Andrew T Guzman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305562
- eISBN:
- 9780199867004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305562.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes the most important source of international law – the international agreement. It first explains why it is appropriate to think of states as being risk neutral rather than risk ...
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This chapter analyzes the most important source of international law – the international agreement. It first explains why it is appropriate to think of states as being risk neutral rather than risk averse in the context of international law. It then explores the choice states make between various design features in their international agreements, including the choice between hard and soft law, the presence or absence of dispute resolution, the use of reservations, escape clauses, and exit clauses. The trade‐off between form and substance in agreements is also explained, as is the manner in which membership rules are developed.Less
This chapter analyzes the most important source of international law – the international agreement. It first explains why it is appropriate to think of states as being risk neutral rather than risk averse in the context of international law. It then explores the choice states make between various design features in their international agreements, including the choice between hard and soft law, the presence or absence of dispute resolution, the use of reservations, escape clauses, and exit clauses. The trade‐off between form and substance in agreements is also explained, as is the manner in which membership rules are developed.
Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter returns to the development of Anglo‐German relations by considering the impact of the Gestapo's shooting of fifty British prisoners involved in the ‘great escape’ from Stalag Luft III in ...
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This chapter returns to the development of Anglo‐German relations by considering the impact of the Gestapo's shooting of fifty British prisoners involved in the ‘great escape’ from Stalag Luft III in March 1944. It examines how the event transformed British thinking, both towards its POWs and the German regime more generally, and explores the policy ‐options open to the British government in defending its men against death and ill‐treatment at the hands of their captors, particularly in the final days and weeks of the war. While the massacre of the great escapers inevitably cast doubt on Germany's willingness to adhere to the POW regime, the chapter explores how the existence of the POW convention placed constraints on German behaviour and prevented the regime from inflicting on British POWs the same level of violence and intimidation routinely meted out to other categories of POWs in German hands. As a result, although the events of 1944 undermined British confidence in the POW regime and the power of reciprocity to hold Germany to its legal obligations, German officials continued to acknowledge the existence of external constraints and to tailor their behaviour and policy accordingly.Less
This chapter returns to the development of Anglo‐German relations by considering the impact of the Gestapo's shooting of fifty British prisoners involved in the ‘great escape’ from Stalag Luft III in March 1944. It examines how the event transformed British thinking, both towards its POWs and the German regime more generally, and explores the policy ‐options open to the British government in defending its men against death and ill‐treatment at the hands of their captors, particularly in the final days and weeks of the war. While the massacre of the great escapers inevitably cast doubt on Germany's willingness to adhere to the POW regime, the chapter explores how the existence of the POW convention placed constraints on German behaviour and prevented the regime from inflicting on British POWs the same level of violence and intimidation routinely meted out to other categories of POWs in German hands. As a result, although the events of 1944 undermined British confidence in the POW regime and the power of reciprocity to hold Germany to its legal obligations, German officials continued to acknowledge the existence of external constraints and to tailor their behaviour and policy accordingly.
Gordon W. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189599
- eISBN:
- 9780199868445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189599.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Definitions of panics are introduced along with a series of early experimental investigations of the phenomenon. The chapter further distinguishes between escape and entry panics with additional ...
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Definitions of panics are introduced along with a series of early experimental investigations of the phenomenon. The chapter further distinguishes between escape and entry panics with additional discussion of the often puzzling behavior of people caught up in actual panics. Researchers have identified four stages in people's behavior starting with the first indications of danger. The advantages of using both humans and ants as a means of investigating panic behavior are highlighted. The all-important matter of how to communicate effectively during emergencies and the design of avenues of escape is a further critical applied topic. A concluding section provides a listing of suggestions intended to prevent or mitigate the effects of panics. These include design and engineering considerations that include the installation of retractable escape gangways for spectators in the stands. The 1903 Iroquois theater fire in Chicago that left 602 theatergoers dead is summarized as a case study that vividly illustrates the numerous preventive steps that should have been in place but were not.Less
Definitions of panics are introduced along with a series of early experimental investigations of the phenomenon. The chapter further distinguishes between escape and entry panics with additional discussion of the often puzzling behavior of people caught up in actual panics. Researchers have identified four stages in people's behavior starting with the first indications of danger. The advantages of using both humans and ants as a means of investigating panic behavior are highlighted. The all-important matter of how to communicate effectively during emergencies and the design of avenues of escape is a further critical applied topic. A concluding section provides a listing of suggestions intended to prevent or mitigate the effects of panics. These include design and engineering considerations that include the installation of retractable escape gangways for spectators in the stands. The 1903 Iroquois theater fire in Chicago that left 602 theatergoers dead is summarized as a case study that vividly illustrates the numerous preventive steps that should have been in place but were not.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields ...
