Kristine Bruland and Keith Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Nordic countries — Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland — which stretches back at least to the late eighteenth century, gathered force in the ...
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This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Nordic countries — Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland — which stretches back at least to the late eighteenth century, gathered force in the mid‐nineteenth century, and extended into the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The patent system began relatively early, which facilitated inward technology transfer in two ways: first, via foreign patenting in the Nordic region and, second, via patent systems (“imported patents”) that permitted Nordic citizens to appropriate foreign‐developed inventions. However, there were many methods of acquiring and developing intellectual property, including societies, foreign work experience, immigration, exhibitions, and industrial espionage, and many ways to protect it. The chapter thus emphasizes the broader dimensions of learning and the creation of knowledge assets, and therefore the need to set IPRs within a wide context of knowledge creation.Less
This chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Nordic countries — Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland — which stretches back at least to the late eighteenth century, gathered force in the mid‐nineteenth century, and extended into the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The patent system began relatively early, which facilitated inward technology transfer in two ways: first, via foreign patenting in the Nordic region and, second, via patent systems (“imported patents”) that permitted Nordic citizens to appropriate foreign‐developed inventions. However, there were many methods of acquiring and developing intellectual property, including societies, foreign work experience, immigration, exhibitions, and industrial espionage, and many ways to protect it. The chapter thus emphasizes the broader dimensions of learning and the creation of knowledge assets, and therefore the need to set IPRs within a wide context of knowledge creation.
Conor McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474455930
- eISBN:
- 9781474480628
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455930.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Outlawry and espionage would seem to be quite different phenomena, rarely discussed together. This book argues that they have something in common - that both involve exclusion from law. Challenging ...
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Outlawry and espionage would seem to be quite different phenomena, rarely discussed together. This book argues that they have something in common - that both involve exclusion from law. Challenging previous readings that view outlawry as a now-superseded historical phenomenon, and outlaws as figures of popular resistance, this book argues that legal exclusion is a longstanding and enduring means of supporting state power. Through close analysis of the literatures of outlawry and espionage, this book reads legal exclusion as a key theme in writing about outlaws and spies from the Middle Ages to the present day, arguing that literature plays an important role in representing and critiquing exclusion from law. The discussion draws on the work of Giorgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Eric Hobsbawm, and engages with a range of primary legal texts from the Middle Ages to the present day. Literary works discussed range from the medieval Robin Hood ballads, Shakespeare’s history plays, and versions of the Ned Kelly story, to contemporary writing by John le Carré, Don DeLillo, Ciaran Carson and William Gibson.Less
Outlawry and espionage would seem to be quite different phenomena, rarely discussed together. This book argues that they have something in common - that both involve exclusion from law. Challenging previous readings that view outlawry as a now-superseded historical phenomenon, and outlaws as figures of popular resistance, this book argues that legal exclusion is a longstanding and enduring means of supporting state power. Through close analysis of the literatures of outlawry and espionage, this book reads legal exclusion as a key theme in writing about outlaws and spies from the Middle Ages to the present day, arguing that literature plays an important role in representing and critiquing exclusion from law. The discussion draws on the work of Giorgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Eric Hobsbawm, and engages with a range of primary legal texts from the Middle Ages to the present day. Literary works discussed range from the medieval Robin Hood ballads, Shakespeare’s history plays, and versions of the Ned Kelly story, to contemporary writing by John le Carré, Don DeLillo, Ciaran Carson and William Gibson.
Priya Satia
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331417
- eISBN:
- 9780199868070
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331417.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and ...
