Beth A. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195179194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784509
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195179196.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Execution and Invention: Death Penalty Discourse in Early Rabbinic and Christian Cultures argues that ancient rabbis and Christians used death penalty discourse to invent themselves as ...
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Execution and Invention: Death Penalty Discourse in Early Rabbinic and Christian Cultures argues that ancient rabbis and Christians used death penalty discourse to invent themselves as figures of authority. This approach runs counter to much previous scholarship on the subject, which claims that ancient Jews opposed the death penalty and would have abolished it if not for its presence in the Bible. The book explores this scholarship and shows it to have been fueled by modern anti-Semitism, polemics with the the Jewish Enlightenment’s inheritance of anti-rabbinism, as well as controversy in the United States over capital punishment and its abolition. The book moves beyond this “humanitarianism” approach, inviting us instead to see the problem of building and maintaining authority as the crux around which ancient death penalty discourse developed. Drawing on ritual theory, postcolonial theory, and scholarship on criminal execution in other historical contexts, Execution and Invention asks new questions of the ancient texts: How and why do ancient western religions talk about killing criminals? What are the social consequences of this kind of violent talk? What kind of authority is imagined by these texts, and What strategies do the texts use to make this authority seem compelling? Combining the contemporary theory with classical source critical approaches, the book closely reads a variety of ancient texts describing criminal executions. It newly interprets these texts, showing that their descriptions of violent deaths have a complex social function. In the process, the book spins out the social implications of capital punishment and overturns enduring stereotypes of Judaism and Christianity.Less
Execution and Invention: Death Penalty Discourse in Early Rabbinic and Christian Cultures argues that ancient rabbis and Christians used death penalty discourse to invent themselves as figures of authority. This approach runs counter to much previous scholarship on the subject, which claims that ancient Jews opposed the death penalty and would have abolished it if not for its presence in the Bible. The book explores this scholarship and shows it to have been fueled by modern anti-Semitism, polemics with the the Jewish Enlightenment’s inheritance of anti-rabbinism, as well as controversy in the United States over capital punishment and its abolition. The book moves beyond this “humanitarianism” approach, inviting us instead to see the problem of building and maintaining authority as the crux around which ancient death penalty discourse developed. Drawing on ritual theory, postcolonial theory, and scholarship on criminal execution in other historical contexts, Execution and Invention asks new questions of the ancient texts: How and why do ancient western religions talk about killing criminals? What are the social consequences of this kind of violent talk? What kind of authority is imagined by these texts, and What strategies do the texts use to make this authority seem compelling? Combining the contemporary theory with classical source critical approaches, the book closely reads a variety of ancient texts describing criminal executions. It newly interprets these texts, showing that their descriptions of violent deaths have a complex social function. In the process, the book spins out the social implications of capital punishment and overturns enduring stereotypes of Judaism and Christianity.
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century, capital punishment in France, as in many other countries, was staged before large crowds of spectators. This book traces the theory and practice of ...
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From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century, capital punishment in France, as in many other countries, was staged before large crowds of spectators. This book traces the theory and practice of public executions over time from the perspective of the executioners and government officials who staged them, as well as from the vantage point of the many thousands who came to “see justice done.” While penal theorists often stressed that the fundamental purpose of public punishment was to strike fear in the hearts of spectators, the eagerness with which crowds flocked to executions and the extent to which spectators actually enjoyed the spectacle of suffering suggests that there was a wide gulf between theoretical intentions and actual experiences. Moreover, animal executions and the execution of effigies and corpses point to an enduring ritual function that had little to do with exemplary deterrence. In the eighteenth century, when a revolution in sensibilities made it unseemly for individuals to take pleasure in or even witness the suffering of others, capital punishment became the target of penal reform. From the invention of the guillotine, which reduced the moment of death to the blink of an eye, to the 1939 decree which moved executions behind prison walls, the death penalty in France was systematically stripped of its spectacular elements.Less
From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century, capital punishment in France, as in many other countries, was staged before large crowds of spectators. This book traces the theory and practice of public executions over time from the perspective of the executioners and government officials who staged them, as well as from the vantage point of the many thousands who came to “see justice done.” While penal theorists often stressed that the fundamental purpose of public punishment was to strike fear in the hearts of spectators, the eagerness with which crowds flocked to executions and the extent to which spectators actually enjoyed the spectacle of suffering suggests that there was a wide gulf between theoretical intentions and actual experiences. Moreover, animal executions and the execution of effigies and corpses point to an enduring ritual function that had little to do with exemplary deterrence. In the eighteenth century, when a revolution in sensibilities made it unseemly for individuals to take pleasure in or even witness the suffering of others, capital punishment became the target of penal reform. From the invention of the guillotine, which reduced the moment of death to the blink of an eye, to the 1939 decree which moved executions behind prison walls, the death penalty in France was systematically stripped of its spectacular elements.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Asia is the next frontier in the campaign to end state execution because more than 95 percent of the executions in the world take place there. This book combines detailed case studies of the death ...