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This chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields can be interpreted in terms of a sequence of trapping and detrapping events. At very high field, ions can drift without being captured by vortex rings, and eventually they may reach velocities in excess of the Landau critical velocity for roton emission. The breaking of the roton barrier is described in great detail because of its importance. It is the first time that a macroscopic critical velocity has been reached in the superfluid by a moving object. The microscopic size of the ions has allowed this impressive goal to be reached.Less
This chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields can be interpreted in terms of a sequence of trapping and detrapping events. At very high field, ions can drift without being captured by vortex rings, and eventually they may reach velocities in excess of the Landau critical velocity for roton emission. The breaking of the roton barrier is described in great detail because of its importance. It is the first time that a macroscopic critical velocity has been reached in the superfluid by a moving object. The microscopic size of the ions has allowed this impressive goal to be reached.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
If the superfluid is contained in a rotating bucket, it resembles a solid-body rotation by developing an uniform array of quantized vortex lines. These can capture ions and, thus, rotating superfluid ...
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If the superfluid is contained in a rotating bucket, it resembles a solid-body rotation by developing an uniform array of quantized vortex lines. These can capture ions and, thus, rotating superfluid He II shows a strong anisotropy to the motion of ions. This chapter is concerned with the interaction of ions with vortex lines. The ion capture experiments and their results are described. Concepts such as capture width are discussed. A theoretical model of Brownian diffusion has been developed to understand the capture of ions by vortex lines. The competition between the attractive hydrodynamic suction and the thermal diffusion leads to an effective capture rate of ions. The effect of the pressure on the capture of an electron bubble is also discussed.Less
If the superfluid is contained in a rotating bucket, it resembles a solid-body rotation by developing an uniform array of quantized vortex lines. These can capture ions and, thus, rotating superfluid He II shows a strong anisotropy to the motion of ions. This chapter is concerned with the interaction of ions with vortex lines. The ion capture experiments and their results are described. Concepts such as capture width are discussed. A theoretical model of Brownian diffusion has been developed to understand the capture of ions by vortex lines. The competition between the attractive hydrodynamic suction and the thermal diffusion leads to an effective capture rate of ions. The effect of the pressure on the capture of an electron bubble is also discussed.
Matthew Wright
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199274512
- eISBN:
- 9780191706554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274512.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter analyses Euripides' use of myth in the escape-tragedies. It begins with a detailed discussion of the terms ‘myth’ and ‘plot’ in relation to Greek tragedy, and explores the precise extent ...
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This chapter analyses Euripides' use of myth in the escape-tragedies. It begins with a detailed discussion of the terms ‘myth’ and ‘plot’ in relation to Greek tragedy, and explores the precise extent of Euripides' innovation and creativity when dealing with pre-existing material. The chapter examines certain central strands in the mythical traditions relating to the plays' heroines, including counterfactuality, geography, and the escape-theme. It argues that Euripides' innovation lies in a disconcerting mixture of pre-existing elements from myth: he has not invented the plots that he uses, nor has he directly inherited them from specific or single literary sources (such as Stesichorus). The chapter concludes by identifying a specific type of mythical self-conscious, which the chapter terms ‘metamythology’.Less
This chapter analyses Euripides' use of myth in the escape-tragedies. It begins with a detailed discussion of the terms ‘myth’ and ‘plot’ in relation to Greek tragedy, and explores the precise extent of Euripides' innovation and creativity when dealing with pre-existing material. The chapter examines certain central strands in the mythical traditions relating to the plays' heroines, including counterfactuality, geography, and the escape-theme. It argues that Euripides' innovation lies in a disconcerting mixture of pre-existing elements from myth: he has not invented the plots that he uses, nor has he directly inherited them from specific or single literary sources (such as Stesichorus). The chapter concludes by identifying a specific type of mythical self-conscious, which the chapter terms ‘metamythology’.
Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199290451
- eISBN:
- 9780191710490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290451.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Counsel is one of the most important, least understood, and most elusive elements of politics in early modern France. Table talk in all households revolved around plots and schemes designed to ...