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This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and state practice. Culture mattered especially in this intelligence endeavor because of British agents' orientalist preconceptions of “Arabia” as an inscrutable, romantic space offering adventure and spiritualism. They developed an intelligence epistemology grounded in intuition, elevating as “experts” those claiming an innate “genius” for understanding the region, regardless of empirical knowledge. This intelligence culture assured the agents an unusual influence in the running of the Great War campaigns and postwar mandatory administrations in the region, notably in the British state's conspiracy fears and consequent design of a brutal air control regime for Iraq. The book argues that violence and culture were more closely allied in imperial rule than has been recognized, ironically, especially at a moment of popular anti–imperialism and increasing mass democracy. As the British public demanded control over foreign policy in the Middle East, the imperial state developed new means of keeping its affairs secret, developing a style of colonial rule that Priya Satia calls “covert empire,” in which airpower, intelligence agents, and propaganda were critical. As democratic oversight vanished, colonial violence reached a new pitch, with lasting consequences in the Middle East, British attitudes towards the state, and, and military tactics. The book offers a new understanding of the legacies of the Great War and of the British empire in the 20th century.Less
This book offers a cultural history of British intelligence–gathering in the Middle East in the era of World War One and its consequences in British literary and political culture and military and state practice. Culture mattered especially in this intelligence endeavor because of British agents' orientalist preconceptions of “Arabia” as an inscrutable, romantic space offering adventure and spiritualism. They developed an intelligence epistemology grounded in intuition, elevating as “experts” those claiming an innate “genius” for understanding the region, regardless of empirical knowledge. This intelligence culture assured the agents an unusual influence in the running of the Great War campaigns and postwar mandatory administrations in the region, notably in the British state's conspiracy fears and consequent design of a brutal air control regime for Iraq. The book argues that violence and culture were more closely allied in imperial rule than has been recognized, ironically, especially at a moment of popular anti–imperialism and increasing mass democracy. As the British public demanded control over foreign policy in the Middle East, the imperial state developed new means of keeping its affairs secret, developing a style of colonial rule that Priya Satia calls “covert empire,” in which airpower, intelligence agents, and propaganda were critical. As democratic oversight vanished, colonial violence reached a new pitch, with lasting consequences in the Middle East, British attitudes towards the state, and, and military tactics. The book offers a new understanding of the legacies of the Great War and of the British empire in the 20th century.
William J. Maxwell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691130200
- eISBN:
- 9781400852062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691130200.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This part illuminates the interpretive assumptions of Bureau ghostreading against the backdrop of the best-documented entanglement of American criticism with American espionage: namely, the firsthand ...
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This part illuminates the interpretive assumptions of Bureau ghostreading against the backdrop of the best-documented entanglement of American criticism with American espionage: namely, the firsthand stamp of the New Criticism on the counterintelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Section 1 explores CIA-endorsed formalism, its high-wire, Yale-rooted history, which was eventually integrated into FBI critical practice. Section 2 confirms that the Bureau ghostreaders cobbled together a distinct mode of FBI reading decades before the CIA's creation, a didactic yet meticulous biohistoricism in sympathy with academic schools of the late 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. Section 3 looks into the background and outlook of the FBI agents tasked with criticizing Afro-modernism. Finally, section 4 assesses the impact of FBI ghostreading on an interested non-Bureau audience: the self-appointed model citizens who turned to Hoover as a literary-critical wise man and potential literary-critical collaborator. This part proposes the third and thus far most literary of the five theses: The FBI is perhaps the most dedicated and influential forgotten critic of African American literature.Less
This part illuminates the interpretive assumptions of Bureau ghostreading against the backdrop of the best-documented entanglement of American criticism with American espionage: namely, the firsthand stamp of the New Criticism on the counterintelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Section 1 explores CIA-endorsed formalism, its high-wire, Yale-rooted history, which was eventually integrated into FBI critical practice. Section 2 confirms that the Bureau ghostreaders cobbled together a distinct mode of FBI reading decades before the CIA's creation, a didactic yet meticulous biohistoricism in sympathy with academic schools of the late 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. Section 3 looks into the background and outlook of the FBI agents tasked with criticizing Afro-modernism. Finally, section 4 assesses the impact of FBI ghostreading on an interested non-Bureau audience: the self-appointed model citizens who turned to Hoover as a literary-critical wise man and potential literary-critical collaborator. This part proposes the third and thus far most literary of the five theses: The FBI is perhaps the most dedicated and influential forgotten critic of African American literature.
Marjorie Garber
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823242047
- eISBN:
- 9780823242085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823242047.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Supporters of WikiLeaks proprietor Julian Assange protested his arrest in Sweden on sexual charges as a classic “honey trap”—a sting operation in which an attractive person is used to entrap or ...
