Anthony F. Heath, John Ermisch, and Duncan Gallie (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
These chapters not only describe the major changes in British society in recent years, but seek to understand and explain what is happening in British society. One of the themes running through this ...
More
These chapters not only describe the major changes in British society in recent years, but seek to understand and explain what is happening in British society. One of the themes running through this book is that, while there have been rapid changes in overall levels, there have been slower changes in relativities, and this analytical distinction is absolutely fundamental to a proper understanding of contemporary society. The book also considers the wide variety of mechanisms that underlie these changes, in particular processes of social interaction. The complex and often ill-understood nature of these mechanisms may be a major reason why so much social reform has proved ineffective. The verdict on social reforms in education, gender inequalities and ethnic inequalities is rather negative; and sociologists have long been concerned about the unintended consequences of social action, and in the policy field these are frequent. By highlighting the complexities of the causal mechanisms, sociological research can make a major contribution to policy and public debate. While these chapters do not claim that sociology will provide all the answers, they demonstrate that it has made real progress in understanding the social changes that Britain has experienced in recent decades.Less
These chapters not only describe the major changes in British society in recent years, but seek to understand and explain what is happening in British society. One of the themes running through this book is that, while there have been rapid changes in overall levels, there have been slower changes in relativities, and this analytical distinction is absolutely fundamental to a proper understanding of contemporary society. The book also considers the wide variety of mechanisms that underlie these changes, in particular processes of social interaction. The complex and often ill-understood nature of these mechanisms may be a major reason why so much social reform has proved ineffective. The verdict on social reforms in education, gender inequalities and ethnic inequalities is rather negative; and sociologists have long been concerned about the unintended consequences of social action, and in the policy field these are frequent. By highlighting the complexities of the causal mechanisms, sociological research can make a major contribution to policy and public debate. While these chapters do not claim that sociology will provide all the answers, they demonstrate that it has made real progress in understanding the social changes that Britain has experienced in recent decades.
ANTHONY HEATH and SIN YI CHEUNG
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263860
- eISBN:
- 9780191734953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263860.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market has been a matter of growing concern in many developed countries in recent years. Discrimination on the basis of ascriptive factors, such as social ...
More
Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market has been a matter of growing concern in many developed countries in recent years. Discrimination on the basis of ascriptive factors, such as social origins or ethnicity, is generally regarded to be a source of economic inefficiency and waste. More importantly, it is a source of social injustice and social exclusion. This book explores ethnic inequalities in the labour market, particularly with respect to access to jobs. It examines whether ethnic minorities compete on equal terms in the labour market with equally qualified members of the charter populations and focuses on the experiences of the ‘second generation’, that is, the children of migrants who have themselves grown up and been educated in the countries of destination. In addition to the classic immigration countries of Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States, the book also covers the major new immigration countries of Western Europe, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden, as well as South Africa.Less
Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market has been a matter of growing concern in many developed countries in recent years. Discrimination on the basis of ascriptive factors, such as social origins or ethnicity, is generally regarded to be a source of economic inefficiency and waste. More importantly, it is a source of social injustice and social exclusion. This book explores ethnic inequalities in the labour market, particularly with respect to access to jobs. It examines whether ethnic minorities compete on equal terms in the labour market with equally qualified members of the charter populations and focuses on the experiences of the ‘second generation’, that is, the children of migrants who have themselves grown up and been educated in the countries of destination. In addition to the classic immigration countries of Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States, the book also covers the major new immigration countries of Western Europe, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden, as well as South Africa.
Anthony Heath and Yaël Brinbaum (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265741
- eISBN:
- 9780191771934
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265741.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Western countries have become increasingly diverse in recent decades and these demographic trends are certain to continue. The resulting ethnic diversity is a major challenge to policy-makers, who ...
