Mary McClintock Fulkerson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296477
- eISBN:
- 9780191711930
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296477.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The primary aim of this book is to explore the contradiction between the widely shared beliefs in the USA about racial inclusiveness and equal opportunity for all, and the fact that most churches are ...
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The primary aim of this book is to explore the contradiction between the widely shared beliefs in the USA about racial inclusiveness and equal opportunity for all, and the fact that most churches are racially homogeneous and do not include people with disabilities. To address the problem, the book explores the practices of an interracial church (United Methodist) that includes people with disabilities. The analysis focuses on those activities that create opportunities for people to experience those who are ‘different’ as equal in ways that diminish both obliviousness to the other and fear of the other. In contrast with theology's typical focus on the beliefs of Christians, this book offers a theory of practices and place that foregrounds the instinctual reactions and communications that shape all groups. The effect is to broaden the academic field of theology through the benefits of ethnographic research and postmodern place theory.Less
The primary aim of this book is to explore the contradiction between the widely shared beliefs in the USA about racial inclusiveness and equal opportunity for all, and the fact that most churches are racially homogeneous and do not include people with disabilities. To address the problem, the book explores the practices of an interracial church (United Methodist) that includes people with disabilities. The analysis focuses on those activities that create opportunities for people to experience those who are ‘different’ as equal in ways that diminish both obliviousness to the other and fear of the other. In contrast with theology's typical focus on the beliefs of Christians, this book offers a theory of practices and place that foregrounds the instinctual reactions and communications that shape all groups. The effect is to broaden the academic field of theology through the benefits of ethnographic research and postmodern place theory.
Benjamin I. Page and Lawrence R. Jacobs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195392135
- eISBN:
- 9780199852543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392135.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter argues that Americans are no longer apathetic about rising economic inequality. Oppositions to egalitarian government programs have decreased extensively and the majority is now ...
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This chapter argues that Americans are no longer apathetic about rising economic inequality. Oppositions to egalitarian government programs have decreased extensively and the majority is now supporting a wide range of measures that can reduce inequality. This chapter gives a collection of data based on a survey with the average American as the main respondent. The chapter focuses on awareness and concerns of Americans about economic inequality. It states that even though most Americans still believe in the American dream, wherein, people can still start as poor, work hard, and become rich, people's consciousness on the high inequalities in income and wealth nowadays made it plausible for them to favor government programs such as increasing the budget for education to create equal opportunities.Less
This chapter argues that Americans are no longer apathetic about rising economic inequality. Oppositions to egalitarian government programs have decreased extensively and the majority is now supporting a wide range of measures that can reduce inequality. This chapter gives a collection of data based on a survey with the average American as the main respondent. The chapter focuses on awareness and concerns of Americans about economic inequality. It states that even though most Americans still believe in the American dream, wherein, people can still start as poor, work hard, and become rich, people's consciousness on the high inequalities in income and wealth nowadays made it plausible for them to favor government programs such as increasing the budget for education to create equal opportunities.
Harry Brighouse
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257874
- eISBN:
- 9780191598845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257876.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The second potential argument against choice is grounded in the value of educational equality. This chapter establishes the case for the principle of educational equality, which nests in the general ...
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The second potential argument against choice is grounded in the value of educational equality. This chapter establishes the case for the principle of educational equality, which nests in the general value of equality of opportunity. It develops the principle to show what it implies concerning what resources should be devoted to students with disabilities and what the implications are for inclusion, and contrasts it with conceptions of educational equality grounded in multiculturalism.Less
The second potential argument against choice is grounded in the value of educational equality. This chapter establishes the case for the principle of educational equality, which nests in the general value of equality of opportunity. It develops the principle to show what it implies concerning what resources should be devoted to students with disabilities and what the implications are for inclusion, and contrasts it with conceptions of educational equality grounded in multiculturalism.
Harry Brighouse
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257874
- eISBN:
- 9780191598845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257876.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Responds to a series of objections to the principle of educational equality, including the argument from elitism, the argument from the value of the family, libertarian arguments that reject ...
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Responds to a series of objections to the principle of educational equality, including the argument from elitism, the argument from the value of the family, libertarian arguments that reject redistribution even in the service of equal opportunity, and arguments that claim that only an adequate education is required as a matter of justice.Less
Responds to a series of objections to the principle of educational equality, including the argument from elitism, the argument from the value of the family, libertarian arguments that reject redistribution even in the service of equal opportunity, and arguments that claim that only an adequate education is required as a matter of justice.
Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297680
- eISBN:
- 9780191598937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297688.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued ...
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Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued opportunities, some argue that respect for cultural differences requires us to accept social and economic inequalities between groups. The chapter uses the cases of Asian Americans, the Amish, African Americans and women to qualify and challenge this claim. It concludes that the relationship between pluralism and equality is generally complementary, and that this complementariness is enhanced when social institutions minimize inequalities.Less
Focuses on the relationship between cultural difference and equal opportunity. Because cultural heritages can affect the motivation and the capacity to take advantage of conventionally valued opportunities, some argue that respect for cultural differences requires us to accept social and economic inequalities between groups. The chapter uses the cases of Asian Americans, the Amish, African Americans and women to qualify and challenge this claim. It concludes that the relationship between pluralism and equality is generally complementary, and that this complementariness is enhanced when social institutions minimize inequalities.
Brian Barry
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294894
- eISBN:
- 9780191599064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294891.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Brian Barry argues that justice is an appropriate language in which to articulate our concern for future generations. He regards sustainability as an inescapably normative notion, and argues that ...