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Supporters of WikiLeaks proprietor Julian Assange protested his arrest in Sweden on sexual charges as a classic “honey trap”—a sting operation in which an attractive person is used to entrap or coerce a target. In this case, the claim is that two Swedish women used sex as a way of trapping Assange. “Honey trap” is a phrase more familiar in Britain than the United States, and its connection with sting seems more than coincidental. The honeybee has long been associated in literature and political philosophy with a model of human society—from Virgil's Georgics to Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees to Leo Tolstoy and Karl Marx. But although the term “honey trap” was originally associated with espionage, the Oxford English Dictionary says that it is now onw which is found “especially in journalism.”Less
Supporters of WikiLeaks proprietor Julian Assange protested his arrest in Sweden on sexual charges as a classic “honey trap”—a sting operation in which an attractive person is used to entrap or coerce a target. In this case, the claim is that two Swedish women used sex as a way of trapping Assange. “Honey trap” is a phrase more familiar in Britain than the United States, and its connection with sting seems more than coincidental. The honeybee has long been associated in literature and political philosophy with a model of human society—from Virgil's Georgics to Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees to Leo Tolstoy and Karl Marx. But although the term “honey trap” was originally associated with espionage, the Oxford English Dictionary says that it is now onw which is found “especially in journalism.”
Christopher Capozzola
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335491
- eISBN:
- 9780199868971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335491.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on civil liberties during World War I. It shows that during America's first world war, a broad but tentative and fragmented coalition developed around the concept of civil ...
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This chapter focuses on civil liberties during World War I. It shows that during America's first world war, a broad but tentative and fragmented coalition developed around the concept of civil liberties, using rights as a weapon of defense. Americans resisted obligation's coercive aspects and gave voice to a politics that imagined the citizen first and foremost as an individual and as a bearer of rights. They formed social networks, voluntary associations, and political institutions dedicated to realizing this vision. Out of this wartime effort emerged the American Civil Liberties Union, modern First Amendment jurisprudence, and understandings of individual rights in popular political culture that would transform American politics in the 20th century. The trial of Jane Addams, the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, and the Nonpartisan League are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on civil liberties during World War I. It shows that during America's first world war, a broad but tentative and fragmented coalition developed around the concept of civil liberties, using rights as a weapon of defense. Americans resisted obligation's coercive aspects and gave voice to a politics that imagined the citizen first and foremost as an individual and as a bearer of rights. They formed social networks, voluntary associations, and political institutions dedicated to realizing this vision. Out of this wartime effort emerged the American Civil Liberties Union, modern First Amendment jurisprudence, and understandings of individual rights in popular political culture that would transform American politics in the 20th century. The trial of Jane Addams, the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, and the Nonpartisan League are discussed.
Landon R. Y. Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153964
- eISBN:
- 9781400845255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153964.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Second Red Scare, which stunted the development of the American welfare state. In the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives in and out of government ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Second Red Scare, which stunted the development of the American welfare state. In the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives in and out of government used concerns about Soviet espionage to remove from public service many officials who advocated regulatory and redistributive policies intended to strengthen democracy. The crusade against “Communists in government” had even more casualties than people thought. In addition to its well-known violation of civil liberties and destruction of careers, the Second Red Scare curbed the social democratic potential of the New Deal through its impact on policymakers who sought to mitigate the antidemocratic tendencies of unregulated capitalism.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Second Red Scare, which stunted the development of the American welfare state. In the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives in and out of government used concerns about Soviet espionage to remove from public service many officials who advocated regulatory and redistributive policies intended to strengthen democracy. The crusade against “Communists in government” had even more casualties than people thought. In addition to its well-known violation of civil liberties and destruction of careers, the Second Red Scare curbed the social democratic potential of the New Deal through its impact on policymakers who sought to mitigate the antidemocratic tendencies of unregulated capitalism.