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Counsel is one of the most important, least understood, and most elusive elements of politics in early modern France. Table talk in all households revolved around plots and schemes designed to further the lineage at the expense of one's neighbour. Plots were disguised as fair duels or chance encounters. Behind much of the surviving evidence of face-to-face killing in this period lies the hidden history of calculation and conspiracy. One of the best documented vengeance killings of the 17th century involving two feuding families provides a good opportunity to explore the dynamics of family decision making and group solidarity. This chapter also discusses ambush and surprise attacks, use of disguise and concealment to commit crime, and escape of those who committed the crime.Less
Counsel is one of the most important, least understood, and most elusive elements of politics in early modern France. Table talk in all households revolved around plots and schemes designed to further the lineage at the expense of one's neighbour. Plots were disguised as fair duels or chance encounters. Behind much of the surviving evidence of face-to-face killing in this period lies the hidden history of calculation and conspiracy. One of the best documented vengeance killings of the 17th century involving two feuding families provides a good opportunity to explore the dynamics of family decision making and group solidarity. This chapter also discusses ambush and surprise attacks, use of disguise and concealment to commit crime, and escape of those who committed the crime.
Siân Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560424
- eISBN:
- 9780191741814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560424.003.0028
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
The Rolands are among the few casualties of the unsuccessful journee of 31 May. With increasing conflict in the Convention, and growing Parisian militancy, calls are made for the proscription of the ...
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The Rolands are among the few casualties of the unsuccessful journee of 31 May. With increasing conflict in the Convention, and growing Parisian militancy, calls are made for the proscription of the Girondin deputies. The 31 May events are coordinated by relative outsiders: a hostile crowd surrounds the Convention, but disperses. An arrest warrant from the ‘revolutionary committee’ is delivered to Roland. He refuses to recognise it and his wife embarks on a doomed mission to petition the Convention. In confused circumstances, Roland escapes while his wife returns home. In the early hours, she is arrested herself and taken to the Abbaye prison – imagining that this is a mistake and that she will be released shortly.Less
The Rolands are among the few casualties of the unsuccessful journee of 31 May. With increasing conflict in the Convention, and growing Parisian militancy, calls are made for the proscription of the Girondin deputies. The 31 May events are coordinated by relative outsiders: a hostile crowd surrounds the Convention, but disperses. An arrest warrant from the ‘revolutionary committee’ is delivered to Roland. He refuses to recognise it and his wife embarks on a doomed mission to petition the Convention. In confused circumstances, Roland escapes while his wife returns home. In the early hours, she is arrested herself and taken to the Abbaye prison – imagining that this is a mistake and that she will be released shortly.
C. Daniel Batson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195341065
- eISBN:
- 9780199894222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341065.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter addresses two challenges to the empathy-altruism hypothesis that have attracted attention in recent years—physical versus psychological escape and self-other merging. The ...
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This chapter addresses two challenges to the empathy-altruism hypothesis that have attracted attention in recent years—physical versus psychological escape and self-other merging. The physical-versus-psychological-escape challenge is based on the assumption that when one feels empathic concern, out of sight is not out of mind, and so easy physical escape does not provide easy psychological escape. Both indirect and direct experimental evidence on the effects of physical and psychological escape is reviewed. The evidence fails to support this first challenge. The self-other merging challenge is that empathic concern reflects a merging of self and other, and so in helping the target of empathy one is actually helping oneself. Various versions of an empathy-merging hypothesis are distinguished, and the relevant experimental evidence is reviewed. Once again, the evidence fails to support this challenge. It is concluded that the empathy-altruism hypothesis should be tentatively accepted as true.Less
This chapter addresses two challenges to the empathy-altruism hypothesis that have attracted attention in recent years—physical versus psychological escape and self-other merging. The physical-versus-psychological-escape challenge is based on the assumption that when one feels empathic concern, out of sight is not out of mind, and so easy physical escape does not provide easy psychological escape. Both indirect and direct experimental evidence on the effects of physical and psychological escape is reviewed. The evidence fails to support this first challenge. The self-other merging challenge is that empathic concern reflects a merging of self and other, and so in helping the target of empathy one is actually helping oneself. Various versions of an empathy-merging hypothesis are distinguished, and the relevant experimental evidence is reviewed. Once again, the evidence fails to support this challenge. It is concluded that the empathy-altruism hypothesis should be tentatively accepted as true.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter presents basic schemes of deriving rate formulas from Fokker-Planck equations, following Kramers and Langer but accounting for variable transport coefficients. Langer's derivation ...