More
Western countries have become increasingly diverse in recent decades and these demographic trends are certain to continue. The resulting ethnic diversity is a major challenge to policy-makers, who need to tackle issues of social justice and social integration. Education plays a pivotal role since it is the major stepping stone for the children of immigrants to successful economic integration and also plays a major role in social and political integration more generally since education gives access to the skills, resources and contacts which enable individuals to participate fully in the life of their society. Our central research questions are: Do the descendants of migrants experience equality of educational opportunity relative to their peers from the majority population in their country of residence? Do minorities experience ‘ethnic penalties’ in Western educational systems in addition to the social class disadvantages which we know to be pervasive? Are some minority groups are more successful than others? And do some national contexts provide more favourable conditions for achieving equality of opportunity and avoiding ethnic penalties? The chapters describe the extent to which minorities experience inequality of opportunity in ten Western countries (Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA) and examine whether disadvantages cumulate or are mitigated across the educational career as a whole. We explore reasons why the children of migrants seem to make greater progress in some countries than others, focusing on the extent to which their parents were ‘positively selected’ and on the nature of each country's educational systems.Less
Western countries have become increasingly diverse in recent decades and these demographic trends are certain to continue. The resulting ethnic diversity is a major challenge to policy-makers, who need to tackle issues of social justice and social integration. Education plays a pivotal role since it is the major stepping stone for the children of immigrants to successful economic integration and also plays a major role in social and political integration more generally since education gives access to the skills, resources and contacts which enable individuals to participate fully in the life of their society. Our central research questions are: Do the descendants of migrants experience equality of educational opportunity relative to their peers from the majority population in their country of residence? Do minorities experience ‘ethnic penalties’ in Western educational systems in addition to the social class disadvantages which we know to be pervasive? Are some minority groups are more successful than others? And do some national contexts provide more favourable conditions for achieving equality of opportunity and avoiding ethnic penalties? The chapters describe the extent to which minorities experience inequality of opportunity in ten Western countries (Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA) and examine whether disadvantages cumulate or are mitigated across the educational career as a whole. We explore reasons why the children of migrants seem to make greater progress in some countries than others, focusing on the extent to which their parents were ‘positively selected’ and on the nature of each country's educational systems.
Anthony Heath and Yaël Brinbaum
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265741
- eISBN:
- 9780191771934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265741.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter provides an introduction to the volume. It describes the scope of the work, namely the comparative analysis of ethnic educational inequalities in ten Western countries at different ...
More
This chapter provides an introduction to the volume. It describes the scope of the work, namely the comparative analysis of ethnic educational inequalities in ten Western countries at different stages of the educational career, and provides the intellectual rationale. In particular, the authors ask whether ethnic inequalities can be explained by the differences in the socioeconomic circumstances of the different ethnic communities, or whether minorities experience additional ethnic penalties (or premia) over and above their socioeconomic disadvantages (or, more rarely, socioeconomic advantages). They also ask whether some countries provide more favourable contexts for the integration of the second generation than do others, and if so what are the key features of the most favourable contexts? The authors conclude by summarising the main findings of the study.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the volume. It describes the scope of the work, namely the comparative analysis of ethnic educational inequalities in ten Western countries at different stages of the educational career, and provides the intellectual rationale. In particular, the authors ask whether ethnic inequalities can be explained by the differences in the socioeconomic circumstances of the different ethnic communities, or whether minorities experience additional ethnic penalties (or premia) over and above their socioeconomic disadvantages (or, more rarely, socioeconomic advantages). They also ask whether some countries provide more favourable contexts for the integration of the second generation than do others, and if so what are the key features of the most favourable contexts? The authors conclude by summarising the main findings of the study.
Herman G. Van De Werfhorst, Erika Van Elsas, and Anthony Heath
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265741
- eISBN:
- 9780191771934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265741.003.0009
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
We examine whether context matters for the integration of second-generation children of migrants into Western educational systems. Using data on ten destination countries and on five distinct ...
More
We examine whether context matters for the integration of second-generation children of migrants into Western educational systems. Using data on ten destination countries and on five distinct educational outcomes at various stages of the educational career, we study educational inequalities between the second-generation immigrants and their majority peers. We find that institutional and migration variables affect the magnitude of ethnic educational disadvantage, even when social background is accounted for. Ethnic inequality is greater in countries like Belgium and Germany with more strongly tracked educational systems, and in countries with limited multicultural policies. In contrast, ethnic inequality is lower if the first-generation migrants are selected based on their skills, compared with the non-migrant population in origin countries. Our interpretation is that more positively selected migrants are more ambitious for their children to succeed within Western educational systems, and their children are more likely to take advantage of the opportunities offered them.Less
We examine whether context matters for the integration of second-generation children of migrants into Western educational systems. Using data on ten destination countries and on five distinct educational outcomes at various stages of the educational career, we study educational inequalities between the second-generation immigrants and their majority peers. We find that institutional and migration variables affect the magnitude of ethnic educational disadvantage, even when social background is accounted for. Ethnic inequality is greater in countries like Belgium and Germany with more strongly tracked educational systems, and in countries with limited multicultural policies. In contrast, ethnic inequality is lower if the first-generation migrants are selected based on their skills, compared with the non-migrant population in origin countries. Our interpretation is that more positively selected migrants are more ambitious for their children to succeed within Western educational systems, and their children are more likely to take advantage of the opportunities offered them.
Jan O. Jonsson, Frank Kalter, and Frank van Tubergen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266373
- eISBN:
- 9780191879562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266373.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
We introduce our comparative study on minority and majority youth in four European countries by presenting the problem, basic concepts, theoretical starting points and our strategy of analysis. We ...
