James Herbert Williams, Charlotte Lyn Bright, and Granger Petersen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369595
- eISBN:
- 9780199865215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369595.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
While researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and service providers ask increasingly for solutions to the enduring problems of youth violence, key issues have gone unaddressed. For example, ...
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While researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and service providers ask increasingly for solutions to the enduring problems of youth violence, key issues have gone unaddressed. For example, questions remain about the disparity in the prevalence of violence for African American adolescents. It is unclear whether risk and protective factors for violent behavior differ for youth of color as compared to White youth, although several theories suggest that African American youth may be socialized differently to the use and outcomes of violence. To the extent that differences in violence and associated variables are understood, researchers and practitioners will be positioned to more fully meet the needs of particularly vulnerable and marginalized groups. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to distill key race differences in violence, as well as the many risk and protective factors found in the literature. Theories that position race in the etiology of violence are reviewed. The chapter examines race and ethnic differences in the prevalence of violence as well as group variation in risk and protective factors for violence.Less
While researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and service providers ask increasingly for solutions to the enduring problems of youth violence, key issues have gone unaddressed. For example, questions remain about the disparity in the prevalence of violence for African American adolescents. It is unclear whether risk and protective factors for violent behavior differ for youth of color as compared to White youth, although several theories suggest that African American youth may be socialized differently to the use and outcomes of violence. To the extent that differences in violence and associated variables are understood, researchers and practitioners will be positioned to more fully meet the needs of particularly vulnerable and marginalized groups. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to distill key race differences in violence, as well as the many risk and protective factors found in the literature. Theories that position race in the etiology of violence are reviewed. The chapter examines race and ethnic differences in the prevalence of violence as well as group variation in risk and protective factors for violence.
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243093.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Traces the establishment of international presence in Kosovo following the signing of the Military‐Technical Agreement (MTA) between NATO and Yugoslavia and the implementation of the UN Security ...
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Traces the establishment of international presence in Kosovo following the signing of the Military‐Technical Agreement (MTA) between NATO and Yugoslavia and the implementation of the UN Security Resolution 1244. The chapter points to the success of the Kosovo International Security Force (KFOR) deployed by NATO to ensure security on ground, and to the mixed record of the civilian United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo in establishing effective presence. While the return of Albanian refugees was a success for UNMIK, the chapter argues that both KFOR and UNMIK failed to prevent revenge killings and that the poorly deployed UN police force was unprepared to stop inter‐ethnic violence, especially against Kosovo Serbs. Economic assistance and fight against organized crime are identified as some of the major challenges for UNMIK.Less
Traces the establishment of international presence in Kosovo following the signing of the Military‐Technical Agreement (MTA) between NATO and Yugoslavia and the implementation of the UN Security Resolution 1244. The chapter points to the success of the Kosovo International Security Force (KFOR) deployed by NATO to ensure security on ground, and to the mixed record of the civilian United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo in establishing effective presence. While the return of Albanian refugees was a success for UNMIK, the chapter argues that both KFOR and UNMIK failed to prevent revenge killings and that the poorly deployed UN police force was unprepared to stop inter‐ethnic violence, especially against Kosovo Serbs. Economic assistance and fight against organized crime are identified as some of the major challenges for UNMIK.
R. D. Grillo
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294269
- eISBN:
- 9780191599378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294263.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Some of the most horrifying episodes of ethnic violence of the twentieth century occurred in a territory originally part of the Ottoman Empire. Although for later generations the Empire was a byword ...
