Denis Mareschal, Paul C. Quinn, and Stephen E.G. Lea (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199549221
- eISBN:
- 9780191724152
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549221.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Human adults appear different from other animals in their ability to form abstract mental representations that go beyond perceptual similarity. In short, they can conceptualize the world. When and ...
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Human adults appear different from other animals in their ability to form abstract mental representations that go beyond perceptual similarity. In short, they can conceptualize the world. When and how does this abstract system come into being? To answer this question we need to explore the origins of adult concepts. When does the developing child acquire the ability to use abstract concepts? Does the transition occur around 2 years, with the onset of symbolic representation and language, or is it independent of the emergence of language? When in evolutionary history did an abstract representational system emerge? How would a computational system operating on the basis of perceptual associations develop into a system operating on the basis of abstract relations? Is this ability present in other species, but masked by their inability to verbalise abstractions? This book tackles the age-old puzzle of what might be unique about human concepts. Intuitively, we have a sense that our thoughts are somehow different from those of animals and young children such as infants. If true, this raises the question of where and how this uniqueness arises. What are the factors that have played out during the life course of the individual and over the evolution of humans that have contributed to the emergence of this apparently unique ability? This volume brings together a collection of world specialists who have grappled with these questions from different perspectives to try to resolve the issue. It includes contributions from leading psychologists, neuroscientists, child and infant specialists, and animal cognition specialists. Taken together, this story leads to the idea that there is no unique ingredient in the emergence of human concepts, but rather a powerful and potentially unique mix of biological abilities and personal and social history that has led to where the human mind now stands.Less
Human adults appear different from other animals in their ability to form abstract mental representations that go beyond perceptual similarity. In short, they can conceptualize the world. When and how does this abstract system come into being? To answer this question we need to explore the origins of adult concepts. When does the developing child acquire the ability to use abstract concepts? Does the transition occur around 2 years, with the onset of symbolic representation and language, or is it independent of the emergence of language? When in evolutionary history did an abstract representational system emerge? How would a computational system operating on the basis of perceptual associations develop into a system operating on the basis of abstract relations? Is this ability present in other species, but masked by their inability to verbalise abstractions? This book tackles the age-old puzzle of what might be unique about human concepts. Intuitively, we have a sense that our thoughts are somehow different from those of animals and young children such as infants. If true, this raises the question of where and how this uniqueness arises. What are the factors that have played out during the life course of the individual and over the evolution of humans that have contributed to the emergence of this apparently unique ability? This volume brings together a collection of world specialists who have grappled with these questions from different perspectives to try to resolve the issue. It includes contributions from leading psychologists, neuroscientists, child and infant specialists, and animal cognition specialists. Taken together, this story leads to the idea that there is no unique ingredient in the emergence of human concepts, but rather a powerful and potentially unique mix of biological abilities and personal and social history that has led to where the human mind now stands.
John Alcock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182743
- eISBN:
- 9780199790005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182743.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter examines the way in which evolutionary biologists accomplish the goal of uncovering evolutionary history through the comparative method. This method is contrasted with that of the ...
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This chapter examines the way in which evolutionary biologists accomplish the goal of uncovering evolutionary history through the comparative method. This method is contrasted with that of the creationists, who claim that supernatural intervention was required to produce the complexly adaptive attributes of orchids and other organisms. Darwin’s views on this matter are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the way in which evolutionary biologists accomplish the goal of uncovering evolutionary history through the comparative method. This method is contrasted with that of the creationists, who claim that supernatural intervention was required to produce the complexly adaptive attributes of orchids and other organisms. Darwin’s views on this matter are discussed.
Beverley J. Glover
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565970
- eISBN:
- 9780191714009
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565970.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Flower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of ...
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Flower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of these ABC genes encode MADS box transcription factors, a very ancient family of DNA binding proteins. By tracing the evolutionary history of this gene family, the molecular processes which lie behind the evolution of flowers can be investigated. Since flowers are one of the key distinguishing features of the angiosperms, and have been argued to be responsible for their astonishing radiation into the most species rich plant division by far, the evolution of the MADS box family is of particular interest in reconstructing plant evolutionary history.Less
Flower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of these ABC genes encode MADS box transcription factors, a very ancient family of DNA binding proteins. By tracing the evolutionary history of this gene family, the molecular processes which lie behind the evolution of flowers can be investigated. Since flowers are one of the key distinguishing features of the angiosperms, and have been argued to be responsible for their astonishing radiation into the most species rich plant division by far, the evolution of the MADS box family is of particular interest in reconstructing plant evolutionary history.
Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter discusses the evolution of the laboratory rat from the origins of rodents in general to the speciation of the genus Rattus. It provides a summary of the evolutionary events leading to R. ...
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This chapter discusses the evolution of the laboratory rat from the origins of rodents in general to the speciation of the genus Rattus. It provides a summary of the evolutionary events leading to R. norvegicus. Because palaeontology, taxonomy, and phylogenetics are intimately related to one another, the chapter is organized in terms of the taxonomy of R. norvegicus. Evolutionary relationships and palaeontological history are discussed with reference to other groups of the same taxonomic rank. For example, the order Rodentia is placed in the context of other mammalian orders. Summarizing the evolutionary history of R. norvegicus provides a basic understanding of how the species has evolved that may be instructive in interpreting the results of behavioral experimentation and/or comparative analyses.Less
This chapter discusses the evolution of the laboratory rat from the origins of rodents in general to the speciation of the genus Rattus. It provides a summary of the evolutionary events leading to R. norvegicus. Because palaeontology, taxonomy, and phylogenetics are intimately related to one another, the chapter is organized in terms of the taxonomy of R. norvegicus. Evolutionary relationships and palaeontological history are discussed with reference to other groups of the same taxonomic rank. For example, the order Rodentia is placed in the context of other mammalian orders. Summarizing the evolutionary history of R. norvegicus provides a basic understanding of how the species has evolved that may be instructive in interpreting the results of behavioral experimentation and/or comparative analyses.
R. I. M. DUNBAR
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264355
- eISBN:
- 9780191734052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264355.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture presents the text of the speech about humans and apes delivered by the author at the 2007 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Annual Lecture held at the British Academy. ...
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This lecture presents the text of the speech about humans and apes delivered by the author at the 2007 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Annual Lecture held at the British Academy. It comments on the claim that an evolutionary perspective is not a competing paradigm for conventional explanations in the social sciences, and explains the why humans are so different from other apes and monkeys, despite the fact that we share so much of our evolutionary history with them.Less
This lecture presents the text of the speech about humans and apes delivered by the author at the 2007 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Annual Lecture held at the British Academy. It comments on the claim that an evolutionary perspective is not a competing paradigm for conventional explanations in the social sciences, and explains the why humans are so different from other apes and monkeys, despite the fact that we share so much of our evolutionary history with them.
Philip S. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544639
- eISBN:
- 9780191720192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544639.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial ...
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As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, however, in identifying the major clades of ants and in clarifying their evolutionary history. We now have a higher classification of ants in which most of the subfamilies and tribes appear to be monophyletic and well diagnosed, with a few notable exceptions. Uncertainty persists regarding the phylogenetic relationships among old lineages at the base of the ant tree and concerning the time frame of ant evolution. The species‐level taxonomy of ants has advanced more fitfully, and ant ecologists have an extensive but far‐from‐complete set of resources for identifying ant species. Ongoing and sustained effort is needed in the area of species discovery and delimitation, and in the delivery of this information to potential users.Less
As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, however, in identifying the major clades of ants and in clarifying their evolutionary history. We now have a higher classification of ants in which most of the subfamilies and tribes appear to be monophyletic and well diagnosed, with a few notable exceptions. Uncertainty persists regarding the phylogenetic relationships among old lineages at the base of the ant tree and concerning the time frame of ant evolution. The species‐level taxonomy of ants has advanced more fitfully, and ant ecologists have an extensive but far‐from‐complete set of resources for identifying ant species. Ongoing and sustained effort is needed in the area of species discovery and delimitation, and in the delivery of this information to potential users.
Donald Eugene Canfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145020
- eISBN:
- 9781400849888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter discusses the evolution of oxygen-producing organisms by considering the evolution and assembly of its basic constituent parts. It focuses on the following key questions: (1) What is the ...