More
We introduce our comparative study on minority and majority youth in four European countries by presenting the problem, basic concepts, theoretical starting points and our strategy of analysis. We address differences in integration across (i) immigrant generations (exposure), (ii) immigrant origin groups and (iii) receiving countries, for several indicators of structural, cultural and social integration. We find few and unsystematic differences in integration across receiving countries. Integration is quite remote for some aspects of social and cultural integration and slowest for those originating in poorer regions at greater cultural and socioeconomic distances, such as the Middle East and Africa. Exposure to the host country leads to decreasing differences in language proficiency and host country identification, but not in liberal attitudes and tolerance, religion and religiosity, or inter-ethnic friendships. We conclude that lingering differences should partly be understood against a backdrop of deeply entrenched structural phenomena such as socialisation, stratification and segregation.Less
We introduce our comparative study on minority and majority youth in four European countries by presenting the problem, basic concepts, theoretical starting points and our strategy of analysis. We address differences in integration across (i) immigrant generations (exposure), (ii) immigrant origin groups and (iii) receiving countries, for several indicators of structural, cultural and social integration. We find few and unsystematic differences in integration across receiving countries. Integration is quite remote for some aspects of social and cultural integration and slowest for those originating in poorer regions at greater cultural and socioeconomic distances, such as the Middle East and Africa. Exposure to the host country leads to decreasing differences in language proficiency and host country identification, but not in liberal attitudes and tolerance, religion and religiosity, or inter-ethnic friendships. We conclude that lingering differences should partly be understood against a backdrop of deeply entrenched structural phenomena such as socialisation, stratification and segregation.
James Y. Nazroo
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344670
- eISBN:
- 9781447302261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344670.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines the patterning of ethnic inequalities in health in Great Britain. It discusses some of the assumptions that have underpinned much of the research and policy debate in relation ...
More
This chapter examines the patterning of ethnic inequalities in health in Great Britain. It discusses some of the assumptions that have underpinned much of the research and policy debate in relation to ethnic differences in health, and illustrates how far such differences are likely to be a consequence of the social inequalities faced by minority ethnic people in Britain. The chapter demonstrates how socioeconomic inequalities are too-readily dismissed as a potential explanation for ethnic inequalities in health, and shows how experiences of racial harassment and discrimination might also lead to an increased risk of poor health.Less
This chapter examines the patterning of ethnic inequalities in health in Great Britain. It discusses some of the assumptions that have underpinned much of the research and policy debate in relation to ethnic differences in health, and illustrates how far such differences are likely to be a consequence of the social inequalities faced by minority ethnic people in Britain. The chapter demonstrates how socioeconomic inequalities are too-readily dismissed as a potential explanation for ethnic inequalities in health, and shows how experiences of racial harassment and discrimination might also lead to an increased risk of poor health.
Giuliano Elise
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801447457
- eISBN:
- 9780801460722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801447457.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This book examines the factors that drove people with ethnic identities to support nationalism in some cases but not in others. Drawing on variation in mass nationalist mobilization and regional ...
More
This book examines the factors that drove people with ethnic identities to support nationalism in some cases but not in others. Drawing on variation in mass nationalist mobilization and regional secessionism across sixteen ethnic republics of the Russian Federation, it shows why ordinary people respond to the appeals of nationalist leaders calling for a radical change in the status quo. It explores how popular support for nationalism develops as part of political mobilization, a process that transforms the meaning of ethnic identity, and suggests that people throw their support behind nationalist movements after developing a group grievance. Group grievances arise from the interaction between people's experiences in local labor markets and issues concerning ethnic economic inequality that were articulated by ethnic entrepreneurs. It is these grievances that inspire support for nationalist transformation and account for the rise of ethnonationalism.Less
This book examines the factors that drove people with ethnic identities to support nationalism in some cases but not in others. Drawing on variation in mass nationalist mobilization and regional secessionism across sixteen ethnic republics of the Russian Federation, it shows why ordinary people respond to the appeals of nationalist leaders calling for a radical change in the status quo. It explores how popular support for nationalism develops as part of political mobilization, a process that transforms the meaning of ethnic identity, and suggests that people throw their support behind nationalist movements after developing a group grievance. Group grievances arise from the interaction between people's experiences in local labor markets and issues concerning ethnic economic inequality that were articulated by ethnic entrepreneurs. It is these grievances that inspire support for nationalist transformation and account for the rise of ethnonationalism.
Frank Kalter, Jan O. Jonsson, Frank van Tubergen, and Anthony Heath (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266373
- eISBN:
- 9780191879562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266373.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Growing up in Diverse Societies provides a comprehensive analysis of the integration of the children of immigrants in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, based on the ‘Children of ...