Eunan O'Halpin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199253296
- eISBN:
- 9780191719202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253296.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins with a discussion of British policy towards Ireland in the period between the invasion of France in May 1940 and the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. It then ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of British policy towards Ireland in the period between the invasion of France in May 1940 and the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. It then discusses the immediate threat of German invasion in May-June 1940, the development of Anglo-Irish security liaison and German espionage, covert counterespionage and intelligence-gathering in Ireland, the fading of the IRA threat, the fighting services and intelligence on Ireland, SOE and Ireland, British propaganda, and intelligence activities of foreign diplomats in Ireland.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of British policy towards Ireland in the period between the invasion of France in May 1940 and the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. It then discusses the immediate threat of German invasion in May-June 1940, the development of Anglo-Irish security liaison and German espionage, covert counterespionage and intelligence-gathering in Ireland, the fading of the IRA threat, the fighting services and intelligence on Ireland, SOE and Ireland, British propaganda, and intelligence activities of foreign diplomats in Ireland.
Eunan O'Halpin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199253296
- eISBN:
- 9780191719202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253296.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins with a discussion regarding major changes in Britain's fortunes of war between July 1941 and December 1942: humiliation in the Far East at the hands of Japan, catastrophic ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion regarding major changes in Britain's fortunes of war between July 1941 and December 1942: humiliation in the Far East at the hands of Japan, catastrophic reverses in North Africa, and the lack of control over India during the Quit India campaign. It then discusses the issue of the German legation radio, SIS and Ireland, German and IRA activities, Irish espionage (the Basket Case), Anglo-Irish cooperation on security, intelligence and diplomatic activities, and British propaganda.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion regarding major changes in Britain's fortunes of war between July 1941 and December 1942: humiliation in the Far East at the hands of Japan, catastrophic reverses in North Africa, and the lack of control over India during the Quit India campaign. It then discusses the issue of the German legation radio, SIS and Ireland, German and IRA activities, Irish espionage (the Basket Case), Anglo-Irish cooperation on security, intelligence and diplomatic activities, and British propaganda.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any ...
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This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.Less
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet aggression. It adds that spying on Soviet and satellite weaponry and war-related scientific research served the policies of containment and deterrence. It also investigates the intelligence on soviet scientific research and development. It explains that in order to exploit connections with the USSR, a standard method was to encourage suitably qualified spies to apply for jobs in targeted ministries, the East German army, or the SED. It discusses that spying on war-related research and development overlapped with broader industrial spying, for much science and technology with civilian applications was also relevant to war. It then explains that the West gained deep penetration of DDR's factories and research and development institutions active across the whole field of advanced technology.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the targets and methods in the field of scientific espionage. It explains that a key factor of containment was having enough military force to deter Soviet aggression. It adds that spying on Soviet and satellite weaponry and war-related scientific research served the policies of containment and deterrence. It also investigates the intelligence on soviet scientific research and development. It explains that in order to exploit connections with the USSR, a standard method was to encourage suitably qualified spies to apply for jobs in targeted ministries, the East German army, or the SED. It discusses that spying on war-related research and development overlapped with broader industrial spying, for much science and technology with civilian applications was also relevant to war. It then explains that the West gained deep penetration of DDR's factories and research and development institutions active across the whole field of advanced technology.
Victoria Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640997
- eISBN:
- 9780748651832
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640997.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
Focusing on the upsurge of interest in the Second World War in recent British novels, this book explores the ways in which secrecy and secret work – including code breaking, espionage and special ...
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Focusing on the upsurge of interest in the Second World War in recent British novels, this book explores the ways in which secrecy and secret work – including code breaking, espionage and special operations – have been approached in representations of the war. It considers established writers, including Muriel Spark, Sarah Waters and Kazuo Ishiguro, as well as newer voices, such as Liz Jensen and Peter Ho Davies. The examination of the after-effects of involvement in secret work, inter-generational secrets in a domestic context, political allegiance and sexuality shows how issues of loyalty, deception and betrayal are brought into focus in these novels.Less
Focusing on the upsurge of interest in the Second World War in recent British novels, this book explores the ways in which secrecy and secret work – including code breaking, espionage and special operations – have been approached in representations of the war. It considers established writers, including Muriel Spark, Sarah Waters and Kazuo Ishiguro, as well as newer voices, such as Liz Jensen and Peter Ho Davies. The examination of the after-effects of involvement in secret work, inter-generational secrets in a domestic context, political allegiance and sexuality shows how issues of loyalty, deception and betrayal are brought into focus in these novels.