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This chapter discusses the evolution of oxygen-producing organisms by considering the evolution and assembly of its basic constituent parts. It focuses on the following key questions: (1) What is the evolutionary history of chlorophyll? (2) What are the evolutionary histories of photosystem I and photosystem II (PSII)? (3) What is the origin of the oxygen-evolving complex in PSII? And finally, (4) what is the evolutionary history of Rubisco? In addressing these, the chapter seeks to understand the complex path leading to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis on Earth. This event was one of the major transforming events in the history of life. With no oxygenic photosynthesis, there would be no oxygen in the atmosphere; there would also be no plants, no animals, and nobody to tell this story.Less
This chapter discusses the evolution of oxygen-producing organisms by considering the evolution and assembly of its basic constituent parts. It focuses on the following key questions: (1) What is the evolutionary history of chlorophyll? (2) What are the evolutionary histories of photosystem I and photosystem II (PSII)? (3) What is the origin of the oxygen-evolving complex in PSII? And finally, (4) what is the evolutionary history of Rubisco? In addressing these, the chapter seeks to understand the complex path leading to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis on Earth. This event was one of the major transforming events in the history of life. With no oxygenic photosynthesis, there would be no oxygen in the atmosphere; there would also be no plants, no animals, and nobody to tell this story.
Henry Plotkin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544950
- eISBN:
- 9780191594366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544950.003.003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology
The extraordinary power of explanation of evolutionary theory is considered; so too is the rise of genetics and the near death of Darwinism; then the revival of Darwinian theory in the form of the ...
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The extraordinary power of explanation of evolutionary theory is considered; so too is the rise of genetics and the near death of Darwinism; then the revival of Darwinian theory in the form of the "synthesis" is considered, as are post-synthesis advances, especially the rise in the understanding that individual development needs to be included in any theory of evolution, as well as so-called selfish gene theory; selection theory is examined in greater detail, especially through the work of Darden and Cain and Lewontin; finally the extension of selection theory to how science works is considered as well as to brain development.Less
The extraordinary power of explanation of evolutionary theory is considered; so too is the rise of genetics and the near death of Darwinism; then the revival of Darwinian theory in the form of the "synthesis" is considered, as are post-synthesis advances, especially the rise in the understanding that individual development needs to be included in any theory of evolution, as well as so-called selfish gene theory; selection theory is examined in greater detail, especially through the work of Darden and Cain and Lewontin; finally the extension of selection theory to how science works is considered as well as to brain development.
James Patton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098664
- eISBN:
- 9780520942592
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098664.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum ...
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This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum specimens coupled with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellite loci. The work also traces the spatial and temporal diversification of this group of desert-dwelling rodents, revising species boundaries and delineating subspecies considered valid.Less
This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum specimens coupled with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellite loci. The work also traces the spatial and temporal diversification of this group of desert-dwelling rodents, revising species boundaries and delineating subspecies considered valid.
Winston Ponder (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520250925
- eISBN:
- 9780520933705
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520250925.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This book brings together thirty-six experts on the evolution of the Mollusca to provide an up-to-date review of its evolutionary history. The Mollusca are the second largest animal phylum and boast ...
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This book brings together thirty-six experts on the evolution of the Mollusca to provide an up-to-date review of its evolutionary history. The Mollusca are the second largest animal phylum and boast a fossil record of over 540 million years. They exhibit remarkable anatomical diversity and include the bivalves (scallops, oysters, and clams), gastropods (limpets, snails, and slugs), and cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopus). This study treats each major taxon and supplies general information as well as overviews of evolution and phylogeny using data from different sources—morphological, ultrastructural, molecular, developmental, and from the fossil record.Less
This book brings together thirty-six experts on the evolution of the Mollusca to provide an up-to-date review of its evolutionary history. The Mollusca are the second largest animal phylum and boast a fossil record of over 540 million years. They exhibit remarkable anatomical diversity and include the bivalves (scallops, oysters, and clams), gastropods (limpets, snails, and slugs), and cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopus). This study treats each major taxon and supplies general information as well as overviews of evolution and phylogeny using data from different sources—morphological, ultrastructural, molecular, developmental, and from the fossil record.
Herman Philipse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697533
- eISBN:
- 9780191738470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697533.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Six C-inductive arguments for and against the existence of God are critically discussed in this chapter: the Argument from Consciousness, the Argument from Moral Truth, the Argument from Moral ...