More
Growing up in Diverse Societies provides a comprehensive analysis of the integration of the children of immigrants in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, based on the ‘Children of immigrants longitudinal survey in four European countries’ (CILS4EU), including harmonised interviews with almost 19,000 14- to 15-year-olds. The book studies the life situation, social relations, and attitudes of adolescents in different ethnic minority groups, and compares these systematically to majority youth in the four countries. The chapters cover a wide range of aspects of integration, all addressing comparisons between origin groups, generations, and destination countries, and elucidating processes accounting for differences. The results challenge much current thinking and simplified views on the state of integration. In some aspects, such as own economic means, delinquency, and mental health, children of immigrants are surprisingly similar to majority youth, while in other aspects there are large dissimilarities. There are also substantial differences between ethnic minority groups, with the economic and cultural distance of the origin regions to the destination country being a key factor. For some outcomes, such as language proficiency or host country identification, dissimilarities seem to narrow over generations, but this does not hold for other outcomes, such as religiosity and attitudes. Remaining differences partly depend on ethnic segregation, some on socioeconomic inequality, and others on parental influences. Most interestingly, the book finds that the four destination countries, though different in their immigration histories, policy approaches, and contextual conditions, are on the whole similar in the general patterns of integration and in the underlying processes.Less
Growing up in Diverse Societies provides a comprehensive analysis of the integration of the children of immigrants in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, based on the ‘Children of immigrants longitudinal survey in four European countries’ (CILS4EU), including harmonised interviews with almost 19,000 14- to 15-year-olds. The book studies the life situation, social relations, and attitudes of adolescents in different ethnic minority groups, and compares these systematically to majority youth in the four countries. The chapters cover a wide range of aspects of integration, all addressing comparisons between origin groups, generations, and destination countries, and elucidating processes accounting for differences. The results challenge much current thinking and simplified views on the state of integration. In some aspects, such as own economic means, delinquency, and mental health, children of immigrants are surprisingly similar to majority youth, while in other aspects there are large dissimilarities. There are also substantial differences between ethnic minority groups, with the economic and cultural distance of the origin regions to the destination country being a key factor. For some outcomes, such as language proficiency or host country identification, dissimilarities seem to narrow over generations, but this does not hold for other outcomes, such as religiosity and attitudes. Remaining differences partly depend on ethnic segregation, some on socioeconomic inequality, and others on parental influences. Most interestingly, the book finds that the four destination countries, though different in their immigration histories, policy approaches, and contextual conditions, are on the whole similar in the general patterns of integration and in the underlying processes.
Amy C. Lutz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265741
- eISBN:
- 9780191771934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265741.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter examines the success of the second generation in completing tertiary education in Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, France, the Netherlands and the USA (the only countries for which ...
More
This chapter examines the success of the second generation in completing tertiary education in Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, France, the Netherlands and the USA (the only countries for which appropriate data were available). The ethnic inequalities found in higher education largely reflect patterns seen earlier in the educational career but there is at the same time clear evidence of progress relative to majority populations. Thus, if we compare the second-generation groups and countries which are covered in both Chapter 3 and Chapter 7, we find that there are thirteen significant ethnic penalties (that is, negative estimates after controls for socioeconomic background) in Chapter 3 (out of a total of twenty-seven that we estimated), but only three in Chapter 7. This is an important and novel finding, suggesting that higher education may give valuable ‘second chances’ to disadvantaged ethnic minorities. This pattern applies in all six countries.Less
This chapter examines the success of the second generation in completing tertiary education in Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, France, the Netherlands and the USA (the only countries for which appropriate data were available). The ethnic inequalities found in higher education largely reflect patterns seen earlier in the educational career but there is at the same time clear evidence of progress relative to majority populations. Thus, if we compare the second-generation groups and countries which are covered in both Chapter 3 and Chapter 7, we find that there are thirteen significant ethnic penalties (that is, negative estimates after controls for socioeconomic background) in Chapter 3 (out of a total of twenty-seven that we estimated), but only three in Chapter 7. This is an important and novel finding, suggesting that higher education may give valuable ‘second chances’ to disadvantaged ethnic minorities. This pattern applies in all six countries.
Coretta Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861345783
- eISBN:
- 9781447301394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861345783.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter examines ethnic inequalities under New Labour. When the party was elected to government in 1997, it inherited a legacy of ethnic inequalities in housing, education, employment, health, ...