Catriona Pennell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199590582
- eISBN:
- 9780191738777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590582.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the ...
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When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the outbreak of war, the majority of British people believed that Germany was their enemy and this feeling, in turn, compounded a sense of righteousness about Britain and its cause. This chapter explores how the perception of Germany as the enemy was constructed. It also examines the relationship between the actions of the external enemy—Germany and its enemy allies—and the internal enemy—enemy aliens and spies, illustrating the depth of anxiety felt in Britain at the outbreak of war.Less
When societies go to war, their world‐view quickly becomes polarized into ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The positive collective self—the nation and its allies—is directly juxtaposed with the enemy. At the outbreak of war, the majority of British people believed that Germany was their enemy and this feeling, in turn, compounded a sense of righteousness about Britain and its cause. This chapter explores how the perception of Germany as the enemy was constructed. It also examines the relationship between the actions of the external enemy—Germany and its enemy allies—and the internal enemy—enemy aliens and spies, illustrating the depth of anxiety felt in Britain at the outbreak of war.
Marion Elizabeth Rodgers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195072389
- eISBN:
- 9780199787982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072389.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
America's entry into war on April 2, 1917, turned Mencken's life upside down. As a German-American now writing for the New York Evening Mail, he became the target of super-patriots. George Creel ...
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America's entry into war on April 2, 1917, turned Mencken's life upside down. As a German-American now writing for the New York Evening Mail, he became the target of super-patriots. George Creel launched the Espionage Act, containing some of the broadest and most restrictive sanctions against civil liberties and free speech that the country ever witnessed. As a German-American who felt separated from American society, Mencken began to gain insight on another group he had derided years earlier: African-Americans. Together with James Weldon Johnson, they urged black Americans to start writing realistically about racial issues, including lynching. Mencken also met Philip Goodman, and wrote A Book of Prefaces and Damn a Book of Calumny, both of which attacked American literature and conformity head on.Less
America's entry into war on April 2, 1917, turned Mencken's life upside down. As a German-American now writing for the New York Evening Mail, he became the target of super-patriots. George Creel launched the Espionage Act, containing some of the broadest and most restrictive sanctions against civil liberties and free speech that the country ever witnessed. As a German-American who felt separated from American society, Mencken began to gain insight on another group he had derided years earlier: African-Americans. Together with James Weldon Johnson, they urged black Americans to start writing realistically about racial issues, including lynching. Mencken also met Philip Goodman, and wrote A Book of Prefaces and Damn a Book of Calumny, both of which attacked American literature and conformity head on.
Gareth Wood
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651337
- eISBN:
- 9780191741180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651337.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter is in two sections and offers a synthesis of the conclusions of the book and relates them to Marías's penultimate and longest novel, Tu rostro mañana. Hence, the first section of the ...
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This chapter is in two sections and offers a synthesis of the conclusions of the book and relates them to Marías's penultimate and longest novel, Tu rostro mañana. Hence, the first section of the chapter offers a close reading of the novel and suggests ways in which Marías develops and adds layers of complexity to what had been the preoccupations of the previous novels discussed in this study, preoccupations that include betrayal, the unknowability of others, the Spanish Civil War, intervention of the state in the life of the private individual. The first section traces the development of these preoccupations in both the novel and in Marías's journalism in the period of the novel's gestation. The chapter's second section shows how Marías has continued to use translation, intertextuality, and palimpsest as a means of developing the characterization in TRM. Close analysis is given of the quotations and paraphrasing of Shakespeare's King Henry V, W. G Sebald's On the Natural History of Destruction, Milton's sonnets, Sefton Delmer's autobiography, and Robert Louis Stevenson's poetry.Less
This chapter is in two sections and offers a synthesis of the conclusions of the book and relates them to Marías's penultimate and longest novel, Tu rostro mañana. Hence, the first section of the chapter offers a close reading of the novel and suggests ways in which Marías develops and adds layers of complexity to what had been the preoccupations of the previous novels discussed in this study, preoccupations that include betrayal, the unknowability of others, the Spanish Civil War, intervention of the state in the life of the private individual. The first section traces the development of these preoccupations in both the novel and in Marías's journalism in the period of the novel's gestation. The chapter's second section shows how Marías has continued to use translation, intertextuality, and palimpsest as a means of developing the characterization in TRM. Close analysis is given of the quotations and paraphrasing of Shakespeare's King Henry V, W. G Sebald's On the Natural History of Destruction, Milton's sonnets, Sefton Delmer's autobiography, and Robert Louis Stevenson's poetry.