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Asia is the next frontier in the campaign to end state execution because more than 95 percent of the executions in the world take place there. This book combines detailed case studies of the death penalty in major Asian nations with cross-national comparisons. It demonstrates decline in the number of Asian countries using execution as a criminal sanction and a decline in the rate of executions in most nations that retain the death penalty. Few Asian nations conduct executions with any regularity, and even major nations with death penalties in their criminal codes use the sanction rarely. What separates the low-execution nations from the very few states with high execution rates is, more than anything, politics. All of Asia's high execution states are hard-line authoritarian regimes of the left or right. When former right-wing authoritarian states experience democratic reforms, the rate of executions drops sharply and the only noncommunist government that maintains high executions is Singapore. The key question is not whether Asia will end state executions, but when it can be expected to do so. If the end of executions depends on the democratization of relatively stable hard-line communist regimes, many decades may be required, but if the stigma of state executions continues to increase, the end of capital punishment in Asia could happen before more comprehensive political change occurs.Less
Asia is the next frontier in the campaign to end state execution because more than 95 percent of the executions in the world take place there. This book combines detailed case studies of the death penalty in major Asian nations with cross-national comparisons. It demonstrates decline in the number of Asian countries using execution as a criminal sanction and a decline in the rate of executions in most nations that retain the death penalty. Few Asian nations conduct executions with any regularity, and even major nations with death penalties in their criminal codes use the sanction rarely. What separates the low-execution nations from the very few states with high execution rates is, more than anything, politics. All of Asia's high execution states are hard-line authoritarian regimes of the left or right. When former right-wing authoritarian states experience democratic reforms, the rate of executions drops sharply and the only noncommunist government that maintains high executions is Singapore. The key question is not whether Asia will end state executions, but when it can be expected to do so. If the end of executions depends on the democratization of relatively stable hard-line communist regimes, many decades may be required, but if the stigma of state executions continues to increase, the end of capital punishment in Asia could happen before more comprehensive political change occurs.
Beth A. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195179194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195179196.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at the laws of rabbinic criminal execution as a ritual narrative and interprets that ritual, paying close attention to the way it constructs space and speech. It shows that the ...
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This chapter looks at the laws of rabbinic criminal execution as a ritual narrative and interprets that ritual, paying close attention to the way it constructs space and speech. It shows that the geography of the ritual dramatizes the connection between the rabbinic judges and the power of execution, while ensuring that the two entities remain distinct. It argues that the Mishnah’s ritual of execution makes claims that go well beyond the condemned criminal — the ritual claims for the Rabbis the power to redeem all Jews from sin and to establish for every individual a place in the world to come. It draws upon parallel rituals of execution: medieval, modern, and contemporary.Less
This chapter looks at the laws of rabbinic criminal execution as a ritual narrative and interprets that ritual, paying close attention to the way it constructs space and speech. It shows that the geography of the ritual dramatizes the connection between the rabbinic judges and the power of execution, while ensuring that the two entities remain distinct. It argues that the Mishnah’s ritual of execution makes claims that go well beyond the condemned criminal — the ritual claims for the Rabbis the power to redeem all Jews from sin and to establish for every individual a place in the world to come. It draws upon parallel rituals of execution: medieval, modern, and contemporary.
Theodore Hamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224278
- eISBN:
- 9780520925236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224278.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those ...