More
This chapter examines ethnic inequalities under New Labour. When the party was elected to government in 1997, it inherited a legacy of ethnic inequalities in housing, education, employment, health, and criminal justice outcomes. In the early research evidence from the First Survey of Ethnic Minorities, racialised disadvantage and discrimination in the lives of all minority groups were prevalent in the mid-1960s. Since the 1970s, however, while the broad pattern of ethnic inequalities has persisted, there has also been considerable differentiation, with those of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin, and to a lesser extent those of black origin, generally faring worse than those of Indian and Chinese origin. While the earlier period provided evidence of direct and indirect racial discrimination, the intervening years revealed that a complex interplay of socioeconomic, institutional, demographic, structural, and cultural factors was contributing to less favourable outcomes for minority groups. To counter discrimination and ethnic inequalities, New Labour adopted policies that aimed to promote race equality. One of these is the 2000 Race Relations Act, which tasked all authorities with promoting equality of opportunity and good relations between different racial groups and with auditing existing policies to see whether they had different implications for different ethnic groups. This chapter examines the impact of these policies on long-standing inequalities in education, policing, and employment. It also assesses the New Labour strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities as well as providing some thoughts on where further policy developments are required.Less
This chapter examines ethnic inequalities under New Labour. When the party was elected to government in 1997, it inherited a legacy of ethnic inequalities in housing, education, employment, health, and criminal justice outcomes. In the early research evidence from the First Survey of Ethnic Minorities, racialised disadvantage and discrimination in the lives of all minority groups were prevalent in the mid-1960s. Since the 1970s, however, while the broad pattern of ethnic inequalities has persisted, there has also been considerable differentiation, with those of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin, and to a lesser extent those of black origin, generally faring worse than those of Indian and Chinese origin. While the earlier period provided evidence of direct and indirect racial discrimination, the intervening years revealed that a complex interplay of socioeconomic, institutional, demographic, structural, and cultural factors was contributing to less favourable outcomes for minority groups. To counter discrimination and ethnic inequalities, New Labour adopted policies that aimed to promote race equality. One of these is the 2000 Race Relations Act, which tasked all authorities with promoting equality of opportunity and good relations between different racial groups and with auditing existing policies to see whether they had different implications for different ethnic groups. This chapter examines the impact of these policies on long-standing inequalities in education, policing, and employment. It also assesses the New Labour strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities as well as providing some thoughts on where further policy developments are required.
David Mason (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344670
- eISBN:
- 9781447302261
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344670.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This book focuses on the changing terrain of ethnic disadvantage in Britain, drawing on up-to-date sources. It goes further than texts that merely describe ethnic inequalities to explore and explain ...
More
This book focuses on the changing terrain of ethnic disadvantage in Britain, drawing on up-to-date sources. It goes further than texts that merely describe ethnic inequalities to explore and explain their dynamic nature. The book suggests that the increasing diversity of experience among different ethnic groups is a key to understanding continuing and emerging tensions and conflicts. It provides up-to-date data and analysis of ethnic diversity and changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain; covers key areas of social life, including demographic trends, education, employment, housing, health, gender, and policing and community disorder; is written by experts in the field; and addresses issues of urgent public importance in the context of recent community disorder and the resurgence of the far right.Less
This book focuses on the changing terrain of ethnic disadvantage in Britain, drawing on up-to-date sources. It goes further than texts that merely describe ethnic inequalities to explore and explain their dynamic nature. The book suggests that the increasing diversity of experience among different ethnic groups is a key to understanding continuing and emerging tensions and conflicts. It provides up-to-date data and analysis of ethnic diversity and changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain; covers key areas of social life, including demographic trends, education, employment, housing, health, gender, and policing and community disorder; is written by experts in the field; and addresses issues of urgent public importance in the context of recent community disorder and the resurgence of the far right.
Giuliano Elise
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801447457
- eISBN:
- 9780801460722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801447457.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter examines how group grievances develop among people with ethnic minority identities. It begins by comparing all the issues in the founding documents of nationalist movements in seven ...
More
This chapter examines how group grievances develop among people with ethnic minority identities. It begins by comparing all the issues in the founding documents of nationalist movements in seven Russian republics: Tatarstan, Tuva, Chechnya, Yakutia, Bashkortostan, Mordovia, and Mari El. It then explores the issues involved in the founding of the Chechen nationalist movement in Chechnya before proceeding with a cross-case comparative analysis of nationalist politics and of the discourse employed by ethnic entrepreneurs in Tuva, Mari El, and Komi. It shows that ethnic groups are not necessarily motivated by the prospect of future wealth to mobilize behind a program of national sovereignty. People supported nationalism only in those republics where nationalist leaders framed issues of ethnic economic inequality.Less
This chapter examines how group grievances develop among people with ethnic minority identities. It begins by comparing all the issues in the founding documents of nationalist movements in seven Russian republics: Tatarstan, Tuva, Chechnya, Yakutia, Bashkortostan, Mordovia, and Mari El. It then explores the issues involved in the founding of the Chechen nationalist movement in Chechnya before proceeding with a cross-case comparative analysis of nationalist politics and of the discourse employed by ethnic entrepreneurs in Tuva, Mari El, and Komi. It shows that ethnic groups are not necessarily motivated by the prospect of future wealth to mobilize behind a program of national sovereignty. People supported nationalism only in those republics where nationalist leaders framed issues of ethnic economic inequality.