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Some of the most horrifying episodes of ethnic violence of the twentieth century occurred in a territory originally part of the Ottoman Empire. Although for later generations the Empire was a byword for ramshackle, corrupt organization, and by the nineteenth century this was probably correct, in its heyday, in the 150 years or so from the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many regarded it as a symbol of harmony, and indeed for Jews fleeing persecution in Spain it offered a safe haven. During that period the Empire incorporated ethnic and religious differences into its system of rule in ways that gave formally subordinate groups relative autonomy in their cultural, religious, economic, and political affairs (the millet system), and allowed some of their members to rise to positions of great power and eminence, e.g. the slave elite created by the devshirme.Less
Some of the most horrifying episodes of ethnic violence of the twentieth century occurred in a territory originally part of the Ottoman Empire. Although for later generations the Empire was a byword for ramshackle, corrupt organization, and by the nineteenth century this was probably correct, in its heyday, in the 150 years or so from the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many regarded it as a symbol of harmony, and indeed for Jews fleeing persecution in Spain it offered a safe haven. During that period the Empire incorporated ethnic and religious differences into its system of rule in ways that gave formally subordinate groups relative autonomy in their cultural, religious, economic, and political affairs (the millet system), and allowed some of their members to rise to positions of great power and eminence, e.g. the slave elite created by the devshirme.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This book examines the origins, causes, transformations, and future of ethnic violence by focusing on its natural history. Drawing on insight from numerous disciplines combined with a theoretical ...
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This book examines the origins, causes, transformations, and future of ethnic violence by focusing on its natural history. Drawing on insight from numerous disciplines combined with a theoretical approach that it calls “cognitive modernism,” the book explores all types of ethnic violence across the world and transformations in ethnic violence over time in order to understand what caused seemingly normal people to kill Others. It argues that modernity is the most common and influential cause of ethnic violence and that communal perceptions and concerns must be analyzed in terms of ethnic consciousness, emotional prejudice, and obligations. This introduction defines key concepts such as ethnic violence, ethnicity, ethnic consciousness, ethnic frameworks, and ethnic structures. It also discusses three cultural and historical factors that delineate ethnic communities and are commonly used interchangeably with ethnicity: nation, race, and religious community.Less
This book examines the origins, causes, transformations, and future of ethnic violence by focusing on its natural history. Drawing on insight from numerous disciplines combined with a theoretical approach that it calls “cognitive modernism,” the book explores all types of ethnic violence across the world and transformations in ethnic violence over time in order to understand what caused seemingly normal people to kill Others. It argues that modernity is the most common and influential cause of ethnic violence and that communal perceptions and concerns must be analyzed in terms of ethnic consciousness, emotional prejudice, and obligations. This introduction defines key concepts such as ethnic violence, ethnicity, ethnic consciousness, ethnic frameworks, and ethnic structures. It also discusses three cultural and historical factors that delineate ethnic communities and are commonly used interchangeably with ethnicity: nation, race, and religious community.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines the role of the state in promoting or deterring ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the ways states can promote ethnic violence by using a number of examples, ...
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This chapter examines the role of the state in promoting or deterring ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the ways states can promote ethnic violence by using a number of examples, including the Rwandan genocide and statelessness/near-statelessness during World War II. It then considers how both the ethnicization of states and state effectiveness help explain why some states contribute to ethnic violence more than others through a comparative analysis of ethnic violence in two Indian regions: Assam and Kerala. It also explores how states affect whether mobilizational resources can be effectively employed to organize ethnic violence. Finally, it shows how modernity promotes some states that are willing and able to prevent ethnic violence and others that are willing and able to incite it.Less
This chapter examines the role of the state in promoting or deterring ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the ways states can promote ethnic violence by using a number of examples, including the Rwandan genocide and statelessness/near-statelessness during World War II. It then considers how both the ethnicization of states and state effectiveness help explain why some states contribute to ethnic violence more than others through a comparative analysis of ethnic violence in two Indian regions: Assam and Kerala. It also explores how states affect whether mobilizational resources can be effectively employed to organize ethnic violence. Finally, it shows how modernity promotes some states that are willing and able to prevent ethnic violence and others that are willing and able to incite it.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence by focusing on Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Modernity interacts with and depends on the local social environment, and the ...