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This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those years continue to be felt as the state's three-strikes law and expanding prison-construction program spark heated arguments over rehabilitation and punishment. Known as the Red Light Bandit, Chessman allegedly stalked lovers' lanes in Los Angeles. Eventually convicted of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to death in 1948. In prison he gained significant notoriety as a writer, beginning with his autobiographical Cell 2455 Death Row (1954). In the following years Chessman presented himself not only as an innocent man but also as one rehabilitated from his prior life of crime. He acquired an enthusiastic audience among leading criminologists, liberal intellectuals, and ordinary citizens, many of whom engaged in protests to halt Chessman's execution. The book analyzes how Chessman convinced thousands of Californians to support him, and why Governor Edmund G. (Pat) Brown, who opposed the death penalty, allowed the execution to go forward. It also demonstrates the intrinsic limits of the popular commitment to the rehabilitative ideal. This book places the Chessman case in a broad cultural and historical context, relating it to histories of prison reform, the anti-death penalty movement, the popularization of psychology, and the successive rise and decline of the New Left and the more enduring rise of the New Right.Less
This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those years continue to be felt as the state's three-strikes law and expanding prison-construction program spark heated arguments over rehabilitation and punishment. Known as the Red Light Bandit, Chessman allegedly stalked lovers' lanes in Los Angeles. Eventually convicted of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to death in 1948. In prison he gained significant notoriety as a writer, beginning with his autobiographical Cell 2455 Death Row (1954). In the following years Chessman presented himself not only as an innocent man but also as one rehabilitated from his prior life of crime. He acquired an enthusiastic audience among leading criminologists, liberal intellectuals, and ordinary citizens, many of whom engaged in protests to halt Chessman's execution. The book analyzes how Chessman convinced thousands of Californians to support him, and why Governor Edmund G. (Pat) Brown, who opposed the death penalty, allowed the execution to go forward. It also demonstrates the intrinsic limits of the popular commitment to the rehabilitative ideal. This book places the Chessman case in a broad cultural and historical context, relating it to histories of prison reform, the anti-death penalty movement, the popularization of psychology, and the successive rise and decline of the New Left and the more enduring rise of the New Right.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This introductory chapter explains why this is a critical time for the death penalty in Asia and why Asia will be so significant in determining the future course of the death penalty worldwide. The ...
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This introductory chapter explains why this is a critical time for the death penalty in Asia and why Asia will be so significant in determining the future course of the death penalty worldwide. The first section provides a short review of the history of death penalty policy since the end of World War II; it focuses on western Europe, which has been the center of a two-stage change in death penalty practice and theory: first capital punishment was abolished, then the stated reasons for concern about state execution were transformed from criminal justice questions into basic principles about limiting the power of governments to ignore the interests of any of their citizens. The second section outlines some of the unanswered questions that remain about the death penalty. The most fundamental open question is how far the European-led campaign to end execution will go. The third and final section shows why Asia is a critical proving ground for theories about capital punishment and for claims about the future of death as a criminal sanction.Less
This introductory chapter explains why this is a critical time for the death penalty in Asia and why Asia will be so significant in determining the future course of the death penalty worldwide. The first section provides a short review of the history of death penalty policy since the end of World War II; it focuses on western Europe, which has been the center of a two-stage change in death penalty practice and theory: first capital punishment was abolished, then the stated reasons for concern about state execution were transformed from criminal justice questions into basic principles about limiting the power of governments to ignore the interests of any of their citizens. The second section outlines some of the unanswered questions that remain about the death penalty. The most fundamental open question is how far the European-led campaign to end execution will go. The third and final section shows why Asia is a critical proving ground for theories about capital punishment and for claims about the future of death as a criminal sanction.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter extends the analysis by profiling the great variety of death penalty policies in Asia, and it also outlines the research strategy employed in the chapters that follow. Its first and ...
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This chapter extends the analysis by profiling the great variety of death penalty policies in Asia, and it also outlines the research strategy employed in the chapters that follow. Its first and second sections provide an overview of the varieties of death penalty policy found in contemporary Asia by examining the region, first cross-sectionally and then temporally. The chapter's third section presents the book's case study methodology and explains the selection of five nations in East and Southeast Asia as the book's central subjects.Less
This chapter extends the analysis by profiling the great variety of death penalty policies in Asia, and it also outlines the research strategy employed in the chapters that follow. Its first and second sections provide an overview of the varieties of death penalty policy found in contemporary Asia by examining the region, first cross-sectionally and then temporally. The chapter's third section presents the book's case study methodology and explains the selection of five nations in East and Southeast Asia as the book's central subjects.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter extends the discussion of the Asian vanguard by summarizing some of the most salient similarities and differences in death penalty policy in Taiwan and South Korea. In general terms, the ...
