intertwined in several possible ways. The chapter first considers two different kinds of frameworks, “theoretical” and “symbolic.” before discussing the role of exemplars in mathematical knowledge. It then explains how the links between different frameworks and practices are established concretely by an agent. It also examines the cognitive abilities involved in mastering counting practice, the importance of cognition in mathematics, and Philip S. Kitcher's concept of “metamathematics” in relation to agents. The chapter concludes by expounding on the notion of “systematic links.”Less
This chapter introduces a “core scheme” for the analysis of mathematical practices that can be presented in a simplified way by means of a couple dubbed Framework–Agent. Mathematics in practice will typically depend on the performance of several Framework–Agent couples, intertwined in several possible ways. The chapter first considers two different kinds of frameworks, “theoretical” and “symbolic.” before discussing the role of exemplars in mathematical knowledge. It then explains how the links between different frameworks and practices are established concretely by an agent. It also examines the cognitive abilities involved in mastering counting practice, the importance of cognition in mathematics, and Philip S. Kitcher's concept of “metamathematics” in relation to agents. The chapter concludes by expounding on the notion of “systematic links.”
W. K. Estes
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195073355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073355.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the exemplar-similarity model, which is useful for making predictions about categorization assuming that the current state of an individual's memory is known, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the exemplar-similarity model, which is useful for making predictions about categorization assuming that the current state of an individual's memory is known, or that plausible assumptions about it can be made. However, this model lacks the machinery to address the dynamics of learning. Augmentations of the core model, categorization and identification, similarity and cognitive distance, status of the exemplar-similarity model, and network-based learning models are described.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the exemplar-similarity model, which is useful for making predictions about categorization assuming that the current state of an individual's memory is known, or that plausible assumptions about it can be made. However, this model lacks the machinery to address the dynamics of learning. Augmentations of the core model, categorization and identification, similarity and cognitive distance, status of the exemplar-similarity model, and network-based learning models are described.
W. K. Estes
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195073355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073355.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The models for category learning discussed in the preceding chapters have been developed largely in conjunction with a standard experimental design in which a subject classifies category exemplars ...
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The models for category learning discussed in the preceding chapters have been developed largely in conjunction with a standard experimental design in which a subject classifies category exemplars with feedback during a learning phase, often running to hundreds of trials, then tested for transfer to new stimulus patterns of various types. This chapter describes efforts to modify the standard design in ways that may enable informative analyses pertaining to concepts of interference and organization in memory. Topics discussed include concurrent categorizations, categorization with constraints on memory, and exemplar and network models.Less
The models for category learning discussed in the preceding chapters have been developed largely in conjunction with a standard experimental design in which a subject classifies category exemplars with feedback during a learning phase, often running to hundreds of trials, then tested for transfer to new stimulus patterns of various types. This chapter describes efforts to modify the standard design in ways that may enable informative analyses pertaining to concepts of interference and organization in memory. Topics discussed include concurrent categorizations, categorization with constraints on memory, and exemplar and network models.
W. K. Estes
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195073355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073355.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews the processing assumptions of the array-similarity model for categorization, and revises the formulation discussed in Chapters 2-5 by allowing for varying degrees of similarity ...
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This chapter reviews the processing assumptions of the array-similarity model for categorization, and revises the formulation discussed in Chapters 2-5 by allowing for varying degrees of similarity between categories. It then applies the revised exemplar model to a number of problems not previously addressed by categorization models, including the learning of confusable categories, transfer between categorizations, changes in discriminability of features with experience, the interpretation of causal judgments, and cued recall.Less
This chapter reviews the processing assumptions of the array-similarity model for categorization, and revises the formulation discussed in Chapters 2-5 by allowing for varying degrees of similarity between categories. It then applies the revised exemplar model to a number of problems not previously addressed by categorization models, including the learning of confusable categories, transfer between categorizations, changes in discriminability of features with experience, the interpretation of causal judgments, and cued recall.
Michael Fishbane
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198266990
- eISBN:
- 9780191600593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198266995.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Takes up the topic of the aggadic transformation of non‐legal pentateuchal traditions. In this category are such matters as the theological treatment of topics in the Genesis narratives (e.g. the ...