Phillips Coretta
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422026
- eISBN:
- 9781447304036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422026.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter examines New Labour's strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities. It evaluates the impact of general policies and specifically targeted initiatives on longstanding inequalities between ...
More
This chapter examines New Labour's strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities. It evaluates the impact of general policies and specifically targeted initiatives on longstanding inequalities between ethnic groups in education, employment and income, and policing. At the forefront was the 2000 Race Relations (Amendment) Act, which places a statutory duty on all public authorities to promote equality of opportunity and good relations between different racial groups. Aside from New Labour's legislative framework to produce racial equality, the prevention of social exclusion has been pivotal, with a focus on reducing multiple disadvantage for all groups.Less
This chapter examines New Labour's strategies to reduce ethnic inequalities. It evaluates the impact of general policies and specifically targeted initiatives on longstanding inequalities between ethnic groups in education, employment and income, and policing. At the forefront was the 2000 Race Relations (Amendment) Act, which places a statutory duty on all public authorities to promote equality of opportunity and good relations between different racial groups. Aside from New Labour's legislative framework to produce racial equality, the prevention of social exclusion has been pivotal, with a focus on reducing multiple disadvantage for all groups.
Elise Giuliano
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801447457
- eISBN:
- 9780801460722
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801447457.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
Demands for national independence among ethnic minorities around the world suggest the power of nationalism. Contemporary nationalist movements can quickly attract fervent followings, but they can ...
More
Demands for national independence among ethnic minorities around the world suggest the power of nationalism. Contemporary nationalist movements can quickly attract fervent followings, but they can just as rapidly lose support. This book asks why people with ethnic identities throw their support behind nationalism in some cases but remain quiescent in others. Popular support for nationalism develops as part of the process of political mobilization—a process that itself transforms the meaning of ethnic identity. The book compares sixteen ethnic republics of the Russian Federation, where nationalist mobilization varied widely during the early 1990s despite a common Soviet inheritance. It argues that people respond to nationalist leaders after developing a group grievance. Ethnic grievances develop out of the interaction between people's lived experiences and the specific messages that nationalist entrepreneurs put forward concerning ethnic group disadvantage. The book shows that in Russia, ethnic grievances developed rapidly in certain republics in the late Soviet era when messages articulated by nationalist leaders about ethnic inequality in local labor markets resonated with people's experience of growing job insecurity in a contracting economy. In other republics, where nationalist leaders focused on articulating other issues, such as cultural and language problems facing the ethnic group, group grievances failed to develop, and popular support for nationalism stalled. The book concludes that people with ethnic identities do not form political interest groups primed to support ethnic politicians and movements for national secession.Less
Demands for national independence among ethnic minorities around the world suggest the power of nationalism. Contemporary nationalist movements can quickly attract fervent followings, but they can just as rapidly lose support. This book asks why people with ethnic identities throw their support behind nationalism in some cases but remain quiescent in others. Popular support for nationalism develops as part of the process of political mobilization—a process that itself transforms the meaning of ethnic identity. The book compares sixteen ethnic republics of the Russian Federation, where nationalist mobilization varied widely during the early 1990s despite a common Soviet inheritance. It argues that people respond to nationalist leaders after developing a group grievance. Ethnic grievances develop out of the interaction between people's lived experiences and the specific messages that nationalist entrepreneurs put forward concerning ethnic group disadvantage. The book shows that in Russia, ethnic grievances developed rapidly in certain republics in the late Soviet era when messages articulated by nationalist leaders about ethnic inequality in local labor markets resonated with people's experience of growing job insecurity in a contracting economy. In other republics, where nationalist leaders focused on articulating other issues, such as cultural and language problems facing the ethnic group, group grievances failed to develop, and popular support for nationalism stalled. The book concludes that people with ethnic identities do not form political interest groups primed to support ethnic politicians and movements for national secession.
Giuliano Elise
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801447457
- eISBN:
- 9780801460722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801447457.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and explains how they challenge common notions regarding the power of ethnicity to influence political behavior. As can be seen in the ...