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Six C-inductive arguments for and against the existence of God are critically discussed in this chapter: the Argument from Consciousness, the Argument from Moral Truth, the Argument from Moral Awareness, the Argument from Providence, the Argument from Evil, and the Argument from Hiddenness. The first four are either not correct C-inductive arguments for the existence of God because the relevance condition is not satisfied, or not good C-inductive arguments for the existence of God because the evidence has not been established. However, both the many prima facie pointless evils in the world, and the fact of God’s hiddenness, provide strong C-inductive arguments against God’s existence, in spite of the various defences put forward by Richard Swinburne.Less
Six C-inductive arguments for and against the existence of God are critically discussed in this chapter: the Argument from Consciousness, the Argument from Moral Truth, the Argument from Moral Awareness, the Argument from Providence, the Argument from Evil, and the Argument from Hiddenness. The first four are either not correct C-inductive arguments for the existence of God because the relevance condition is not satisfied, or not good C-inductive arguments for the existence of God because the evidence has not been established. However, both the many prima facie pointless evils in the world, and the fact of God’s hiddenness, provide strong C-inductive arguments against God’s existence, in spite of the various defences put forward by Richard Swinburne.
Jessie J. Peissig and Tamara Goode
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews studies of rotation, both planar and rotation in depth, in animals. Although the current research has yielded many interesting findings, a complete picture of how animals, both ...
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This chapter reviews studies of rotation, both planar and rotation in depth, in animals. Although the current research has yielded many interesting findings, a complete picture of how animals, both human and nonhuman, recognize rotated objects is not yet clear. In particular, what is lacking is a concise theoretical account that considers both the differences and similarities in the recognition abilities of different organisms. One interesting direction for this research is to take into consideration the unique evolutionary histories of the organisms under study, while continuing to collect new data.Less
This chapter reviews studies of rotation, both planar and rotation in depth, in animals. Although the current research has yielded many interesting findings, a complete picture of how animals, both human and nonhuman, recognize rotated objects is not yet clear. In particular, what is lacking is a concise theoretical account that considers both the differences and similarities in the recognition abilities of different organisms. One interesting direction for this research is to take into consideration the unique evolutionary histories of the organisms under study, while continuing to collect new data.
Michel Laurin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520266476
- eISBN:
- 9780520947986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520266476.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter attempts to reconstruct evolutionary history. Inferring phylogenetic relationships between taxa and character evolution requires relatively sophisticated methods. The chapter describes ...
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This chapter attempts to reconstruct evolutionary history. Inferring phylogenetic relationships between taxa and character evolution requires relatively sophisticated methods. The chapter describes several techniques and concepts widely used in modern evolutionary biology, first discussing the principles of nomenclature and then looking at modern phylogenetics and the use of cladistics to infer character history and phylogeny. Cladistics can be used to infer character history based on parsimony, a principle that requires as few character transformations as possible. The chapter also discusses the construction of evolutionary trees, paleontological dating of taxa, and molecular dating.Less
This chapter attempts to reconstruct evolutionary history. Inferring phylogenetic relationships between taxa and character evolution requires relatively sophisticated methods. The chapter describes several techniques and concepts widely used in modern evolutionary biology, first discussing the principles of nomenclature and then looking at modern phylogenetics and the use of cladistics to infer character history and phylogeny. Cladistics can be used to infer character history based on parsimony, a principle that requires as few character transformations as possible. The chapter also discusses the construction of evolutionary trees, paleontological dating of taxa, and molecular dating.
Wade C. Sherbrooke
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228252
- eISBN:
- 9780520926752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228252.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter focuses on the characteristics, evolutionary history, and historical distribution of horned lizards. It discusses adaptive radiation, an evolutionary process that enabled horned lizards ...
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This chapter focuses on the characteristics, evolutionary history, and historical distribution of horned lizards. It discusses adaptive radiation, an evolutionary process that enabled horned lizards to diversify into a number of closely related species of similar form. It is believed that the ancestral group of horned lizards separated into what later became a southern group of species (southern radiation) and a northern group of species (northern radiation).Less
This chapter focuses on the characteristics, evolutionary history, and historical distribution of horned lizards. It discusses adaptive radiation, an evolutionary process that enabled horned lizards to diversify into a number of closely related species of similar form. It is believed that the ancestral group of horned lizards separated into what later became a southern group of species (southern radiation) and a northern group of species (northern radiation).
Eric R. Pianka and Laurie J. Vitt
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234017
- eISBN:
- 9780520939912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234017.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter focuses on the evolutionary history of lizards. It first examines aspects of the fossil record and then reviews the morphological, behavioral, physiological, and ecological aspects of ...