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This chapter extends the discussion of the Asian vanguard by summarizing some of the most salient similarities and differences in death penalty policy in Taiwan and South Korea. In general terms, the most important difference between Taiwan and South Korea concerns what each regards as the defining countries of comparison and contrast. For South Korea, how to relate to North Korea and how to reunify the Korean peninsula remain the central questions for the first decades of the 21st century. At the same time, Japan continues to be a key reference point with respect to a variety of economic, political, cultural, and legal issues. In Taiwan, by contrast, the defining comparisons tend to be with the People's Republic of China, and the most pressing questions about the future concern Taiwan's relations with the PRC. If the first theme of Taiwan's political history is democratization, the second is the persistence of political tensions with China. As for capital punishment in particular, the most salient comparative frame for Taiwan continues to be the PRC, although the United States has been important, too.Less
This chapter extends the discussion of the Asian vanguard by summarizing some of the most salient similarities and differences in death penalty policy in Taiwan and South Korea. In general terms, the most important difference between Taiwan and South Korea concerns what each regards as the defining countries of comparison and contrast. For South Korea, how to relate to North Korea and how to reunify the Korean peninsula remain the central questions for the first decades of the 21st century. At the same time, Japan continues to be a key reference point with respect to a variety of economic, political, cultural, and legal issues. In Taiwan, by contrast, the defining comparisons tend to be with the People's Republic of China, and the most pressing questions about the future concern Taiwan's relations with the PRC. If the first theme of Taiwan's political history is democratization, the second is the persistence of political tensions with China. As for capital punishment in particular, the most salient comparative frame for Taiwan continues to be the PRC, although the United States has been important, too.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter begins by providing a context for Chinese capital punishment through descriptions of the scale of criminal justice in the PRC and of the political organization of its criminal justice ...
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This chapter begins by providing a context for Chinese capital punishment through descriptions of the scale of criminal justice in the PRC and of the political organization of its criminal justice system. The second section estimates execution incidence in the post-Mao reform period, 1976 to the present. The third section contrasts two explanations for the high rates of execution in recent years: Chinese history as an influence on contemporary penal culture, and the political legacy of the past half century. The chapter argues that the proximate causes of China's death penalty exceptionalism are more rooted in the nation's recent history—and in the PRC's founding fathers, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Deng Xiaoping. The fourth section of this case study analyzes the 2007 reinstitution of death sentence review by the Supreme People's Court. The fifth section describes the likely impact of the 2007 reform, the administrative character and costs of the PRC's death penalty system, and the types of reform proposals that may emerge from China's renewed experience with Supreme People's Court review. The sixth and final section of this chapter focuses on the long-term future of capital punishment in China.Less
This chapter begins by providing a context for Chinese capital punishment through descriptions of the scale of criminal justice in the PRC and of the political organization of its criminal justice system. The second section estimates execution incidence in the post-Mao reform period, 1976 to the present. The third section contrasts two explanations for the high rates of execution in recent years: Chinese history as an influence on contemporary penal culture, and the political legacy of the past half century. The chapter argues that the proximate causes of China's death penalty exceptionalism are more rooted in the nation's recent history—and in the PRC's founding fathers, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Deng Xiaoping. The fourth section of this case study analyzes the 2007 reinstitution of death sentence review by the Supreme People's Court. The fifth section describes the likely impact of the 2007 reform, the administrative character and costs of the PRC's death penalty system, and the types of reform proposals that may emerge from China's renewed experience with Supreme People's Court review. The sixth and final section of this chapter focuses on the long-term future of capital punishment in China.
David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337402
- eISBN:
- 9780199868674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337402.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
On current evidence, the abolition of capital punishment in Asia is not a question of “if” but of “when,” and the critical issues concern the pace and processes of change rather than the direction ...