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Takes up the topic of the aggadic transformation of non‐legal pentateuchal traditions. In this category are such matters as the theological treatment of topics in the Genesis narratives (e.g. the notion of the divine image of mankind; or later reflections on perceived mythic features); the manna tradition; the priestly blessing; and the varieties of reuse of the formulary of divine attributes in the diverse genres of Scripture. Also taken up is the topic of typologies, and various sub‐types are dealt with (e.g. typologies of a cosmological–historical nature; of a spatial nature; and of a biographical nature). By this means, the broad range of analogies and correlations drawn by early and later tradition are considered—both explicit and implicit.Less
Takes up the topic of the aggadic transformation of non‐legal pentateuchal traditions. In this category are such matters as the theological treatment of topics in the Genesis narratives (e.g. the notion of the divine image of mankind; or later reflections on perceived mythic features); the manna tradition; the priestly blessing; and the varieties of reuse of the formulary of divine attributes in the diverse genres of Scripture. Also taken up is the topic of typologies, and various sub‐types are dealt with (e.g. typologies of a cosmological–historical nature; of a spatial nature; and of a biographical nature). By this means, the broad range of analogies and correlations drawn by early and later tradition are considered—both explicit and implicit.
Bradley C. Love and Marc Tomlinson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199549221
- eISBN:
- 9780191724152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549221.003.04
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews the relative merits of a variety of category learning models. These include rule-based models, prototype-based models, exemplar-based models, hybrid models, and multiple systems ...
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This chapter reviews the relative merits of a variety of category learning models. These include rule-based models, prototype-based models, exemplar-based models, hybrid models, and multiple systems models. All of these models have played a critical role in driving advances in theory and in the design of key experiments. The development of new models is informed by the failings of preceding models.Less
This chapter reviews the relative merits of a variety of category learning models. These include rule-based models, prototype-based models, exemplar-based models, hybrid models, and multiple systems models. All of these models have played a critical role in driving advances in theory and in the design of key experiments. The development of new models is informed by the failings of preceding models.
Douglas V. Porpora
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134919
- eISBN:
- 9780199834563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134915.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Heroes are moral exemplars of the good who engage our moral passion. We seek to stand by and with our heroes because we form a personal identification with their moral cause. The empirical ...
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Heroes are moral exemplars of the good who engage our moral passion. We seek to stand by and with our heroes because we form a personal identification with their moral cause. The empirical examination of this chapter indicates that with the loss of heroes and a heroic sensibility, there is a further desacralization of life, a disconnection from transcendental horizons.Less
Heroes are moral exemplars of the good who engage our moral passion. We seek to stand by and with our heroes because we form a personal identification with their moral cause. The empirical examination of this chapter indicates that with the loss of heroes and a heroic sensibility, there is a further desacralization of life, a disconnection from transcendental horizons.
Micki McGee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195171242
- eISBN:
- 9780199944088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171242.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter investigates more completely just how laborious the work of “inventing a self” can be, and how the ideal of individual self-mastery—which is at the heart of most self-help ...
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This chapter investigates more completely just how laborious the work of “inventing a self” can be, and how the ideal of individual self-mastery—which is at the heart of most self-help literature—relies on the unacknowledged servitude of others. In describing the nature of work on the self, the literatures of self-improvement give two distinct options: the path of endless effort and the path of absolute effortlessness. The Maudlin Exemplar manages the notion of misfortune and suggests that self-mastery is the fundamental prerequisite for success. The impossibility of finding one's “authentic” self is mitigated by the possibility of accessing, at least, one's most persuasive self. The ideal of life as a work of art is meant to insulate the self from the more economistic metaphor of life as a business, but in the end it fails to do so when it elevates work over labor, the reproduction of life itself.Less
This chapter investigates more completely just how laborious the work of “inventing a self” can be, and how the ideal of individual self-mastery—which is at the heart of most self-help literature—relies on the unacknowledged servitude of others. In describing the nature of work on the self, the literatures of self-improvement give two distinct options: the path of endless effort and the path of absolute effortlessness. The Maudlin Exemplar manages the notion of misfortune and suggests that self-mastery is the fundamental prerequisite for success. The impossibility of finding one's “authentic” self is mitigated by the possibility of accessing, at least, one's most persuasive self. The ideal of life as a work of art is meant to insulate the self from the more economistic metaphor of life as a business, but in the end it fails to do so when it elevates work over labor, the reproduction of life itself.
Andrew Wedel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547548
- eISBN:
- 9780191720628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547548.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Computational Linguistics
In a feedback-driven model of language change, conflict between patterns at distinct levels of linguistic organization can be understood as a form of multi-level selection. Simulations of conflicts ...
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In a feedback-driven model of language change, conflict between patterns at distinct levels of linguistic organization can be understood as a form of multi-level selection. Simulations of conflicts between phonological and morphological patterns show that positive feedback can promote pattern consolidation at one level at the expense of the other. In this way, analogical generalizations over subparts of the lexicon can be shown to be emergent properties of complex linguistic systems.Less
In a feedback-driven model of language change, conflict between patterns at distinct levels of linguistic organization can be understood as a form of multi-level selection. Simulations of conflicts between phonological and morphological patterns show that positive feedback can promote pattern consolidation at one level at the expense of the other. In this way, analogical generalizations over subparts of the lexicon can be shown to be emergent properties of complex linguistic systems.