More
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and explains how they challenge common notions regarding the power of ethnicity to influence political behavior. As can be seen in the experiences of Russia's republics, nationalism is a highly contingent and fragile political event rather than a permanent one. This is contrary to the assumption that ethnic groups have fixed, uniform preferences that support a nationalist program—a line of thinking that tends to underestimate the role of politics in shaping people's preferences and to overpredict the incidence of ethnic conflict. This chapter reiterates the finding that popular support for nationalism increased in republics where nationalists articulated a message of ethnic economic inequality, but not in republics where nationalists raised other issues. It also discusses the policy implications of the fact that ordinary people may be convinced by ethnified framings of economic issues put forward by their leaders. Finally, it conments on the claims about ethnic group subordination made by ethnic entrepreneurs in China and Iraq.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and explains how they challenge common notions regarding the power of ethnicity to influence political behavior. As can be seen in the experiences of Russia's republics, nationalism is a highly contingent and fragile political event rather than a permanent one. This is contrary to the assumption that ethnic groups have fixed, uniform preferences that support a nationalist program—a line of thinking that tends to underestimate the role of politics in shaping people's preferences and to overpredict the incidence of ethnic conflict. This chapter reiterates the finding that popular support for nationalism increased in republics where nationalists articulated a message of ethnic economic inequality, but not in republics where nationalists raised other issues. It also discusses the policy implications of the fact that ordinary people may be convinced by ethnified framings of economic issues put forward by their leaders. Finally, it conments on the claims about ethnic group subordination made by ethnic entrepreneurs in China and Iraq.
Yaël Brinbaum and Anthony Heath
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265741
- eISBN:
- 9780191771934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265741.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
In this chapter we explore the completion of upper secondary education. The central question here is whether the high rates of ethnic minority continuation into upper secondary education lead to a ...
More
In this chapter we explore the completion of upper secondary education. The central question here is whether the high rates of ethnic minority continuation into upper secondary education lead to a closing of the attainment gaps with the majority group. The story which emerges is that there are considerable continuities over the secondary school career. Ethnic disadvantages have not cumulated, but neither have they been eliminated. Nevertheless, the picture at the end of upper secondary education is not simply a repeat of the picture at the end of lower secondary. Overall, we find that in Canada, France and the USA the ethnic penalties found in test scores at the end of lower secondary have been mitigated by the end of upper secondary, while in Sweden the movements are more likely to be in the opposite direction.Less
In this chapter we explore the completion of upper secondary education. The central question here is whether the high rates of ethnic minority continuation into upper secondary education lead to a closing of the attainment gaps with the majority group. The story which emerges is that there are considerable continuities over the secondary school career. Ethnic disadvantages have not cumulated, but neither have they been eliminated. Nevertheless, the picture at the end of upper secondary education is not simply a repeat of the picture at the end of lower secondary. Overall, we find that in Canada, France and the USA the ethnic penalties found in test scores at the end of lower secondary have been mitigated by the end of upper secondary, while in Sweden the movements are more likely to be in the opposite direction.
John Iceland
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520286900
- eISBN:
- 9780520961975
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286900.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Race and Ethnicity in America examines patterns and trends in racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. Drawing upon information collected in surveys such as the decennial census and the ...
More
Race and Ethnicity in America examines patterns and trends in racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. Drawing upon information collected in surveys such as the decennial census and the American Community Survey, it documents levels of inequality in educational attainment, income, poverty, wealth, residential conditions, and health among whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and the multiracial population. It illustrate the main findings with in-depth stories gathered from ethnographic work and in topical news stories, and includes international comparisons as well. A recurrent theme in the book is that race and ethnicity are social constructions, as exemplified by how racial and ethnic group definitions and divisions vary over time and place, both within the United States and in other countries. The overarching conclusion is that color lines have generally softened over time in the United States, as there has been some narrowing of differences across many indicators for most groups over the past 60 years. Nevertheless, some deep-seated inequalities remain, especially between blacks and whites. Thus, despite some progress over many decades, illustrated by the substantial growth of the black middle class, African Americans are still more likely to be poor, unemployed, incarcerated, and suffer from worse health than whites. The books evaluates a number of theories that have been used to explain patterns of racial ethnic inequality, including human capital, social capital, culture, assimilation, and racism and discrimination. All play a role, though to a differing extent depending on the groups being considered.Less
Race and Ethnicity in America examines patterns and trends in racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. Drawing upon information collected in surveys such as the decennial census and the American Community Survey, it documents levels of inequality in educational attainment, income, poverty, wealth, residential conditions, and health among whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and the multiracial population. It illustrate the main findings with in-depth stories gathered from ethnographic work and in topical news stories, and includes international comparisons as well. A recurrent theme in the book is that race and ethnicity are social constructions, as exemplified by how racial and ethnic group definitions and divisions vary over time and place, both within the United States and in other countries. The overarching conclusion is that color lines have generally softened over time in the United States, as there has been some narrowing of differences across many indicators for most groups over the past 60 years. Nevertheless, some deep-seated inequalities remain, especially between blacks and whites. Thus, despite some progress over many decades, illustrated by the substantial growth of the black middle class, African Americans are still more likely to be poor, unemployed, incarcerated, and suffer from worse health than whites. The books evaluates a number of theories that have been used to explain patterns of racial ethnic inequality, including human capital, social capital, culture, assimilation, and racism and discrimination. All play a role, though to a differing extent depending on the groups being considered.