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This chapter presents basic schemes of deriving rate formulas from Fokker-Planck equations, following Kramers and Langer but accounting for variable transport coefficients. Langer's derivation involves the imaginary part of the partition function, which is calculated for variable inertia. For over-damped motion, the concept of the mean first passage time is introduced and the associated fission escape time is compared with that given by rate formulas. It is demonstrated how structures in the potential energy may lead to sizable modifications of rates deduced by saddle point approximations. A critical review of transient times and saddle-to-scission times is given in their application to the analysis of experiments. The influence of quantum effects on the fission rate is examined, firstly as determined by the quantal Fokker-Planck equation, secondly by evaluating microscopically the many-body partition function within a functional integral approach. Critical temperatures and comparisons with the Caldeira-Leggett model are discussed.Less
This chapter presents basic schemes of deriving rate formulas from Fokker-Planck equations, following Kramers and Langer but accounting for variable transport coefficients. Langer's derivation involves the imaginary part of the partition function, which is calculated for variable inertia. For over-damped motion, the concept of the mean first passage time is introduced and the associated fission escape time is compared with that given by rate formulas. It is demonstrated how structures in the potential energy may lead to sizable modifications of rates deduced by saddle point approximations. A critical review of transient times and saddle-to-scission times is given in their application to the analysis of experiments. The influence of quantum effects on the fission rate is examined, firstly as determined by the quantal Fokker-Planck equation, secondly by evaluating microscopically the many-body partition function within a functional integral approach. Critical temperatures and comparisons with the Caldeira-Leggett model are discussed.
Antoin E. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286820
- eISBN:
- 9780191596681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286821.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Describes the strange demise of Richard Cantillon in Albemarle Street in 1734. Was he murdered by his French cook or did he arrange his apparent death and escape to the Dutch Colony of Surinam? Who ...
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Describes the strange demise of Richard Cantillon in Albemarle Street in 1734. Was he murdered by his French cook or did he arrange his apparent death and escape to the Dutch Colony of Surinam? Who was the mysterious Chevalier de Louvigny who arrived in Surinam with a collection of documents relating to Richard Cantillon?Less
Describes the strange demise of Richard Cantillon in Albemarle Street in 1734. Was he murdered by his French cook or did he arrange his apparent death and escape to the Dutch Colony of Surinam? Who was the mysterious Chevalier de Louvigny who arrived in Surinam with a collection of documents relating to Richard Cantillon?
Daniel Le Bars and Samuel W. Cadden
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter discusses the modeling of human pain in rats. Topics covered include models of chronic pain, behavioral reactions, stimulus and response, requirements for models of nociception, tests ...
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This chapter discusses the modeling of human pain in rats. Topics covered include models of chronic pain, behavioral reactions, stimulus and response, requirements for models of nociception, tests based on the measurement of reaction time for escape behavior, test based on the measurement of threshold for escape behavior, and tests based on the observation of behavior.Less
This chapter discusses the modeling of human pain in rats. Topics covered include models of chronic pain, behavioral reactions, stimulus and response, requirements for models of nociception, tests based on the measurement of reaction time for escape behavior, test based on the measurement of threshold for escape behavior, and tests based on the observation of behavior.
Neil Rennie
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186274
- eISBN:
- 9780191674471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186274.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in ...
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The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in June. The Lucy Ann signed on two new sailors at Nukuhiva on August 8th and, on the following day, another, Herman Melville, escaping from the Taipi. The pattern more obviously present in Typee, of escape and captivity, can also be discerned beneath the surface of its sequel, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), an apparently unpatterned, wandering narrative with a title Melville glossed in his Preface. Omoo begins where Typee ends, with ‘Melville's’ escape from Nukuhiva in the Julia (in reality the Lucy Ann), and deviates into fiction by describing the Julia's return to the Marquesan island of Tahuata ‘for the purpose of obtaining eight seamen, who, some weeks before, had stepped ashore there from the Julia’, as indeed they had in reality from the Lucy Ann.Less
The Lucy Ann sailed from Sydney on February 1842 for whales in the Pacific Ocean, and lost eight of its crew and its second mate on the island of Tahuata in the Marquesas, where they deserted in June. The Lucy Ann signed on two new sailors at Nukuhiva on August 8th and, on the following day, another, Herman Melville, escaping from the Taipi. The pattern more obviously present in Typee, of escape and captivity, can also be discerned beneath the surface of its sequel, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), an apparently unpatterned, wandering narrative with a title Melville glossed in his Preface. Omoo begins where Typee ends, with ‘Melville's’ escape from Nukuhiva in the Julia (in reality the Lucy Ann), and deviates into fiction by describing the Julia's return to the Marquesan island of Tahuata ‘for the purpose of obtaining eight seamen, who, some weeks before, had stepped ashore there from the Julia’, as indeed they had in reality from the Lucy Ann.