Con Coroneos
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187363
- eISBN:
- 9780191674716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187363.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
This chapter examines the 1949 film The Third Man in relation to Michel Foucault's concept of discourse relevant to the Enlightenment space of extension. It mentions Foucault's observation about the ...
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This chapter examines the 1949 film The Third Man in relation to Michel Foucault's concept of discourse relevant to the Enlightenment space of extension. It mentions Foucault's observation about the shift of modern fiction from adventure to espionage. It suggests that the film gained a deeper cultural significance two years after it was shown because two English men defected to the Soviet Union in May 1951.Less
This chapter examines the 1949 film The Third Man in relation to Michel Foucault's concept of discourse relevant to the Enlightenment space of extension. It mentions Foucault's observation about the shift of modern fiction from adventure to espionage. It suggests that the film gained a deeper cultural significance two years after it was shown because two English men defected to the Soviet Union in May 1951.
R. W. Maslen
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119913
- eISBN:
- 9780191671241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119913.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
The chapter begins with a discussion of some of the educational and political theories to which the sixteenth-century novelists responded. These theories are woven into the book as thoroughly as they ...
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The chapter begins with a discussion of some of the educational and political theories to which the sixteenth-century novelists responded. These theories are woven into the book as thoroughly as they are woven into Elizabethan fiction, since Sir Thomas Elyot and Roger Ascham seem to have generated as many imaginative variations on their themes as any of the fictions that exploited their arguments. For many writers of both treatises and prose fiction throughout the century, with Roger Ascham and Stephen Gosson prominent among them, the struggle to preserve ‘simplicity’ or ‘one plain understanding or meaning between the parties’ in the face of the ceaseless depredations of linguistic fraud was the principal responsibility of the printed text. It is ironic that Ascham's The Scholemaster, should have become a major source of subject-matter for the Italianate English fictions of the following decade.Less
The chapter begins with a discussion of some of the educational and political theories to which the sixteenth-century novelists responded. These theories are woven into the book as thoroughly as they are woven into Elizabethan fiction, since Sir Thomas Elyot and Roger Ascham seem to have generated as many imaginative variations on their themes as any of the fictions that exploited their arguments. For many writers of both treatises and prose fiction throughout the century, with Roger Ascham and Stephen Gosson prominent among them, the struggle to preserve ‘simplicity’ or ‘one plain understanding or meaning between the parties’ in the face of the ceaseless depredations of linguistic fraud was the principal responsibility of the printed text. It is ironic that Ascham's The Scholemaster, should have become a major source of subject-matter for the Italianate English fictions of the following decade.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on a report from SÖNCHEN, dated 10 May 1943, describing a briefing given to SIS's Section V on 6 March 1943 by Colonel Valentine Vivian, on the subject of Communist penetration ...
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This chapter focuses on a report from SÖNCHEN, dated 10 May 1943, describing a briefing given to SIS's Section V on 6 March 1943 by Colonel Valentine Vivian, on the subject of Communist penetration of British secret organizations. It states that Vivian began with a brief review of Communist revolutionary movements and warned again about the general tendency in the United Kingdom to whitewash the USSR. As he put it, the Anglo-Soviet alliance notwithstanding, the Russians had demonstrated their guilt by having espionage organizations working against the British armed forces. The chapter reveals that Vivian's tone was, for the most part, one of indignation and surprise; he thought it curious that Russia should be spying on one of its allies.Less
This chapter focuses on a report from SÖNCHEN, dated 10 May 1943, describing a briefing given to SIS's Section V on 6 March 1943 by Colonel Valentine Vivian, on the subject of Communist penetration of British secret organizations. It states that Vivian began with a brief review of Communist revolutionary movements and warned again about the general tendency in the United Kingdom to whitewash the USSR. As he put it, the Anglo-Soviet alliance notwithstanding, the Russians had demonstrated their guilt by having espionage organizations working against the British armed forces. The chapter reveals that Vivian's tone was, for the most part, one of indignation and surprise; he thought it curious that Russia should be spying on one of its allies.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0039
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the information regarding MI5's targeting of foreign diplomatic missions in London, which revealed that MI5 targeted foreign missions accredited to the British government in ...