Jan O. Jonsson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199989393
- eISBN:
- 9780190206383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989393.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
In many countries there have been massive changes toward support for the expansionist view, most recently during the 1990s and onwards, where politicians in England and Sweden have gone so far as to ...
More
In many countries there have been massive changes toward support for the expansionist view, most recently during the 1990s and onwards, where politicians in England and Sweden have gone so far as to claim that at least half of a cohort should pursue tertiary level education. In fact, equality and expansion are intrinsically intertwined, but not because expansion leads to equality. Instead, what is argued here is that, if university education is to expand at the same time as academic standards are upheld, equalization is a necessary condition. It is the aim of this chapter to summarize recent sociological theory and empirical evidence on social and ethnic inequality in education in order to highlight the relation between equalization and expansion. In doing that, I will also discuss what potential institutional changes in the educational system have for the pursuit of educational expansion.Less
In many countries there have been massive changes toward support for the expansionist view, most recently during the 1990s and onwards, where politicians in England and Sweden have gone so far as to claim that at least half of a cohort should pursue tertiary level education. In fact, equality and expansion are intrinsically intertwined, but not because expansion leads to equality. Instead, what is argued here is that, if university education is to expand at the same time as academic standards are upheld, equalization is a necessary condition. It is the aim of this chapter to summarize recent sociological theory and empirical evidence on social and ethnic inequality in education in order to highlight the relation between equalization and expansion. In doing that, I will also discuss what potential institutional changes in the educational system have for the pursuit of educational expansion.
Jonathan Y. Okamura
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824839505
- eISBN:
- 9780824868444
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824839505.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This book discusses both the historical and contemporary experiences of Hawaiʻ's Japanese Americans and interprets these experiences from racial and ethnic perspectives. The transition from race to ...
More
This book discusses both the historical and contemporary experiences of Hawaiʻ's Japanese Americans and interprets these experiences from racial and ethnic perspectives. The transition from race to ethnicity is demonstrated in the transformation of Japanese Americans from a highly racialized minority of immigrant laborers to one of the most politically and socioeconomically powerful ethnic groups in the islands. The book has produced a racial history of Japanese Americans from their early struggles against oppressive working and living conditions on the sugar plantations to labor organizing and the rise to power of the Democratic Party following World War II. It goes on to analyze how Japanese Americans have maintained their political power into the twenty-first century and considers the recent advocacy and activism of individual yonsei (fourth-generation Japanese Americans) working on behalf of ethnic communities other than their own. The book's analysis elucidates the differential functioning of race and ethnicity over time insofar as race worked against Japanese Americans and other non-Haoles (Whites) by restricting them from full and equal participation in society, but by the 1970s ethnicity would work fully in their favor as they gained greater political and economic power. The book reminds that ethnicity has continued to work against Native Hawaiians, Filipino Americans, and other minorities—although not to the same extent as race previously—and thus is responsible for maintaining ethnic inequality in Hawaiʻi.Less
This book discusses both the historical and contemporary experiences of Hawaiʻ's Japanese Americans and interprets these experiences from racial and ethnic perspectives. The transition from race to ethnicity is demonstrated in the transformation of Japanese Americans from a highly racialized minority of immigrant laborers to one of the most politically and socioeconomically powerful ethnic groups in the islands. The book has produced a racial history of Japanese Americans from their early struggles against oppressive working and living conditions on the sugar plantations to labor organizing and the rise to power of the Democratic Party following World War II. It goes on to analyze how Japanese Americans have maintained their political power into the twenty-first century and considers the recent advocacy and activism of individual yonsei (fourth-generation Japanese Americans) working on behalf of ethnic communities other than their own. The book's analysis elucidates the differential functioning of race and ethnicity over time insofar as race worked against Japanese Americans and other non-Haoles (Whites) by restricting them from full and equal participation in society, but by the 1970s ethnicity would work fully in their favor as they gained greater political and economic power. The book reminds that ethnicity has continued to work against Native Hawaiians, Filipino Americans, and other minorities—although not to the same extent as race previously—and thus is responsible for maintaining ethnic inequality in Hawaiʻi.
