Andrew Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295105
- eISBN:
- 9780191600128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295103.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative ...
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This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It first defines the intervening variable of ‘inclusion’, which is described as key to the explanation of how conflicts are best managed within divided societies, and discusses its relationship to the macro-institutional explanatory (independent) variables used in the study. It then defines and describes how to measure each of the explanatory variables used: electoral system type; democratic type (coalitions and grand coalitions – consensual– versus concentrations of executive power; fusion – majoritarian – or separation of executive and legislative powers; unicameralism or bicameralism; type of party system; issues dimensions of partisan conflict; unitary versus federal government; constitutions, minority vetoes, and judicial review); and executive type (presidential or parliamentary). The data obtained for each country are discussed, compared, and summarised in tables.Less
This is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It first defines the intervening variable of ‘inclusion’, which is described as key to the explanation of how conflicts are best managed within divided societies, and discusses its relationship to the macro-institutional explanatory (independent) variables used in the study. It then defines and describes how to measure each of the explanatory variables used: electoral system type; democratic type (coalitions and grand coalitions – consensual– versus concentrations of executive power; fusion – majoritarian – or separation of executive and legislative powers; unicameralism or bicameralism; type of party system; issues dimensions of partisan conflict; unitary versus federal government; constitutions, minority vetoes, and judicial review); and executive type (presidential or parliamentary). The data obtained for each country are discussed, compared, and summarised in tables.
Alex Pravda
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276141
- eISBN:
- 9780191603341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276145.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter examines the changing leadership of Vladimir Putin. Most observers initially saw Putin as a transactional leader; with his practical and technocratic approach to fixing problems, he ...
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This chapter examines the changing leadership of Vladimir Putin. Most observers initially saw Putin as a transactional leader; with his practical and technocratic approach to fixing problems, he appeared more a prudent manager than political leader. However, as he moved towards his second term, his increased assertion of executive powers has prompted some observers to revise their optimism regarding Russia’s prospects for democracy, viewing Putin’s actions as a possible turn towards dictatorial rule.Less
This chapter examines the changing leadership of Vladimir Putin. Most observers initially saw Putin as a transactional leader; with his practical and technocratic approach to fixing problems, he appeared more a prudent manager than political leader. However, as he moved towards his second term, his increased assertion of executive powers has prompted some observers to revise their optimism regarding Russia’s prospects for democracy, viewing Putin’s actions as a possible turn towards dictatorial rule.
Deirdre Curtin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264087
- eISBN:
- 9780191718281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264087.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter focuses on the internal ordering of executive power within the EU political system and discusses the manner in which executive power is balanced by the other ‘countervailing’ powers in ...
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This chapter focuses on the internal ordering of executive power within the EU political system and discusses the manner in which executive power is balanced by the other ‘countervailing’ powers in the constitutional system of checks and balances. It focuses on the key ‘executive’ institutions in terms of their original conception and in terms of the interests they were representing, as well as the manner in which that has evolved to become what can be referred to as a composite executive order of sorts.Less
This chapter focuses on the internal ordering of executive power within the EU political system and discusses the manner in which executive power is balanced by the other ‘countervailing’ powers in the constitutional system of checks and balances. It focuses on the key ‘executive’ institutions in terms of their original conception and in terms of the interests they were representing, as well as the manner in which that has evolved to become what can be referred to as a composite executive order of sorts.
David Arter
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293866
- eISBN:
- 9780191599156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293860.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Since the retirement of President Kekkonen in 1981, a process of piecemeal constitutional reform has strengthened the core concept of parliamentary government at the expense of the old ...