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This chapter focuses on the evolutionary history of lizards. It first examines aspects of the fossil record and then reviews the morphological, behavioral, physiological, and ecological aspects of lizards within the context of their evolutionary history. The chapter also examines the evolution of major lizard clades and appraise diversification within each. Finally, the chapter speculates on global scenarios and suggests a working hypothesis for the evolution of diversity within lizards.Less
This chapter focuses on the evolutionary history of lizards. It first examines aspects of the fossil record and then reviews the morphological, behavioral, physiological, and ecological aspects of lizards within the context of their evolutionary history. The chapter also examines the evolution of major lizard clades and appraise diversification within each. Finally, the chapter speculates on global scenarios and suggests a working hypothesis for the evolution of diversity within lizards.
Jonathan B. Losos
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520255913
- eISBN:
- 9780520943735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520255913.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses the role of evolutionary biology as a historical science, and attempts to understand how and why evolutionary diversification has occurred. It is important to know what ...
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This chapter discusses the role of evolutionary biology as a historical science, and attempts to understand how and why evolutionary diversification has occurred. It is important to know what processes occurred in the past and how these they shaped the diversity we see today. Depending on the quality of the historical record, we can infer, with a greater or lesser degree of confidence, what happened. Historical analysis (either examination of fossils or phylogenetic inference) can investigate the evolutionary history of a group, or whether evolutionary diversification has occurred.Less
This chapter discusses the role of evolutionary biology as a historical science, and attempts to understand how and why evolutionary diversification has occurred. It is important to know what processes occurred in the past and how these they shaped the diversity we see today. Depending on the quality of the historical record, we can infer, with a greater or lesser degree of confidence, what happened. Historical analysis (either examination of fossils or phylogenetic inference) can investigate the evolutionary history of a group, or whether evolutionary diversification has occurred.
Marc W. Cadotte and T. Jonathan Davies
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691157689
- eISBN:
- 9781400881192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157689.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explains how phylogenetic information can be used to make better conservation decisions. Evidence shows that human-caused climate change is likely to be the dominant cause of extinction ...
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This chapter explains how phylogenetic information can be used to make better conservation decisions. Evidence shows that human-caused climate change is likely to be the dominant cause of extinction in the near future. Phylogeny can provide a powerful tool for aiding decision making in species conservation. The chapter first considers the importance of preserving evolutionary history by focusing on the tree of life, the phylogenetic tree connecting all living organisms that provides a powerful metaphor for conservation biology. It then examines phylogenetically based metrics for quantifying evolutionary history, including phylogenetic diversity for evaluating sites and evolutionary distinctiveness for comparing species. It also discusses the integration of evolutionary history with extinction probabilities for conservation prioritization using relative extinction risk to weight evolutionary distinctiveness, or EDGE (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered). Finally, it describes how to prioritize biodiversity hotspots of evolutionary distinctiveness and how to apply metrics to conservation prioritization.Less
This chapter explains how phylogenetic information can be used to make better conservation decisions. Evidence shows that human-caused climate change is likely to be the dominant cause of extinction in the near future. Phylogeny can provide a powerful tool for aiding decision making in species conservation. The chapter first considers the importance of preserving evolutionary history by focusing on the tree of life, the phylogenetic tree connecting all living organisms that provides a powerful metaphor for conservation biology. It then examines phylogenetically based metrics for quantifying evolutionary history, including phylogenetic diversity for evaluating sites and evolutionary distinctiveness for comparing species. It also discusses the integration of evolutionary history with extinction probabilities for conservation prioritization using relative extinction risk to weight evolutionary distinctiveness, or EDGE (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered). Finally, it describes how to prioritize biodiversity hotspots of evolutionary distinctiveness and how to apply metrics to conservation prioritization.
Douglas T. Kenrick and Luis Gomez-Jacinto
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199336715
- eISBN:
- 9780190255794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199336715.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Cultural variations in social norms have sometimes been taken as evidence against evolved universal predispositions. This chapter discusses several cultural variations—including male competitiveness, ...