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This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence by focusing on Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Modernity interacts with and depends on the local social environment, and the social environments present at the onset of modernity varied by region. Two of modernity's most influential social carriers were colonialism and missionaries, whose biases and ulterior motives often promoted forms of modernity that fostered environments conducive to ethnic violence. The chapter first considers how colonialism promotes ethnic violence, with emphasis on how different combinations of insulation, competition, and stratification made possible “a remarkably stable system of [colonial] rule.” This is followed by a discussion of how missionaries contributed to ethnic violence by promoting ethnic consciousness, using Burma, Assam, and Vietnam as examples. The chapter concludes with an analysis of ethnic violence in the Americas.Less
This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence by focusing on Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Modernity interacts with and depends on the local social environment, and the social environments present at the onset of modernity varied by region. Two of modernity's most influential social carriers were colonialism and missionaries, whose biases and ulterior motives often promoted forms of modernity that fostered environments conducive to ethnic violence. The chapter first considers how colonialism promotes ethnic violence, with emphasis on how different combinations of insulation, competition, and stratification made possible “a remarkably stable system of [colonial] rule.” This is followed by a discussion of how missionaries contributed to ethnic violence by promoting ethnic consciousness, using Burma, Assam, and Vietnam as examples. The chapter concludes with an analysis of ethnic violence in the Americas.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines two underlying motives of ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. It first considers how instrumental interests motivate ethnic violence before discussing ...
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This chapter examines two underlying motives of ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. It first considers how instrumental interests motivate ethnic violence before discussing arguments against this notion. It then turns to emotional prejudice, a motive that seems the polar opposite of instrumental-rational action. In particular, it looks at communally oriented emotions and explains how modernity promotes emotional prejudice. It also presents evidence showing that emotions and obligations are very influential motives for ethnic violence. More specifically, emotions and obligations are most likely to motivate ethnic violence when people possess an ethnic consciousness, a typical outcome of modernity. The chapter concludes with two examples that illustrate the impact of emotions and obligations on ethnic violence: genocide in Germany and Rwanda.Less
This chapter examines two underlying motives of ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. It first considers how instrumental interests motivate ethnic violence before discussing arguments against this notion. It then turns to emotional prejudice, a motive that seems the polar opposite of instrumental-rational action. In particular, it looks at communally oriented emotions and explains how modernity promotes emotional prejudice. It also presents evidence showing that emotions and obligations are very influential motives for ethnic violence. More specifically, emotions and obligations are most likely to motivate ethnic violence when people possess an ethnic consciousness, a typical outcome of modernity. The chapter concludes with two examples that illustrate the impact of emotions and obligations on ethnic violence: genocide in Germany and Rwanda.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter summarizes the book's major findings regarding ethnic violence before considering the future of ethnic violence and potential policy prescriptions that might help to limit the prevalence ...
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This chapter summarizes the book's major findings regarding ethnic violence before considering the future of ethnic violence and potential policy prescriptions that might help to limit the prevalence of ethnic violence. The book has presented strong and consistent evidence that modernity promoted ethnic violence by strengthening and proliferating ethnic consciousness. It has also identified two motives that commonly trigger ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. Furthermore, modernity enhanced diverse resources that facilitated the mobilization of ethnic violence. The chapter concludes the book by discussing the risk of ethnic violence among early and late modernizers, with a focus on Western Europe and North America. It also considers three policy options for limiting ethnic violence: multiculturalism, federalism, and consociationalism. Finally, it predicts that ethnic violence will continue near present levels over the next decade but should decline slightly due to lower levels of violence among late modernizers.Less
This chapter summarizes the book's major findings regarding ethnic violence before considering the future of ethnic violence and potential policy prescriptions that might help to limit the prevalence of ethnic violence. The book has presented strong and consistent evidence that modernity promoted ethnic violence by strengthening and proliferating ethnic consciousness. It has also identified two motives that commonly trigger ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. Furthermore, modernity enhanced diverse resources that facilitated the mobilization of ethnic violence. The chapter concludes the book by discussing the risk of ethnic violence among early and late modernizers, with a focus on Western Europe and North America. It also considers three policy options for limiting ethnic violence: multiculturalism, federalism, and consociationalism. Finally, it predicts that ethnic violence will continue near present levels over the next decade but should decline slightly due to lower levels of violence among late modernizers.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This book explores why humans ruthlessly attack and kill people from other ethnic communities. Drawing on an array of cases from around the world and insight from a variety of disciplines, the book ...