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On current evidence, the abolition of capital punishment in Asia is not a question of “if” but of “when,” and the critical issues concern the pace and processes of change rather than the direction changes will take or their eventual end point. That said, a large margin of error accompanies efforts to guess the rate at which Asian capital punishment will change. Should we think in terms of a few years, a few decades, or a few centuries? What are the leading indicators of the cessation of executions? And what contingencies could slow the process? These are the central concerns of this concluding chapter.Less
On current evidence, the abolition of capital punishment in Asia is not a question of “if” but of “when,” and the critical issues concern the pace and processes of change rather than the direction changes will take or their eventual end point. That said, a large margin of error accompanies efforts to guess the rate at which Asian capital punishment will change. Should we think in terms of a few years, a few decades, or a few centuries? What are the leading indicators of the cessation of executions? And what contingencies could slow the process? These are the central concerns of this concluding chapter.
Jonathan Y. Okamura
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042607
- eISBN:
- 9780252051449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This book analyzes the larger racial significance of the quick conviction and death sentence given to a likely insane Japanese American, Myles Fukunaga, for murdering a White boy, Gill Jamieson, in ...
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This book analyzes the larger racial significance of the quick conviction and death sentence given to a likely insane Japanese American, Myles Fukunaga, for murdering a White boy, Gill Jamieson, in 1928. The Fukunaga case demonstrates how race operated in Hawai‘i to enforce the hierarchical relations between Whites and non-Whites. In arguing that Fukunaga was raced to death, two different meanings of race are employed. First, he was hanged because he was of the “Japanese race” and committed his crime during the 1920s, when Japanese Americans were perceived as the most politically and economically threatening group to continued White supremacy in Hawai‘i. Second, Fukunaga was raced or rushed to his death sentence less than three weeks after his crime because Whites wanted immediate revenge. The book argues that the Fukunaga case was a major component in a trajectory of racial injustice against non-Whites, including Japanese and Filipino labor leaders who, after organizing multiplantation strikes in 1920 and 1924, were imprisoned based on likely perjured testimony. Fukunaga’s hanging is also connected to the lynching in 1932 of Joe Kahahawai, a Native Hawaiian, who was falsely accused of raping a White woman and was also raced to death. The book also discusses how incipient forms of colorblindness and multiculturalism were strategically deployed by Whites to deny the significance of race in the accelerated conviction of Fukunaga.Less
This book analyzes the larger racial significance of the quick conviction and death sentence given to a likely insane Japanese American, Myles Fukunaga, for murdering a White boy, Gill Jamieson, in 1928. The Fukunaga case demonstrates how race operated in Hawai‘i to enforce the hierarchical relations between Whites and non-Whites. In arguing that Fukunaga was raced to death, two different meanings of race are employed. First, he was hanged because he was of the “Japanese race” and committed his crime during the 1920s, when Japanese Americans were perceived as the most politically and economically threatening group to continued White supremacy in Hawai‘i. Second, Fukunaga was raced or rushed to his death sentence less than three weeks after his crime because Whites wanted immediate revenge. The book argues that the Fukunaga case was a major component in a trajectory of racial injustice against non-Whites, including Japanese and Filipino labor leaders who, after organizing multiplantation strikes in 1920 and 1924, were imprisoned based on likely perjured testimony. Fukunaga’s hanging is also connected to the lynching in 1932 of Joe Kahahawai, a Native Hawaiian, who was falsely accused of raping a White woman and was also raced to death. The book also discusses how incipient forms of colorblindness and multiculturalism were strategically deployed by Whites to deny the significance of race in the accelerated conviction of Fukunaga.
Colin S. Gray
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579662
- eISBN:
- 9780191594458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579662.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Because strategy is complex, the general theorist treads a perilous path between unduly detailed complication, and overmuch reduction for the sake of simplicity. Clarity is of no value if it ...