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This chapter discusses the information regarding MI5's targeting of foreign diplomatic missions in London, which revealed that MI5 targeted foreign missions accredited to the British government in London. MI5 targeted the Swedish, Swiss, Spanish, Turkish, Portuguese, Egyptian, Brazilian, Chilean, and Peruvian missions. Since the start of hostilities with Germany, its main objective was to determine what espionage activity was being carried out via the missions for the benefit of their home countries and, above all, Germany. MI5 focused most heavily on the Spanish and Swedish missions, and had a considerable network among the staff of the Spanish mission. In targeting the Spaniards through agents, radio intercepts, telegram decrypts, and opening diplomatic bags, it established that in 1940, a Spanish spy network was set up to operate on German orders. The network was initially run by the embassy's second secretary and later by the journalist Luis Calvo.Less
This chapter discusses the information regarding MI5's targeting of foreign diplomatic missions in London, which revealed that MI5 targeted foreign missions accredited to the British government in London. MI5 targeted the Swedish, Swiss, Spanish, Turkish, Portuguese, Egyptian, Brazilian, Chilean, and Peruvian missions. Since the start of hostilities with Germany, its main objective was to determine what espionage activity was being carried out via the missions for the benefit of their home countries and, above all, Germany. MI5 focused most heavily on the Spanish and Swedish missions, and had a considerable network among the staff of the Spanish mission. In targeting the Spaniards through agents, radio intercepts, telegram decrypts, and opening diplomatic bags, it established that in 1940, a Spanish spy network was set up to operate on German orders. The network was initially run by the embassy's second secretary and later by the journalist Luis Calvo.
Michael Rapport
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208457
- eISBN:
- 9780191678011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208457.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The period after the Terror of 1793–1794 has been described as a period in which conditions for foreigners in France improved. Cosmopolitanism flourished once more and the repressive measures against ...
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The period after the Terror of 1793–1794 has been described as a period in which conditions for foreigners in France improved. Cosmopolitanism flourished once more and the repressive measures against foreigners were steadily repealed. The assumption has been that the more draconian measures against foreigners were related to the system of the Terror. The Thermidorians, however, proved more willing to speak cosmopolitan language than to act on it. The Thermidorians and the Directory retained the same fears about foreign conspiracy and espionage as before. With real ‘conspiracies’ involving foreigners, such as the royalist landings at Quiberon and the Babouvist plot, the reflex of the post-Thermidor regimes was to re-enact measures of control, naturally reverting to the models of the Year II. The timid emergence of cosmopolitan rhetoric from its hibernation during the dark months of the Terror did not herald the return of the civil freedom that foreigners had enjoyed before the war. Instead, it shrouded expansionist and exploitative policies in attractive packaging.Less
The period after the Terror of 1793–1794 has been described as a period in which conditions for foreigners in France improved. Cosmopolitanism flourished once more and the repressive measures against foreigners were steadily repealed. The assumption has been that the more draconian measures against foreigners were related to the system of the Terror. The Thermidorians, however, proved more willing to speak cosmopolitan language than to act on it. The Thermidorians and the Directory retained the same fears about foreign conspiracy and espionage as before. With real ‘conspiracies’ involving foreigners, such as the royalist landings at Quiberon and the Babouvist plot, the reflex of the post-Thermidor regimes was to re-enact measures of control, naturally reverting to the models of the Year II. The timid emergence of cosmopolitan rhetoric from its hibernation during the dark months of the Terror did not herald the return of the civil freedom that foreigners had enjoyed before the war. Instead, it shrouded expansionist and exploitative policies in attractive packaging.