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This book explores why humans ruthlessly attack and kill people from other ethnic communities. Drawing on an array of cases from around the world and insight from a variety of disciplines, the book provides a simple yet powerful explanation that pinpoints the influential role of modernity in the growing global prevalence of ethnic violence over the past 200 years. It offers evidence that a modern ethnic mind-set is the ultimate and most influential cause of ethnic violence. Throughout most of human history, people perceived and valued small sets of known acquaintances and did not identify with ethnicities. Through education, state policy, and other means, modernity ultimately created broad ethnic consciousnesses that led to emotional prejudice, whereby people focus negative emotions on entire ethnic categories, and ethnic obligation, which pushes people to attack Others for the sake of their ethnicity. Modern social transformations also provided a variety of organizational resources that put these motives into action, thereby allowing ethnic violence to emerge as a modern menace. Yet modernity takes many forms and is not constant, and past trends in ethnic violence are presently transforming. Over the past seventy years, the earliest modernizers have transformed from champions of ethnic violence into leaders of intercommunal peace, and this book offers evidence that the emergence of robust rights-based democracy—in combination with effective states and economic development—weakened the motives and resources that commonly promote ethnic violence.Less
This book explores why humans ruthlessly attack and kill people from other ethnic communities. Drawing on an array of cases from around the world and insight from a variety of disciplines, the book provides a simple yet powerful explanation that pinpoints the influential role of modernity in the growing global prevalence of ethnic violence over the past 200 years. It offers evidence that a modern ethnic mind-set is the ultimate and most influential cause of ethnic violence. Throughout most of human history, people perceived and valued small sets of known acquaintances and did not identify with ethnicities. Through education, state policy, and other means, modernity ultimately created broad ethnic consciousnesses that led to emotional prejudice, whereby people focus negative emotions on entire ethnic categories, and ethnic obligation, which pushes people to attack Others for the sake of their ethnicity. Modern social transformations also provided a variety of organizational resources that put these motives into action, thereby allowing ethnic violence to emerge as a modern menace. Yet modernity takes many forms and is not constant, and past trends in ethnic violence are presently transforming. Over the past seventy years, the earliest modernizers have transformed from champions of ethnic violence into leaders of intercommunal peace, and this book offers evidence that the emergence of robust rights-based democracy—in combination with effective states and economic development—weakened the motives and resources that commonly promote ethnic violence.
Robert W. Blunt
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226655611
- eISBN:
- 9780226655895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226655895.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the ethnic violence that erupted just after the 2007 elections between Kalenjins and Kikuyus in the Rift Valley. While “ethnic violence” has become a normative aspect of ...