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Cultural variations in social norms have sometimes been taken as evidence against evolved universal predispositions. This chapter discusses several cultural variations—including male competitiveness, ages of marriage partners preferred by men and women, prevalence of bride price versus dowry, and polygyny versus polyandry. The chapter reviews these cultural variations in light of relevant principles from evolutionary life history theory. An evolutionary life history model considers behavioral variation through the lens of evolutionary economics—asking how any given pattern of behavior might be a manifestation of universal tradeoffs that all organisms must make as they attempt to optimally allocate their inherently limited resources. Discussion considers how cultural norms can emerge dynamically from interactions between individuals making selfish choices based on underlying evolved decision-biases.Less
Cultural variations in social norms have sometimes been taken as evidence against evolved universal predispositions. This chapter discusses several cultural variations—including male competitiveness, ages of marriage partners preferred by men and women, prevalence of bride price versus dowry, and polygyny versus polyandry. The chapter reviews these cultural variations in light of relevant principles from evolutionary life history theory. An evolutionary life history model considers behavioral variation through the lens of evolutionary economics—asking how any given pattern of behavior might be a manifestation of universal tradeoffs that all organisms must make as they attempt to optimally allocate their inherently limited resources. Discussion considers how cultural norms can emerge dynamically from interactions between individuals making selfish choices based on underlying evolved decision-biases.
Kate Hext
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748646258
- eISBN:
- 9780748693849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748646258.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter argues that deep time is the most vivid challenge posed to the ?awed and fragile human subject in Pater's writings. It explores Pater's knowledge of, and belief in, Darwinian science, ...
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This chapter argues that deep time is the most vivid challenge posed to the ?awed and fragile human subject in Pater's writings. It explores Pater's knowledge of, and belief in, Darwinian science, Spencer's social Darwinism, and Thompson's theory of entropy drawing examples from works such as 'Coleridge' and Plato and Platonism. It suggests though that Pater's attitude toward Darwinism is more complex and inconsistent than critics have hitherto accounted for. Specifically, it suggests that Pater is able to accept Darwin's theory of evolution in the abstract, on his own terms, with the idea of deep time and constant evolution aesthticised into a beautiful spectacle. However, Pater is unable to accept the idea that the individual is one of a ‘species’ and this chapter discusses how precisely he distances himself from Darwinism as it conceives the individual as part of a 'species.'Less
This chapter argues that deep time is the most vivid challenge posed to the ?awed and fragile human subject in Pater's writings. It explores Pater's knowledge of, and belief in, Darwinian science, Spencer's social Darwinism, and Thompson's theory of entropy drawing examples from works such as 'Coleridge' and Plato and Platonism. It suggests though that Pater's attitude toward Darwinism is more complex and inconsistent than critics have hitherto accounted for. Specifically, it suggests that Pater is able to accept Darwin's theory of evolution in the abstract, on his own terms, with the idea of deep time and constant evolution aesthticised into a beautiful spectacle. However, Pater is unable to accept the idea that the individual is one of a ‘species’ and this chapter discusses how precisely he distances himself from Darwinism as it conceives the individual as part of a 'species.'
Niles Eldredge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231153164
- eISBN:
- 9780231526753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231153164.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter explores the emergence of adaptation within the evolutionary domain. Charles Darwin, convinced of an impending rise of a natural law of adaptation, relates adaptation with two scenarios: ...
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This chapter explores the emergence of adaptation within the evolutionary domain. Charles Darwin, convinced of an impending rise of a natural law of adaptation, relates adaptation with two scenarios: progressive change and speciation in isolation. After formulating natural selection and recognizing the fact that paleontologists have failed to find any convincing evidence of gradual progressive change, Darwin acknowledges a conflict wherein adaptation becomes a problem. As a result, he feels obliged to choose between adaptive change associated with the origin of species in isolation, or an image of gradual wholesale transformation of species. Darwin resolves the conflict by insisting that gradual evolutionary change must be the general rule, since there is a lack of evidence to the contrary. The chapter closes with an examination of why Darwin saw the two scenarios as opposing forces in evolutionary history.Less
This chapter explores the emergence of adaptation within the evolutionary domain. Charles Darwin, convinced of an impending rise of a natural law of adaptation, relates adaptation with two scenarios: progressive change and speciation in isolation. After formulating natural selection and recognizing the fact that paleontologists have failed to find any convincing evidence of gradual progressive change, Darwin acknowledges a conflict wherein adaptation becomes a problem. As a result, he feels obliged to choose between adaptive change associated with the origin of species in isolation, or an image of gradual wholesale transformation of species. Darwin resolves the conflict by insisting that gradual evolutionary change must be the general rule, since there is a lack of evidence to the contrary. The chapter closes with an examination of why Darwin saw the two scenarios as opposing forces in evolutionary history.