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Since the retirement of President Kekkonen in 1981, a process of piecemeal constitutional reform has strengthened the core concept of parliamentary government at the expense of the old quasi‐monarchical elements in the Finnish political system; this modernization process has been propelled by a concern to avoid the possibility of a recurrence of the ‘enlightened despotism’ of the Kekkonen era, and has been aided by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Recent constitutional changes have also enhanced the involvement of the prime minister and government in the performance of the federative (foreign policy) function; above all, the institutional adaptation required by membership of the EU has emphasized the bicephalous character of the Finnish political executive in a way reminiscent of interwar practice. Political factors, notably the ability of the party system to deliver stable majority coalitions, have worked in the same direction, and indeed arguments have been made in favour of the abolition of the whole institution of the presidency. With parliament having recently accepted the main findings of the Nikula Committee's report and restricted the president's involvement in the process of coalition‐building, as well as vesting the government with powers jointly to manage foreign policy, it is clear that Finland is en route to becoming an orthodox parliamentary democracy: the head of state has lost his exclusive charge of the federative function; his involvement in the legislative process is limited and exceptional; and even his executive powers—particularly his powers of appointment—have been restricted in recent years. The different sections of the chapter are: Constitution‐Making 1917–1919: A Monarchical Republic?; The Shift to a President‐Dominant System, 1940–1987; From President‐Dominant to Pluralist Foreign Policy‐Making, 1987–1998; and Towards a Ceremonial Presidency?Less
Since the retirement of President Kekkonen in 1981, a process of piecemeal constitutional reform has strengthened the core concept of parliamentary government at the expense of the old quasi‐monarchical elements in the Finnish political system; this modernization process has been propelled by a concern to avoid the possibility of a recurrence of the ‘enlightened despotism’ of the Kekkonen era, and has been aided by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Recent constitutional changes have also enhanced the involvement of the prime minister and government in the performance of the federative (foreign policy) function; above all, the institutional adaptation required by membership of the EU has emphasized the bicephalous character of the Finnish political executive in a way reminiscent of interwar practice. Political factors, notably the ability of the party system to deliver stable majority coalitions, have worked in the same direction, and indeed arguments have been made in favour of the abolition of the whole institution of the presidency. With parliament having recently accepted the main findings of the Nikula Committee's report and restricted the president's involvement in the process of coalition‐building, as well as vesting the government with powers jointly to manage foreign policy, it is clear that Finland is en route to becoming an orthodox parliamentary democracy: the head of state has lost his exclusive charge of the federative function; his involvement in the legislative process is limited and exceptional; and even his executive powers—particularly his powers of appointment—have been restricted in recent years. The different sections of the chapter are: Constitution‐Making 1917–1919: A Monarchical Republic?; The Shift to a President‐Dominant System, 1940–1987; From President‐Dominant to Pluralist Foreign Policy‐Making, 1987–1998; and Towards a Ceremonial Presidency?
Louis Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199856213
- eISBN:
- 9780199358397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856213.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter on presidential powers first analyzes three concepts that go beyond powers expressly stated: “implied,” “inherent,” and “prerogative.” It then considers specific presidential powers, ...
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This chapter on presidential powers first analyzes three concepts that go beyond powers expressly stated: “implied,” “inherent,” and “prerogative.” It then considers specific presidential powers, such as the power to remove executive officials and to issue pardons. Presidential powers wax and wane depending on who occupies the Oval Office; initiatives urged by advisers and supporters, national, and international pressures; popular support (and lack thereof); and actions taken by the legislative and judicial branches to encourage or curb executive power.Less
This chapter on presidential powers first analyzes three concepts that go beyond powers expressly stated: “implied,” “inherent,” and “prerogative.” It then considers specific presidential powers, such as the power to remove executive officials and to issue pardons. Presidential powers wax and wane depending on who occupies the Oval Office; initiatives urged by advisers and supporters, national, and international pressures; popular support (and lack thereof); and actions taken by the legislative and judicial branches to encourage or curb executive power.
Michael W. McConnell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691207520
- eISBN:
- 9780691211992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691207520.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter recalls the fundamental structural decisions made by the Committee of Detail about the powers of the executive, such as allocating the established prerogative powers of the British ...
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This chapter recalls the fundamental structural decisions made by the Committee of Detail about the powers of the executive, such as allocating the established prerogative powers of the British executive to Congress or to the president. It examines the important changes by the Convention in parceling out prerogative powers, which subjected some of them to senatorial advice and consent. It also talks about the Committee beginning of Article II with a sentence vesting the “Executive Power” in a single person — the president. The chapter investigates the Executive Vesting Clause that has engendered lively debate since the earliest years of the republic and caused the Supreme Court to grapple with the two possible meanings for it. It argues that the Vesting Clause vests all national powers of an executive nature in the president, except for that portion of the executive power that is vested elsewhere.Less
This chapter recalls the fundamental structural decisions made by the Committee of Detail about the powers of the executive, such as allocating the established prerogative powers of the British executive to Congress or to the president. It examines the important changes by the Convention in parceling out prerogative powers, which subjected some of them to senatorial advice and consent. It also talks about the Committee beginning of Article II with a sentence vesting the “Executive Power” in a single person — the president. The chapter investigates the Executive Vesting Clause that has engendered lively debate since the earliest years of the republic and caused the Supreme Court to grapple with the two possible meanings for it. It argues that the Vesting Clause vests all national powers of an executive nature in the president, except for that portion of the executive power that is vested elsewhere.