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This chapter focuses on the ethnic violence that erupted just after the 2007 elections between Kalenjins and Kikuyus in the Rift Valley. While “ethnic violence” has become a normative aspect of Kenyan politics, the chapter argues that this particular instance of violence exceeded the political calculations of ethnic armies working on behalf of political big men. Violence erupted between social intimates, Kikuyu and Kalenjin neighbors who had accomplished a door-by-door diversity in various Rift Valley villages. The chapter focuses on Kalenjin justifications for acts of violence against their Kikuyu neighbors, which took the form of a refrain that they were preemptively saving themselves from Kikuyu violence, which was being carried out for “ritual purposes.” To explain this “ethnic violence” the chapter turns to the analytic of the uncanny—the feeling that what is familiar can become terrifyingly unfamiliar—shedding light on the sudden inability of Kalenjins to “see” their Kikuyu neighbors and the way the senses, especially sight, are configured in patrimonial spectacle politics. The chapter also spells out the endgame of what began in the colonial period.Less
This chapter focuses on the ethnic violence that erupted just after the 2007 elections between Kalenjins and Kikuyus in the Rift Valley. While “ethnic violence” has become a normative aspect of Kenyan politics, the chapter argues that this particular instance of violence exceeded the political calculations of ethnic armies working on behalf of political big men. Violence erupted between social intimates, Kikuyu and Kalenjin neighbors who had accomplished a door-by-door diversity in various Rift Valley villages. The chapter focuses on Kalenjin justifications for acts of violence against their Kikuyu neighbors, which took the form of a refrain that they were preemptively saving themselves from Kikuyu violence, which was being carried out for “ritual purposes.” To explain this “ethnic violence” the chapter turns to the analytic of the uncanny—the feeling that what is familiar can become terrifyingly unfamiliar—shedding light on the sudden inability of Kalenjins to “see” their Kikuyu neighbors and the way the senses, especially sight, are configured in patrimonial spectacle politics. The chapter also spells out the endgame of what began in the colonial period.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines the nature and nurture of ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the behavioral problems of border collies and how they are related to ethnic violence, noting that both ...
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This chapter examines the nature and nurture of ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the behavioral problems of border collies and how they are related to ethnic violence, noting that both are promoted by the combination of group-wide genetic traits and changing social environments. It then considers the biology of ethnic violence by focusing on the propensity to divide people into ingroups and outgroups and how that propensity is linked to human emotions. It also offers a biological explanation for gender differences in ethnic violence and explores the social determinants of ethnic violence such as ethnicity, emotional prejudice, ethnic obligations, mobilizational resources, and political opportunities. Finally, it advances the notion that ethnic violence is caused by modernity.Less
This chapter examines the nature and nurture of ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the behavioral problems of border collies and how they are related to ethnic violence, noting that both are promoted by the combination of group-wide genetic traits and changing social environments. It then considers the biology of ethnic violence by focusing on the propensity to divide people into ingroups and outgroups and how that propensity is linked to human emotions. It also offers a biological explanation for gender differences in ethnic violence and explores the social determinants of ethnic violence such as ethnicity, emotional prejudice, ethnic obligations, mobilizational resources, and political opportunities. Finally, it advances the notion that ethnic violence is caused by modernity.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence. It begins with an overview of the origins and forms of modernity as well as the factors that caused the processes constituting ...
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This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence. It begins with an overview of the origins and forms of modernity as well as the factors that caused the processes constituting modernity to develop in different ways. It then considers opposing arguments about the impact of modernity on ethnic violence, focusing on the classic modernist view, which contends that modernity promotes peace, and the revised modernist view, which counters that modernity increases violence. Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness offers a clear example of the classic position that equates modernity with peace. In particular, Conrad linked ruthless violence to primitivism and peaceful social order to modernity. The revised modernist position is exemplified by the works of Hannah Arendt, Michael Mann, James Scott, and Andreas Wimmer. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative and qualitative evidence that lends support to the revised modernist view.Less
This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence. It begins with an overview of the origins and forms of modernity as well as the factors that caused the processes constituting modernity to develop in different ways. It then considers opposing arguments about the impact of modernity on ethnic violence, focusing on the classic modernist view, which contends that modernity promotes peace, and the revised modernist view, which counters that modernity increases violence. Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness offers a clear example of the classic position that equates modernity with peace. In particular, Conrad linked ruthless violence to primitivism and peaceful social order to modernity. The revised modernist position is exemplified by the works of Hannah Arendt, Michael Mann, James Scott, and Andreas Wimmer. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative and qualitative evidence that lends support to the revised modernist view.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines a paradox in the connection between modernity and ethnic violence: the earliest and most successful modernizers experienced severe ethnic violence prior to World War II, yet ...