Takashi Fujimoto
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198530282
- eISBN:
- 9780191713149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530282.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The total absorption is a measure of the strength of an absorption line of an absorbing medium. When the optical thickness of the absorption line becomes higher than 1, the total absorption begins to ...
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The total absorption is a measure of the strength of an absorption line of an absorbing medium. When the optical thickness of the absorption line becomes higher than 1, the total absorption begins to grow slowly, depending on the line broadening characteristics. An emission line from an optically thick plasma is broadened, and for an inhomogeneous plasma even line reversal develops. Radiation trapping is defined as the situation where the upper-level population is controlled by the photon emission-absorption-reemission chain. This process is described as the temporal decay of the eigenmodes of population distribution, resulting in redistribution of the population in space and in an effective decrease in the spontaneous transition probability. This decrease is quantified as the escape factor for the lowest decay mode.Less
The total absorption is a measure of the strength of an absorption line of an absorbing medium. When the optical thickness of the absorption line becomes higher than 1, the total absorption begins to grow slowly, depending on the line broadening characteristics. An emission line from an optically thick plasma is broadened, and for an inhomogeneous plasma even line reversal develops. Radiation trapping is defined as the situation where the upper-level population is controlled by the photon emission-absorption-reemission chain. This process is described as the temporal decay of the eigenmodes of population distribution, resulting in redistribution of the population in space and in an effective decrease in the spontaneous transition probability. This decrease is quantified as the escape factor for the lowest decay mode.
Mark Rawlinson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184560
- eISBN:
- 9780191674303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184560.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter examines the critical perspectives on the insularity of Britain at war which were achieved in wartime writings by and about prisoners of war in Europe. Stories of daring escape, rather ...
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This chapter examines the critical perspectives on the insularity of Britain at war which were achieved in wartime writings by and about prisoners of war in Europe. Stories of daring escape, rather than re-educative confinement, were predominant in immediately post-war culture, but it is argued that these forms of remembrance were determined in part by the wartime symbols and concepts.Less
This chapter examines the critical perspectives on the insularity of Britain at war which were achieved in wartime writings by and about prisoners of war in Europe. Stories of daring escape, rather than re-educative confinement, were predominant in immediately post-war culture, but it is argued that these forms of remembrance were determined in part by the wartime symbols and concepts.
Patrick Major
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243280
- eISBN:
- 9780191714061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243280.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Traces local responses by East Germans to Sunday the Thirteenth—13 August 1961—the day the Berlin Wall was erected. Initial reactions were stunned, but the prohibition of visits from West Berliners ...
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Traces local responses by East Germans to Sunday the Thirteenth—13 August 1961—the day the Berlin Wall was erected. Initial reactions were stunned, but the prohibition of visits from West Berliners ten days later hardened responses. The author compares political and emotional reactions to the (seemingly) final division of Germany as well as the severing of family ties. The limited number of local strikes and stoppages is considered in some detail, as well as the state's cranking up of the judicial apparatus to arrest regime critics and instil a new sense of state authority. The East German state was most successful where it could isolate recalcitrants, such as in the countryside. Other groups, such as doctors, academics, and engineers found that they were not facing the clamp‐down they had feared. These short‐term successes and compromises are weighed against failed productivity drives on the shop‐floor, recruitment drives for the armed forces and campaigns to deter ‘western’ television viewing, suggesting some continuities with the pre‐Wall GDR.Less
Traces local responses by East Germans to Sunday the Thirteenth—13 August 1961—the day the Berlin Wall was erected. Initial reactions were stunned, but the prohibition of visits from West Berliners ten days later hardened responses. The author compares political and emotional reactions to the (seemingly) final division of Germany as well as the severing of family ties. The limited number of local strikes and stoppages is considered in some detail, as well as the state's cranking up of the judicial apparatus to arrest regime critics and instil a new sense of state authority. The East German state was most successful where it could isolate recalcitrants, such as in the countryside. Other groups, such as doctors, academics, and engineers found that they were not facing the clamp‐down they had feared. These short‐term successes and compromises are weighed against failed productivity drives on the shop‐floor, recruitment drives for the armed forces and campaigns to deter ‘western’ television viewing, suggesting some continuities with the pre‐Wall GDR.