Deirdre Curtin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264087
- eISBN:
- 9780191718281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264087.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter highlights the salience and centrality of contemporary executive power in the EU, and provides an overview of how executive power has jumped arenas over the course of time. This does not ...
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This chapter highlights the salience and centrality of contemporary executive power in the EU, and provides an overview of how executive power has jumped arenas over the course of time. This does not indicate a replacement of executive powers at other levels or in other arenas but rather an accumulation of executive power (or ‘executive order’). The picture is more one of overlapping orders and arenas and not neatly ordered substitution.Less
This chapter highlights the salience and centrality of contemporary executive power in the EU, and provides an overview of how executive power has jumped arenas over the course of time. This does not indicate a replacement of executive powers at other levels or in other arenas but rather an accumulation of executive power (or ‘executive order’). The picture is more one of overlapping orders and arenas and not neatly ordered substitution.
Thomas Lundmark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368727
- eISBN:
- 9780199867530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368727.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The structure of the federal government of the United States is characterized by a pronounced application of the principle of separation of powers. A discussion of that principle provides a ...
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The structure of the federal government of the United States is characterized by a pronounced application of the principle of separation of powers. A discussion of that principle provides a background against which the three branches of the federal government are presented. These are introduced in the order that they were created by the Constitution: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. The second section begins with an exposition of the terms “legislative” and “legislative immunity” before presenting the enumerated congressional powers found in Article I of the US Constitution. The third section presents executive power in the context of treaties, executive agreements, and foreign military interventions, regulated by Congress in the War Powers Resolution. The final section shows how the US Constitution limits the jurisdiction of the federal courts to “Cases or Controversies.” The doctrines and distinctions of advisory opinions, ripeness, mootness, and standing are discussed before turning to the related “political question” doctrine.Less
The structure of the federal government of the United States is characterized by a pronounced application of the principle of separation of powers. A discussion of that principle provides a background against which the three branches of the federal government are presented. These are introduced in the order that they were created by the Constitution: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. The second section begins with an exposition of the terms “legislative” and “legislative immunity” before presenting the enumerated congressional powers found in Article I of the US Constitution. The third section presents executive power in the context of treaties, executive agreements, and foreign military interventions, regulated by Congress in the War Powers Resolution. The final section shows how the US Constitution limits the jurisdiction of the federal courts to “Cases or Controversies.” The doctrines and distinctions of advisory opinions, ripeness, mootness, and standing are discussed before turning to the related “political question” doctrine.
Paul Craig and Adam Tomkins (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199285594
- eISBN:
- 9780191700361
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285594.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This is a book about the definition of executive power and the ways in which it can be rendered accountable. Such power is especially important in the modern day, as exemplified by the detention of ...
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This is a book about the definition of executive power and the ways in which it can be rendered accountable. Such power is especially important in the modern day, as exemplified by the detention of prisoners in Guantanomo Bay. The book explores the nature of executive power in a number of different legal systems including England, Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the EU, and draws insights from the comparative perspective.Less
This is a book about the definition of executive power and the ways in which it can be rendered accountable. Such power is especially important in the modern day, as exemplified by the detention of prisoners in Guantanomo Bay. The book explores the nature of executive power in a number of different legal systems including England, Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the EU, and draws insights from the comparative perspective.
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the changes in the bureaucracy and in the structure and personnel of military administration in France during the Thermidorian Convention of the French Revolution. The ...
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This chapter examines the changes in the bureaucracy and in the structure and personnel of military administration in France during the Thermidorian Convention of the French Revolution. The Thermidorians had to face various problems, including the lack of stability of executive power and the Conventionnels' use of despotic state power for personal and factional ends. Somehow, the Thermidorian Convention largely surmounted the bureaucratic challenge of year III through cuts and consolidation.Less
This chapter examines the changes in the bureaucracy and in the structure and personnel of military administration in France during the Thermidorian Convention of the French Revolution. The Thermidorians had to face various problems, including the lack of stability of executive power and the Conventionnels' use of despotic state power for personal and factional ends. Somehow, the Thermidorian Convention largely surmounted the bureaucratic challenge of year III through cuts and consolidation.
Louis Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199856213
- eISBN:
- 9780199358397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856213.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter focuses on the foreign policy powers of Congress. The discussions cover treaty power; the role of the House; treaty termination and reinterpretation; executive agreements; ambassadors ...