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This chapter examines a paradox in the connection between modernity and ethnic violence: the earliest and most successful modernizers experienced severe ethnic violence prior to World War II, yet cases of ethnic violence have been relatively rare among early modernizers over the past seven decades. It begins with a comparison of Nazi and postwar Germany to show how the country transformed from extreme ethnic violence—and more specifically genocide—to relative peace. To further elucidate the causes of relative peace in early modernizers, the chapter considers the conflict resulting from the Quebec nationalist movement, which gained strength beginning in the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on the German and Canadian experiences, it discusses a variety of factors that limited ethnic violence after World War II by shaping the strength and contours of ethnicity, reducing emotional motivation, limiting ethnic obligations, and minimizing the opportunity for mass violence.Less
This chapter examines a paradox in the connection between modernity and ethnic violence: the earliest and most successful modernizers experienced severe ethnic violence prior to World War II, yet cases of ethnic violence have been relatively rare among early modernizers over the past seven decades. It begins with a comparison of Nazi and postwar Germany to show how the country transformed from extreme ethnic violence—and more specifically genocide—to relative peace. To further elucidate the causes of relative peace in early modernizers, the chapter considers the conflict resulting from the Quebec nationalist movement, which gained strength beginning in the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on the German and Canadian experiences, it discusses a variety of factors that limited ethnic violence after World War II by shaping the strength and contours of ethnicity, reducing emotional motivation, limiting ethnic obligations, and minimizing the opportunity for mass violence.
Eric F. Dubow, Lynne C. Goodman, Paul Boxer, Erika Y. Niwa, L. Rowell Huesmann, Simha F. Landau, Shira Dvir Gvirsman, Khalil Shikaki, and Cathy Smith
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190874551
- eISBN:
- 9780190874582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and ...
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Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.Less
Political violence and armed conflict are a worldwide problem that exposes families to extreme acts of violence, disrupts community and family economic conditions, compromises family functioning and parenting behaviors, and has deleterious effects on children’s development. In this chapter, we describe two overarching, complementary theoretical frameworks that can explain how exposure to political violence affects family functioning: Bronfenbrenner’s model of hierarchically nested ecological ecosystems and a related model within developmental psychology, the family stress model. Using data from our Palestinian-Israeli exposure to violence study, a prospective study of 1,501 Palestinian and Israeli families, we examine a mediational model showing that the family’s exposure to ethnic-political violence predicts negative family functioning (parental depressive symptoms and marital aggression), which in turn predicts subsequent harsh physical punishment toward one’s children.
Laurence Broers
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474450522
- eISBN:
- 9781474476546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450522.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter provides background on the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict as it unfolded in 1988-1994. Rather than a chronological narrative, the chapter tells the story of these events through the prism ...
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This chapter provides background on the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict as it unfolded in 1988-1994. Rather than a chronological narrative, the chapter tells the story of these events through the prism of four categories of explanation (structural vulnerabilities, transitional factors, leadership and culture). This situates the conflict against the backdrop of the Soviet collapse, equips the reader with basic facts, and distils the main findings of the existing literature on the conflict.Less
This chapter provides background on the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict as it unfolded in 1988-1994. Rather than a chronological narrative, the chapter tells the story of these events through the prism of four categories of explanation (structural vulnerabilities, transitional factors, leadership and culture). This situates the conflict against the backdrop of the Soviet collapse, equips the reader with basic facts, and distils the main findings of the existing literature on the conflict.
Giuliano Elise
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801447457
- eISBN:
- 9780801460722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801447457.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter focuses on the emergence of opposition nationalist movements in Russia's republics. It first compares the level of mass support for nationalism in each of Russia's sixteen republics, ...