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Because strategy is complex, the general theorist treads a perilous path between unduly detailed complication, and overmuch reduction for the sake of simplicity. Clarity is of no value if it misleads. The general theory of strategy has to accommodate and employ the ideas presented here as dicta clustered to explain the making of strategy, the execution of strategy, and strategy's consequences. Strategy is made by a process, it is value charged because of its pervasive human dimension, those values are somewhat specific to culture(s) and personally(ies), and it is made by people licensed explicitly or informally as strategists. To execute strategy, a plethora of difficulties must be overcome, and hard choices need to be made concerning the type (or types) of strategy to be followed. Also, geography, technology time, logistics, and the development of suitable military doctrine, all present significant challenges to the quality of strategic performance. And, then there is the product of strategy to understand, which is effect—tactical, operational, then strategic. It is vital to recognize some distinctions between admittedly intimately connected ideas: strategy and war, strategy and strategies as plans, strategy and doctrine, general theory and specific general theory (e.g. the specific general theory of air power), politics and policy, strategy‐making and strategy execution, war and warfare, and context and contingency.Less
Because strategy is complex, the general theorist treads a perilous path between unduly detailed complication, and overmuch reduction for the sake of simplicity. Clarity is of no value if it misleads. The general theory of strategy has to accommodate and employ the ideas presented here as dicta clustered to explain the making of strategy, the execution of strategy, and strategy's consequences. Strategy is made by a process, it is value charged because of its pervasive human dimension, those values are somewhat specific to culture(s) and personally(ies), and it is made by people licensed explicitly or informally as strategists. To execute strategy, a plethora of difficulties must be overcome, and hard choices need to be made concerning the type (or types) of strategy to be followed. Also, geography, technology time, logistics, and the development of suitable military doctrine, all present significant challenges to the quality of strategic performance. And, then there is the product of strategy to understand, which is effect—tactical, operational, then strategic. It is vital to recognize some distinctions between admittedly intimately connected ideas: strategy and war, strategy and strategies as plans, strategy and doctrine, general theory and specific general theory (e.g. the specific general theory of air power), politics and policy, strategy‐making and strategy execution, war and warfare, and context and contingency.
Peter Hinds
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264430
- eISBN:
- 9780191733994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264430.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This chapter discusses Edward Coleman, who was the first man to be tried and executed based on the testimony of Oates, as well as a set of events and debates that were related to him. It considers ...
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This chapter discusses Edward Coleman, who was the first man to be tried and executed based on the testimony of Oates, as well as a set of events and debates that were related to him. It considers his controversial correspondence with the members of the French Court during the early to mid-1670s, as well as the parliamentary debate over whether his letters should be printed or not. Coleman's trial, execution, and the discourse surrounding his death are also examined.Less
This chapter discusses Edward Coleman, who was the first man to be tried and executed based on the testimony of Oates, as well as a set of events and debates that were related to him. It considers his controversial correspondence with the members of the French Court during the early to mid-1670s, as well as the parliamentary debate over whether his letters should be printed or not. Coleman's trial, execution, and the discourse surrounding his death are also examined.
Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199290451
- eISBN:
- 9780191710490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290451.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Even after the end of the civil wars, the duelling craze continued in France. The propensity to feud and duel ran in families. By quantifying violence involving the nobles, this chapter looks at the ...
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Even after the end of the civil wars, the duelling craze continued in France. The propensity to feud and duel ran in families. By quantifying violence involving the nobles, this chapter looks at the impact of civil war and the success or otherwise of royal pacification. Under Henri IV, deaths from duelling were estimated to be between 6,000 and 10,000, or approximately 350 per year. This chapter also presents a survey of the deaths of 772 gentlemen in duels and other forms of vindicatory action in the period 1550 to 1659 derived from all the sources, documentary and literary. Statistics on executions and punishment are also analysed. The very high death rates among gentlemen is not surprising; more surprising is that violence continued to remain high throughout the first half of the 17th century. An unshakeable belief in the right to violence lay at the heart of noble egotism.Less
Even after the end of the civil wars, the duelling craze continued in France. The propensity to feud and duel ran in families. By quantifying violence involving the nobles, this chapter looks at the impact of civil war and the success or otherwise of royal pacification. Under Henri IV, deaths from duelling were estimated to be between 6,000 and 10,000, or approximately 350 per year. This chapter also presents a survey of the deaths of 772 gentlemen in duels and other forms of vindicatory action in the period 1550 to 1659 derived from all the sources, documentary and literary. Statistics on executions and punishment are also analysed. The very high death rates among gentlemen is not surprising; more surprising is that violence continued to remain high throughout the first half of the 17th century. An unshakeable belief in the right to violence lay at the heart of noble egotism.