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This chapter focuses on the foreign policy powers of Congress. The discussions cover treaty power; the role of the House; treaty termination and reinterpretation; executive agreements; ambassadors and recognition policy; the right to travel; and the power to exclude aliens.Less
This chapter focuses on the foreign policy powers of Congress. The discussions cover treaty power; the role of the House; treaty termination and reinterpretation; executive agreements; ambassadors and recognition policy; the right to travel; and the power to exclude aliens.
Julian Goodare
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243549
- eISBN:
- 9780191714160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243549.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be ...
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This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be enforced in full, and a typology of law enforcement patterns is given. There is also a critique of conventional accounts of central and local power, arguing that centralisation was not experienced by the localities as an external force; it occurred in the localities. First, the chapter explains what the enforcement or implementation of law actually meant. It then discusses what is meant by ‘executive powers’, how government was carried out in the localities, whether law was always enforced in the sense of making people do what they did not want to do. Many governmental commands do not seem to have been fully obeyed; hence, the question is whether this should make us sceptical about the power of government, or we should look more carefully at what government was trying to achieve when it issued the commands.Less
This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be enforced in full, and a typology of law enforcement patterns is given. There is also a critique of conventional accounts of central and local power, arguing that centralisation was not experienced by the localities as an external force; it occurred in the localities. First, the chapter explains what the enforcement or implementation of law actually meant. It then discusses what is meant by ‘executive powers’, how government was carried out in the localities, whether law was always enforced in the sense of making people do what they did not want to do. Many governmental commands do not seem to have been fully obeyed; hence, the question is whether this should make us sceptical about the power of government, or we should look more carefully at what government was trying to achieve when it issued the commands.
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the so-called second revolution in France during the summer of 1792 which resulted in the fragmentation of executive power. This revolution, catalysed by the Paris Commune, ...
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This chapter examines the so-called second revolution in France during the summer of 1792 which resulted in the fragmentation of executive power. This revolution, catalysed by the Paris Commune, completed the revolutionary shift to a fully democratic state elite that was started by the French Revolution. The conflict between the War Ministry and the military establishment also contributed to the violent vortex of revolutionary politics that steadily fragmented executive power until the state could no longer manage a war effort without instruments of terror.Less
This chapter examines the so-called second revolution in France during the summer of 1792 which resulted in the fragmentation of executive power. This revolution, catalysed by the Paris Commune, completed the revolutionary shift to a fully democratic state elite that was started by the French Revolution. The conflict between the War Ministry and the military establishment also contributed to the violent vortex of revolutionary politics that steadily fragmented executive power until the state could no longer manage a war effort without instruments of terror.
Michael W. McConnell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691207520
- eISBN:
- 9780691211992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691207520.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on Resolution 7 as a debate over the Virginia Plan, which became a debate about which of the prerogative powers of the Crown should be entrusted to a republican executive. It ...
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This chapter focuses on Resolution 7 as a debate over the Virginia Plan, which became a debate about which of the prerogative powers of the Crown should be entrusted to a republican executive. It talks about Charles Pinckney, who declared that the Resolution's broad vesting of executive rights would include prerogative powers of the Crown, making the President a virtual monarch. It also mentions Wilson and John Rutledge, who defended against Pinckney's charge of incipient monarchy. The chapter points out that Wilson was the only delegate to utter the term “prerogative,” noting that every comment made in the initial debate over the scope of executive power can be understood in light of the problem of prerogative. It discusses John Locke, who dubbed the powers related to foreign affairs as “federative,” although executive and federative powers are distinct in themselves.Less
This chapter focuses on Resolution 7 as a debate over the Virginia Plan, which became a debate about which of the prerogative powers of the Crown should be entrusted to a republican executive. It talks about Charles Pinckney, who declared that the Resolution's broad vesting of executive rights would include prerogative powers of the Crown, making the President a virtual monarch. It also mentions Wilson and John Rutledge, who defended against Pinckney's charge of incipient monarchy. The chapter points out that Wilson was the only delegate to utter the term “prerogative,” noting that every comment made in the initial debate over the scope of executive power can be understood in light of the problem of prerogative. It discusses John Locke, who dubbed the powers related to foreign affairs as “federative,” although executive and federative powers are distinct in themselves.
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300194562
- eISBN:
- 9780300213416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300194562.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses The Executive Power Clause under Article II of the U.S. Constitution, which grants the president the executive power in running the state. Scholars criticize the clause, ...