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This chapter focuses on the emergence of opposition nationalist movements in Russia's republics. It first compares the level of mass support for nationalism in each of Russia's sixteen republics, with particular emphasis on mass demonstrations and ethnic violence. It then considers mass attitudes regarding republican declarations of sovereignty and the right of the republics to secede from Russia. It also discusses the explanations of nationalist mobilization in the post-Soviet politics literature on secessionism in terms of both their logic and their empirical predictions. These arguments are analyzed against evidence from Russia to determine whether they offer sufficient explanations for the emergence of nationalist mobilization or its variance across the republics.Less
This chapter focuses on the emergence of opposition nationalist movements in Russia's republics. It first compares the level of mass support for nationalism in each of Russia's sixteen republics, with particular emphasis on mass demonstrations and ethnic violence. It then considers mass attitudes regarding republican declarations of sovereignty and the right of the republics to secede from Russia. It also discusses the explanations of nationalist mobilization in the post-Soviet politics literature on secessionism in terms of both their logic and their empirical predictions. These arguments are analyzed against evidence from Russia to determine whether they offer sufficient explanations for the emergence of nationalist mobilization or its variance across the republics.
Richard Cockett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300204513
- eISBN:
- 9780300215984
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300204513.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Burma is one of the largest countries in Southeast Asia and was once one of its richest. Under successive military regimes, however, the country eventually ended up as one of the poorest countries in ...
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Burma is one of the largest countries in Southeast Asia and was once one of its richest. Under successive military regimes, however, the country eventually ended up as one of the poorest countries in Asia, a byword for repression and ethnic violence. The author of this book spent years in the region as a correspondent for The Economist and witnessed first-hand the vicious sectarian politics of the Burmese government, and later, also, its surprising attempts at political and social reform. This enlightening history, from the colonial era on, explains how Burma descended into decades of civil war and authoritarian government. Taking advantage of the opening up of the country since 2011, the author interviewed hundreds of former political prisoners, guerilla fighters, ministers, monks, and others to give a vivid account of life under one of the most brutal regimes in the world. The book also explains why the regime has started to reform, and why these reforms will not go as far as many people had hoped. This book presents a survey of this volatile Asian nation.Less
Burma is one of the largest countries in Southeast Asia and was once one of its richest. Under successive military regimes, however, the country eventually ended up as one of the poorest countries in Asia, a byword for repression and ethnic violence. The author of this book spent years in the region as a correspondent for The Economist and witnessed first-hand the vicious sectarian politics of the Burmese government, and later, also, its surprising attempts at political and social reform. This enlightening history, from the colonial era on, explains how Burma descended into decades of civil war and authoritarian government. Taking advantage of the opening up of the country since 2011, the author interviewed hundreds of former political prisoners, guerilla fighters, ministers, monks, and others to give a vivid account of life under one of the most brutal regimes in the world. The book also explains why the regime has started to reform, and why these reforms will not go as far as many people had hoped. This book presents a survey of this volatile Asian nation.
Matthew Lange
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704871
- eISBN:
- 9781501707773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704871.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines the origins of ethnic pluralism. Most countries have populations with multiple and opposing ethnic consciousness, and such ethnic pluralism is a necessary condition for ethnic ...
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This chapter examines the origins of ethnic pluralism. Most countries have populations with multiple and opposing ethnic consciousness, and such ethnic pluralism is a necessary condition for ethnic violence. In order to explain ethnic violence, one must therefore consider why only some places turned out like France—a country that has been successful at popularizing a common national consciousness. To help explain the French case, the chapter compares the nation-building processes in France, Spain, and the UK in the context of unity and disunity. It also discusses the interrelationships among path dependence, situationalism, and ethnic consciousness before assessing ethnic pluralism in large empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the former Soviet Union. Finally, it explores the role of overseas colonialism and missionaries in promoting ethnic diversity by focusing on Rwanda, Burundi, and Burma.Less
This chapter examines the origins of ethnic pluralism. Most countries have populations with multiple and opposing ethnic consciousness, and such ethnic pluralism is a necessary condition for ethnic violence. In order to explain ethnic violence, one must therefore consider why only some places turned out like France—a country that has been successful at popularizing a common national consciousness. To help explain the French case, the chapter compares the nation-building processes in France, Spain, and the UK in the context of unity and disunity. It also discusses the interrelationships among path dependence, situationalism, and ethnic consciousness before assessing ethnic pluralism in large empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the former Soviet Union. Finally, it explores the role of overseas colonialism and missionaries in promoting ethnic diversity by focusing on Rwanda, Burundi, and Burma.