Alison Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231161060
- eISBN:
- 9780231541565
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231161060.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
A groundbreaking contribution to the study of nontheatrical film exhibition, Carceral Fantasies tells the little-known story of how cinema found a home in the U.S. penitentiary system and how the ...
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A groundbreaking contribution to the study of nontheatrical film exhibition, Carceral Fantasies tells the little-known story of how cinema found a home in the U.S. penitentiary system and how the prison emerged as a setting and narrative trope in modern cinema. Focusing on films shown in prisons before 1935, Alison Griffiths explores the unique experience of viewing cinema while incarcerated and the complex cultural roots of cinematic renderings of prison life. Griffiths considers a diverse mix of cinematic genres, from early actualities and reenactments of notorious executions to reformist exposés of the 1920s. She connects an early fascination with cinematic images of punishment and execution, especially electrocutions, to the attractions of the nineteenth-century carnival electrical wonder show and Phantasmagoria (a ghost show using magic lantern projections and special effects). Griffiths draws upon convict writing, prison annual reports, and the popular press obsession with prison-house cinema to document the integration of film into existing reformist and educational activities and film’s psychic extension of flights of fancy undertaken by inmates in their cells. Combining penal history with visual and film studies and theories surrounding media’s sensual effects, Carceral Fantasies illuminates how filmic representations of the penal system enacted ideas about modernity, gender, the body, and the public, shaping both the social experience of cinema and the public’s understanding of the modern prison.Less
A groundbreaking contribution to the study of nontheatrical film exhibition, Carceral Fantasies tells the little-known story of how cinema found a home in the U.S. penitentiary system and how the prison emerged as a setting and narrative trope in modern cinema. Focusing on films shown in prisons before 1935, Alison Griffiths explores the unique experience of viewing cinema while incarcerated and the complex cultural roots of cinematic renderings of prison life. Griffiths considers a diverse mix of cinematic genres, from early actualities and reenactments of notorious executions to reformist exposés of the 1920s. She connects an early fascination with cinematic images of punishment and execution, especially electrocutions, to the attractions of the nineteenth-century carnival electrical wonder show and Phantasmagoria (a ghost show using magic lantern projections and special effects). Griffiths draws upon convict writing, prison annual reports, and the popular press obsession with prison-house cinema to document the integration of film into existing reformist and educational activities and film’s psychic extension of flights of fancy undertaken by inmates in their cells. Combining penal history with visual and film studies and theories surrounding media’s sensual effects, Carceral Fantasies illuminates how filmic representations of the penal system enacted ideas about modernity, gender, the body, and the public, shaping both the social experience of cinema and the public’s understanding of the modern prison.
Uri McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479802111
- eISBN:
- 9781479865451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479802111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter continues reinterpreting otherwise banal nineteenth-century behaviors and fierce acts of bravery as forms of black performance art in by shifting to an examination of fugitive slave ...