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This chapter discusses The Executive Power Clause under Article II of the U.S. Constitution, which grants the president the executive power in running the state. Scholars criticize the clause, arguing that the grant of executive power is a nullity—it either grants the president those powers awarded elsewhere in Article II, or it does nothing more than signify that there shall be a single executive called the president. Other scholars worry that the Executive Power Clause might grant the president all powers regarded as executive and thereby give way to abusive control over life, liberty, and property. The chapter concludes that The Executive Power Clause is not a grant of absolute authority since the Constitution tempers these powers by giving the Congress control over the military and over many crucial areas of foreign affairs.Less
This chapter discusses The Executive Power Clause under Article II of the U.S. Constitution, which grants the president the executive power in running the state. Scholars criticize the clause, arguing that the grant of executive power is a nullity—it either grants the president those powers awarded elsewhere in Article II, or it does nothing more than signify that there shall be a single executive called the president. Other scholars worry that the Executive Power Clause might grant the president all powers regarded as executive and thereby give way to abusive control over life, liberty, and property. The chapter concludes that The Executive Power Clause is not a grant of absolute authority since the Constitution tempers these powers by giving the Congress control over the military and over many crucial areas of foreign affairs.
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300194562
- eISBN:
- 9780300213416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300194562.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter argues that authority of the president over foreign affairs arises from the grant of the executive power and not from foreign relations clauses found in the remainder of Article II of ...
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This chapter argues that authority of the president over foreign affairs arises from the grant of the executive power and not from foreign relations clauses found in the remainder of Article II of the US Constitution. The president's abilities to formulate and announce generic foreign policy, control U.S. diplomats, and expel foreign diplomats came from The Executive Power Clause—the power of the president to execute the law. While the president may, in general, exercise those foreign affairs powers not granted to the Congress or shared with the Senate, he lacks a broad foreign affairs lawmaking authority under Article II. The president's legislative role is limited to the duty to make legislative proposals, the power to make treaties, and the power to veto bills.Less
This chapter argues that authority of the president over foreign affairs arises from the grant of the executive power and not from foreign relations clauses found in the remainder of Article II of the US Constitution. The president's abilities to formulate and announce generic foreign policy, control U.S. diplomats, and expel foreign diplomats came from The Executive Power Clause—the power of the president to execute the law. While the president may, in general, exercise those foreign affairs powers not granted to the Congress or shared with the Senate, he lacks a broad foreign affairs lawmaking authority under Article II. The president's legislative role is limited to the duty to make legislative proposals, the power to make treaties, and the power to veto bills.
Deirdre Curtin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264087
- eISBN:
- 9780191718281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264087.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter looks to the overall ecology of EU executive power and its relationship with its surrounding environment. The perspective adopted is, in the final analysis, one of the compound or ...
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This chapter looks to the overall ecology of EU executive power and its relationship with its surrounding environment. The perspective adopted is, in the final analysis, one of the compound or composite nature of this power, in the sense not only of a shared and plural executive at the EU level but also of very often the same actors performing different roles and tasks at different governance levels without this being very clearly visible or generally understood. This fact, or perspective, is then further considered in the light of a number of the so-called ‘meta-principles’ of the overall political order (such as the principles of legitimacy and of democracy) as well as the arguably lower-level ‘organizing principle’ (at least in procedural terms) of accountability as quite succinctly and precisely defined and applied. The chapter encapsulates the broader narrative of this book, that is, to further contribute and analyze the process of making the invisible visible across the wide spectrum of executive power in the EU political system as a whole.Less
This chapter looks to the overall ecology of EU executive power and its relationship with its surrounding environment. The perspective adopted is, in the final analysis, one of the compound or composite nature of this power, in the sense not only of a shared and plural executive at the EU level but also of very often the same actors performing different roles and tasks at different governance levels without this being very clearly visible or generally understood. This fact, or perspective, is then further considered in the light of a number of the so-called ‘meta-principles’ of the overall political order (such as the principles of legitimacy and of democracy) as well as the arguably lower-level ‘organizing principle’ (at least in procedural terms) of accountability as quite succinctly and precisely defined and applied. The chapter encapsulates the broader narrative of this book, that is, to further contribute and analyze the process of making the invisible visible across the wide spectrum of executive power in the EU political system as a whole.