Samuel Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501755903
- eISBN:
- 9781501755927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0036
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter discusses the economic basis of ethnic hatred and violence. Different nations and different historical periods have different economic issues at stake, and the form of ethnic conflicts ...
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This chapter discusses the economic basis of ethnic hatred and violence. Different nations and different historical periods have different economic issues at stake, and the form of ethnic conflicts is very local specific. Some of the most common forms include hostility to a middle-class minority in a peripheral agrarian nation, which sociologists call a middleman minority; cheap labor minorities in industrial societies, which refers to the African American situation in the present-day United States; and anti-immigration hostilities in industrial societies. Another form is conflict over the control of a corrupt state. Hausa–Yoruba–Ibo conflicts in Nigeria were almost certainly centered on control of the state and control of the petroleum revenues pertaining to the Nigerian state. Finally, there is justification for land seizure. One of the most long-term and enduring conflicts has been between peoples of European extraction and indigenous people in the rest of the world. Nearly all of those conflicts were about land use.Less
This chapter discusses the economic basis of ethnic hatred and violence. Different nations and different historical periods have different economic issues at stake, and the form of ethnic conflicts is very local specific. Some of the most common forms include hostility to a middle-class minority in a peripheral agrarian nation, which sociologists call a middleman minority; cheap labor minorities in industrial societies, which refers to the African American situation in the present-day United States; and anti-immigration hostilities in industrial societies. Another form is conflict over the control of a corrupt state. Hausa–Yoruba–Ibo conflicts in Nigeria were almost certainly centered on control of the state and control of the petroleum revenues pertaining to the Nigerian state. Finally, there is justification for land seizure. One of the most long-term and enduring conflicts has been between peoples of European extraction and indigenous people in the rest of the world. Nearly all of those conflicts were about land use.
Ervin Staub
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195382044
- eISBN:
- 9780199864942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382044.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses the harmful psychological consequences of conflict and violence, including changes in the nature of identity and self-concept (both individual and group) of many members of all ...
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This chapter discusses the harmful psychological consequences of conflict and violence, including changes in the nature of identity and self-concept (both individual and group) of many members of all parties. These changes for members of the victimized group (as well as some members of the perpetrator group) often include the experience of post-traumatic distress and psychological woundedness. Survivors also tend to feel vulnerable and to see other people and groups as threatening and dangerous. This can lead them to engage in unnecessary defensive violence. Harm doers increasingly devalue the scapegoated group or ideological enemy, which can lead to them excluding the “other” from the human and moral realm and justifying greater violence. When the violence is stopped, perpetrators usually continue to devalue their victims and defend their actions, in part to defend against guilt, shame, and distress, and to maintain their moral standing in their own eyes and reestablish it in others' eyes.Less
This chapter discusses the harmful psychological consequences of conflict and violence, including changes in the nature of identity and self-concept (both individual and group) of many members of all parties. These changes for members of the victimized group (as well as some members of the perpetrator group) often include the experience of post-traumatic distress and psychological woundedness. Survivors also tend to feel vulnerable and to see other people and groups as threatening and dangerous. This can lead them to engage in unnecessary defensive violence. Harm doers increasingly devalue the scapegoated group or ideological enemy, which can lead to them excluding the “other” from the human and moral realm and justifying greater violence. When the violence is stopped, perpetrators usually continue to devalue their victims and defend their actions, in part to defend against guilt, shame, and distress, and to maintain their moral standing in their own eyes and reestablish it in others' eyes.