Cecilia A. Hatt (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270119
- eISBN:
- 9780191600609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198270119.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This chapter provides a short overview of the main events in Fisher's life, notably his association with Henry VII's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, which led to the development of various ...
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This chapter provides a short overview of the main events in Fisher's life, notably his association with Henry VII's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, which led to the development of various foundations within Cambridge University, including St John's College. As a theologian as well as bishop of Rochester, John Fisher engaged in anti‐Lutheran controversy in Latin and English. His opposition to Henry VIII's divorce made him unpopular at court and he was implicated in the Nun of Kent affair. He refused to swear to the Act of Supremacy and his trial and execution for treason followed in June 1535.Less
This chapter provides a short overview of the main events in Fisher's life, notably his association with Henry VII's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, which led to the development of various foundations within Cambridge University, including St John's College. As a theologian as well as bishop of Rochester, John Fisher engaged in anti‐Lutheran controversy in Latin and English. His opposition to Henry VIII's divorce made him unpopular at court and he was implicated in the Nun of Kent affair. He refused to swear to the Act of Supremacy and his trial and execution for treason followed in June 1535.
Ida Östenberg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199215973
- eISBN:
- 9780191706851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215973.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on human captives, who formed a key element in the Roman triumphal procession. Central among all displays was the enemy leader, who was staged in close visual interplay with the ...
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This chapter focuses on human captives, who formed a key element in the Roman triumphal procession. Central among all displays was the enemy leader, who was staged in close visual interplay with the Roman triumphator. Kings were the most treasured, as were royal relatives, especially children and wives. The chapter also discusses aspects of ethnicity, gender, and the display of marked outsiders — Amazons and pirates. Finally, the post-processional fate of the captives is analysed, and it is argued that their execution was far from compulsory. The chapter also shows that hostages were paraded as exclusive, prominent, and royal subjects. In addition, animals and trees are discussed: both categories that were treated much like human captives.Less
This chapter focuses on human captives, who formed a key element in the Roman triumphal procession. Central among all displays was the enemy leader, who was staged in close visual interplay with the Roman triumphator. Kings were the most treasured, as were royal relatives, especially children and wives. The chapter also discusses aspects of ethnicity, gender, and the display of marked outsiders — Amazons and pirates. Finally, the post-processional fate of the captives is analysed, and it is argued that their execution was far from compulsory. The chapter also shows that hostages were paraded as exclusive, prominent, and royal subjects. In addition, animals and trees are discussed: both categories that were treated much like human captives.
Jennifer Beineke and Lowell Beineke
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164038
- eISBN:
- 9781400881338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164038.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter explores some objects in which graphs have a role, some explicit, some not obvious. These graphical objects are presented as mathematical exhibits at a museum. The chapter starts with ...
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This chapter explores some objects in which graphs have a role, some explicit, some not obvious. These graphical objects are presented as mathematical exhibits at a museum. The chapter starts with the Amazing Asteroid, following this with a theorem (Bernstein's Bijection), a couple of games (Chromatic Combat and Devious Dice), an episode of Eluding Execution, a coin-tossing game (Flipping Fun), and an African adventure game (Get the Giraffe). Versions of these explorations have all been successfully used with students at various levels—whether in the classroom, for Math Club, or for independent investigation—but they can be appreciated by wider audiences too. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how one of the topics in particular is contributing to successful research experiences for undergraduates.Less
This chapter explores some objects in which graphs have a role, some explicit, some not obvious. These graphical objects are presented as mathematical exhibits at a museum. The chapter starts with the Amazing Asteroid, following this with a theorem (Bernstein's Bijection), a couple of games (Chromatic Combat and Devious Dice), an episode of Eluding Execution, a coin-tossing game (Flipping Fun), and an African adventure game (Get the Giraffe). Versions of these explorations have all been successfully used with students at various levels—whether in the classroom, for Math Club, or for independent investigation—but they can be appreciated by wider audiences too. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how one of the topics in particular is contributing to successful research experiences for undergraduates.
Siân Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560424
- eISBN:
- 9780191741814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560424.003.0029
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
The forced proscription of the Girondin deputies, 2 June, drastically changes the situation. With provincial risings against the Convention, virtual civil war breaks out. Roland remains in hiding, ...