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This chapter continues reinterpreting otherwise banal nineteenth-century behaviors and fierce acts of bravery as forms of black performance art in by shifting to an examination of fugitive slave Ellen Craft’s passing performances; her radical actions succeeded in eventually freeing Craft and her husband William from chattel slavery in rural Georgia, and eventually transforming them into veteran performers in the United States and British Isles. The chapter lays bare the sundry sartorial and synthetic props of Craft’s handicapped white male avatar, “Mr. William Johnson.” It aims to reveal how Craft’s aforementioned prosthetic performances—fusing clothing-based items to faux acts of disability—succeeded in eliciting sympathy (and prompting action) from unbeknownst white spectators. This chapter also briefly turns to Craft’s cousins, Frank and Mary, to emphasize their shared use of performance-based methods in their equally perilous collaborative escape. The chapter, then, travels across the Atlantic Ocean as it moves from Craft’s improvised escape acts to her otherwise banal peregrinations at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and her staging of her white mulatta body as a disruptive agent. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the engraving of Craft in her partial escape costume that appeared in the London Illustrated News the same year (and later as the frontispiece to Running a Thousand Miles to Freedom), urging a reading of this engraving as a unique depiction, neither of her nor of her white male avatar, but rather both simultaneously.Less
This chapter continues reinterpreting otherwise banal nineteenth-century behaviors and fierce acts of bravery as forms of black performance art in by shifting to an examination of fugitive slave Ellen Craft’s passing performances; her radical actions succeeded in eventually freeing Craft and her husband William from chattel slavery in rural Georgia, and eventually transforming them into veteran performers in the United States and British Isles. The chapter lays bare the sundry sartorial and synthetic props of Craft’s handicapped white male avatar, “Mr. William Johnson.” It aims to reveal how Craft’s aforementioned prosthetic performances—fusing clothing-based items to faux acts of disability—succeeded in eliciting sympathy (and prompting action) from unbeknownst white spectators. This chapter also briefly turns to Craft’s cousins, Frank and Mary, to emphasize their shared use of performance-based methods in their equally perilous collaborative escape. The chapter, then, travels across the Atlantic Ocean as it moves from Craft’s improvised escape acts to her otherwise banal peregrinations at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and her staging of her white mulatta body as a disruptive agent. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the engraving of Craft in her partial escape costume that appeared in the London Illustrated News the same year (and later as the frontispiece to Running a Thousand Miles to Freedom), urging a reading of this engraving as a unique depiction, neither of her nor of her white male avatar, but rather both simultaneously.
Jacqueline Rose
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183273
- eISBN:
- 9780191673993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183273.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Fantasy is our escape from the daily conflicts of this world. It allows us to submerge ourselves in our desires and dreams that may not be at the time feasible. It allows us to experience what is out ...
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Fantasy is our escape from the daily conflicts of this world. It allows us to submerge ourselves in our desires and dreams that may not be at the time feasible. It allows us to experience what is out of reach in the physical world, in order to comfort, encourage, and strengthen us. This book combines this concept with the State, seen as a political and social position of a country in a given time. Combining the two terms, ‘a state of fantasy’ is a new theoretical perspective that probes into the idealisms and perceptions of our modern statehood. This book views fantasy as a tool for moving ahead, for things that is yet to come. Fantasy in this concept is perceived as our looking glass to the future.Less
Fantasy is our escape from the daily conflicts of this world. It allows us to submerge ourselves in our desires and dreams that may not be at the time feasible. It allows us to experience what is out of reach in the physical world, in order to comfort, encourage, and strengthen us. This book combines this concept with the State, seen as a political and social position of a country in a given time. Combining the two terms, ‘a state of fantasy’ is a new theoretical perspective that probes into the idealisms and perceptions of our modern statehood. This book views fantasy as a tool for moving ahead, for things that is yet to come. Fantasy in this concept is perceived as our looking glass to the future.
Don E. Fehrenbacher and Ward M. McAfee
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158052
- eISBN:
- 9780199849475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158052.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The mass escape of seventy-six slaves, the story of which is told in this chapter, gave rise to much excitement and a mood of vigilantism in the capital city. The first hasty searches proved futile. ...
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The mass escape of seventy-six slaves, the story of which is told in this chapter, gave rise to much excitement and a mood of vigilantism in the capital city. The first hasty searches proved futile. However, a Negro drayman revealed that all the fugitives had been carried away by the ship the Pearl. Soon, more than thirty armed men were embarked on a steamboat in eager pursuit. Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres were safely committed to the custody of the federal marshal, and bail was set at the excessive figure of $1,000 for each slave carried away. The cruise of the Pearl, although apparently arranged at the instance of a free black on behalf of his family, had all the earmarks of an abolitionist plot. The outburst of public anger in Washington was therefore directed not only against the “slave stealers” themselves but also against abolitionists in general and the local antislavery newspaper in particular.Less
The mass escape of seventy-six slaves, the story of which is told in this chapter, gave rise to much excitement and a mood of vigilantism in the capital city. The first hasty searches proved futile. However, a Negro drayman revealed that all the fugitives had been carried away by the ship the Pearl. Soon, more than thirty armed men were embarked on a steamboat in eager pursuit. Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres were safely committed to the custody of the federal marshal, and bail was set at the excessive figure of $1,000 for each slave carried away. The cruise of the Pearl, although apparently arranged at the instance of a free black on behalf of his family, had all the earmarks of an abolitionist plot. The outburst of public anger in Washington was therefore directed not only against the “slave stealers” themselves but also against abolitionists in general and the local antislavery newspaper in particular.