Deirdre Curtin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264087
- eISBN:
- 9780191718281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264087.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter highlights the manner of the evolution of certain practices of public ‘accountability’ in the context of a diffuse and fragmented understanding of EU executive power in the Union ...
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This chapter highlights the manner of the evolution of certain practices of public ‘accountability’ in the context of a diffuse and fragmented understanding of EU executive power in the Union political system. The invisible constitution of the EU can also include relatively subterranean processes and practices by non-executive institutions, such as the European Parliament for example, that gradually and incrementally is becoming an accountability forum of some significance with regard to various EU satellite actors.Less
This chapter highlights the manner of the evolution of certain practices of public ‘accountability’ in the context of a diffuse and fragmented understanding of EU executive power in the Union political system. The invisible constitution of the EU can also include relatively subterranean processes and practices by non-executive institutions, such as the European Parliament for example, that gradually and incrementally is becoming an accountability forum of some significance with regard to various EU satellite actors.
Gustavo Flores-Macías
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199891658
- eISBN:
- 9780199933402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891658.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 3 accounts for the different factors behind variation in leftist governments’ economic policies. First, it advances an explanation of how the type of leftist economic reforms is best ...
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Chapter 3 accounts for the different factors behind variation in leftist governments’ economic policies. First, it advances an explanation of how the type of leftist economic reforms is best explained by the degree to which the party system is institutionalized. In doing so, this chapter develops the causal logic behind the relationship between party system institutionalization and economic policy changes. It then offers a macro-level test of the logic and alternative explanations drawing on empirical evidence. Chapter 3 finds that centripetal dynamics characteristic of institutionalized party systems make the preservation of the status quo more likely. This is due to differences in the type of candidate likely to reach power and parties’ ability to influence the executive’s policies. This finding refines institutionalist explanations based on fragmentation and polarization and challenges accounts based on resource dependence, economic conditions, interest groups, executive power, and depth of neoliberalism.Less
Chapter 3 accounts for the different factors behind variation in leftist governments’ economic policies. First, it advances an explanation of how the type of leftist economic reforms is best explained by the degree to which the party system is institutionalized. In doing so, this chapter develops the causal logic behind the relationship between party system institutionalization and economic policy changes. It then offers a macro-level test of the logic and alternative explanations drawing on empirical evidence. Chapter 3 finds that centripetal dynamics characteristic of institutionalized party systems make the preservation of the status quo more likely. This is due to differences in the type of candidate likely to reach power and parties’ ability to influence the executive’s policies. This finding refines institutionalist explanations based on fragmentation and polarization and challenges accounts based on resource dependence, economic conditions, interest groups, executive power, and depth of neoliberalism.
Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774162015
- eISBN:
- 9781617970993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774162015.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This title presents a wide-ranging review of the relationship between the Egyptian judiciary and the government. If justice in the Arab world is often marked by a lack of autonomy of the judiciary ...
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This title presents a wide-ranging review of the relationship between the Egyptian judiciary and the government. If justice in the Arab world is often marked by a lack of autonomy of the judiciary toward the executive power, one of the characteristic features of the Egyptian judiciary lies in its strength and activism in the defense of democratic values. Judges have been struggling for years to enhance their independence from the executive power and exercise full supervision of the electoral process to achieve transparent elections. Recent years have seen growing tensions in Egypt between the judiciary and the executive authority. In order to gain concessions, judges went as far as to threaten to boycott the supervision of the presidential and legislative elections in the fall of 2005 and to organize sit-ins in the streets. The struggle between the two powers was in full swing in the spring of 2006, when a conference convened in Cairo in early April on the theme of the role of judges in the process of political reform in Egypt and the Arab world. The conference was organized by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) in cooperation with the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD).Less
This title presents a wide-ranging review of the relationship between the Egyptian judiciary and the government. If justice in the Arab world is often marked by a lack of autonomy of the judiciary toward the executive power, one of the characteristic features of the Egyptian judiciary lies in its strength and activism in the defense of democratic values. Judges have been struggling for years to enhance their independence from the executive power and exercise full supervision of the electoral process to achieve transparent elections. Recent years have seen growing tensions in Egypt between the judiciary and the executive authority. In order to gain concessions, judges went as far as to threaten to boycott the supervision of the presidential and legislative elections in the fall of 2005 and to organize sit-ins in the streets. The struggle between the two powers was in full swing in the spring of 2006, when a conference convened in Cairo in early April on the theme of the role of judges in the process of political reform in Egypt and the Arab world. The conference was organized by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) in cooperation with the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD).