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The forced proscription of the Girondin deputies, 2 June, drastically changes the situation. With provincial risings against the Convention, virtual civil war breaks out. Roland remains in hiding, Mme Roland in prison, and their doomed fortunes over the summer are described. The couple's sympathies are officially assumed for the Lyon and Normandy uprisings. Mme Roland's prison letters and memoirs are discussed, as is the role of the couple's allies and visitors. Mme Roland's incarceration at Saint Pélagie, after a false liberation, is described, as is her emotional estrangement from her husband, while defending his record. Summoned as a witness to the Girondins’ trial, she is not called, learns in prison of their execution on 31 October, and is taken to the Conciergerie herself the same day.Less
The forced proscription of the Girondin deputies, 2 June, drastically changes the situation. With provincial risings against the Convention, virtual civil war breaks out. Roland remains in hiding, Mme Roland in prison, and their doomed fortunes over the summer are described. The couple's sympathies are officially assumed for the Lyon and Normandy uprisings. Mme Roland's prison letters and memoirs are discussed, as is the role of the couple's allies and visitors. Mme Roland's incarceration at Saint Pélagie, after a false liberation, is described, as is her emotional estrangement from her husband, while defending his record. Summoned as a witness to the Girondins’ trial, she is not called, learns in prison of their execution on 31 October, and is taken to the Conciergerie herself the same day.
Paul Friedland
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592692
- eISBN:
- 9780191741852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592692.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, European Early Modern History
With the end of the Terror, government officials and many townspeople expressed abhorrence of the spectacle of execution, and guillotines throughout France were gradually moved from city centers to ...
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With the end of the Terror, government officials and many townspeople expressed abhorrence of the spectacle of execution, and guillotines throughout France were gradually moved from city centers to more remote locations. Although the law insisted that executions be public, and although many still clung to the idea that public punishment served the purposes of exemplary deterrence, contemporary sensibilities frowned on those who actually showed up to watch. Consequently, officials did everything in their power to dissuade the public from attending executions, and to limit the visibility of those who did. Executions were performed at twilight and with little warning; elevated scaffolds were banned. Although the number of executioners in France was reduced to a single practitioner, he continued to perform the vestiges of the penal spectacle until the curtain finally came down in 1939, after which all executions would be performed behind closed doors.Less
With the end of the Terror, government officials and many townspeople expressed abhorrence of the spectacle of execution, and guillotines throughout France were gradually moved from city centers to more remote locations. Although the law insisted that executions be public, and although many still clung to the idea that public punishment served the purposes of exemplary deterrence, contemporary sensibilities frowned on those who actually showed up to watch. Consequently, officials did everything in their power to dissuade the public from attending executions, and to limit the visibility of those who did. Executions were performed at twilight and with little warning; elevated scaffolds were banned. Although the number of executioners in France was reduced to a single practitioner, he continued to perform the vestiges of the penal spectacle until the curtain finally came down in 1939, after which all executions would be performed behind closed doors.
Beth A. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195179194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195179196.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter focuses on the people who enact an execution according to rabbinic law, beginning with those found in the Bible: the blood-avenger, the community, and the witnesses to the crime. It ...
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This chapter focuses on the people who enact an execution according to rabbinic law, beginning with those found in the Bible: the blood-avenger, the community, and the witnesses to the crime. It argues that the blood-avenger serves as a focal point for tensions between the individual and the rabbinic authorities. In addressing the role of the community and witnesses, it shows that the Rabbis withdraw the agency of execution from the community and deliver it into the hands of the crime’s witnesses. This transfer of power can be interpreted as a strategy for controlling the power of execution, while at the same time maintaining some distance from the execution itself.Less
This chapter focuses on the people who enact an execution according to rabbinic law, beginning with those found in the Bible: the blood-avenger, the community, and the witnesses to the crime. It argues that the blood-avenger serves as a focal point for tensions between the individual and the rabbinic authorities. In addressing the role of the community and witnesses, it shows that the Rabbis withdraw the agency of execution from the community and deliver it into the hands of the crime’s witnesses. This transfer of power can be interpreted as a strategy for controlling the power of execution, while at the same time maintaining some distance from the execution itself.