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Brian Barry argues that justice is an appropriate language in which to articulate our concern for future generations. He regards sustainability as an inescapably normative notion, and argues that disagreements over its meaning are disagreements about what should be sustained. His answer is ‘some notion of equal opportunity across generations’––and this will involve a protection of nature consistent with the provision of inter‐generational equality of opportunity. Barry believes that one of the biggest obstacles to realizing sustainability is population growth: any given generation cannot be responsible for population growth in the future, he argues.Less
Brian Barry argues that justice is an appropriate language in which to articulate our concern for future generations. He regards sustainability as an inescapably normative notion, and argues that disagreements over its meaning are disagreements about what should be sustained. His answer is ‘some notion of equal opportunity across generations’––and this will involve a protection of nature consistent with the provision of inter‐generational equality of opportunity. Barry believes that one of the biggest obstacles to realizing sustainability is population growth: any given generation cannot be responsible for population growth in the future, he argues.
Véronique Munoz‐Dardé
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
One perspective on justice asks individuals directly to bear the costs of their own choices, whilst the other asks them to do so only after background conditions of justice have been established by ...
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One perspective on justice asks individuals directly to bear the costs of their own choices, whilst the other asks them to do so only after background conditions of justice have been established by fair institutions. The latter is preferable, but the existence of the family seriously limits the realization of a principle of equality of opportunity. The family in some form must exist if any society is to be just, and thus this principle of equal opportunity cannot have lexical priority in a theory of justice.Less
One perspective on justice asks individuals directly to bear the costs of their own choices, whilst the other asks them to do so only after background conditions of justice have been established by fair institutions. The latter is preferable, but the existence of the family seriously limits the realization of a principle of equality of opportunity. The family in some form must exist if any society is to be just, and thus this principle of equal opportunity cannot have lexical priority in a theory of justice.
Juliet E. K. Walker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199251902
- eISBN:
- 9780191719059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251902.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the position of African Americans in management in American corporations since the Civil Rights era. Examining the careers of prominent black executives and the history of ...
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This chapter discusses the position of African Americans in management in American corporations since the Civil Rights era. Examining the careers of prominent black executives and the history of anti-discrimination suits filed against major firms, it is argued that African Americans have confronted a glass ceiling in their rise to top corporate leadership position that has changed little in the past thirty years despite a few prominent counterexamples. Meanwhile, black entrepreneurship has increased substantially, with notable success stories in the media and entertainment such as Oprah Winfrey. A broader survey of black capitalism, however, shows that black-owned firms remain smaller and less profitable than white- or other minority-owned businesses. The end of segregation, moreover, decimated some sectors of black enterprise that had served a racially divided marketplace. The chapter concludes on a note of cautious optimism, juxtaposing the important but limited number of high profile success stories with the overall lack of change in the position of black business.Less
This chapter discusses the position of African Americans in management in American corporations since the Civil Rights era. Examining the careers of prominent black executives and the history of anti-discrimination suits filed against major firms, it is argued that African Americans have confronted a glass ceiling in their rise to top corporate leadership position that has changed little in the past thirty years despite a few prominent counterexamples. Meanwhile, black entrepreneurship has increased substantially, with notable success stories in the media and entertainment such as Oprah Winfrey. A broader survey of black capitalism, however, shows that black-owned firms remain smaller and less profitable than white- or other minority-owned businesses. The end of segregation, moreover, decimated some sectors of black enterprise that had served a racially divided marketplace. The chapter concludes on a note of cautious optimism, juxtaposing the important but limited number of high profile success stories with the overall lack of change in the position of black business.
Christopher Lake
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241743
- eISBN:
- 9780191599743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241740.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Ch. 3 moves on from the question of why responsibility matters to that of what we are responsible for. It asks what a political, rather than a metaphysical, account of responsibility demands in terms ...
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Ch. 3 moves on from the question of why responsibility matters to that of what we are responsible for. It asks what a political, rather than a metaphysical, account of responsibility demands in terms of its preconditions and assesses attributions of responsibility on the basis of claims about volition and affirmation. From there, it moves on to examine claims about responsibility, as these are made in the context of principles of equal opportunity.Less
Ch. 3 moves on from the question of why responsibility matters to that of what we are responsible for. It asks what a political, rather than a metaphysical, account of responsibility demands in terms of its preconditions and assesses attributions of responsibility on the basis of claims about volition and affirmation. From there, it moves on to examine claims about responsibility, as these are made in the context of principles of equal opportunity.
Yaakov Gilboa and Moshe Justman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732180
- eISBN:
- 9780199866182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter draws from the experience of the Israeli kibbutz to address the question of why middle-class students are more successful in the competition to enter higher education. The chapter ...
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This chapter draws from the experience of the Israeli kibbutz to address the question of why middle-class students are more successful in the competition to enter higher education. The chapter provides a conceptual framework for measuring equal opportunity in education. It then describes the problem of equal opportunity in access to higher education in Israel. It also provides some background on the organization of the kibbutz and its education system. The last section of the chapter presents the data and the findings of statistical analysis.Less
This chapter draws from the experience of the Israeli kibbutz to address the question of why middle-class students are more successful in the competition to enter higher education. The chapter provides a conceptual framework for measuring equal opportunity in education. It then describes the problem of equal opportunity in access to higher education in Israel. It also provides some background on the organization of the kibbutz and its education system. The last section of the chapter presents the data and the findings of statistical analysis.
Nancy Woloch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691002590
- eISBN:
- 9781400866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but ...
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This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but rather on the courts—on women employees who sued for equal rights in federal courts under Title VII and the lawyers who represented them; on pressure from feminist organizations, notably the National Organization for Women (NOW), that supported the plaintiffs; on a series of court decisions that upset protective laws; and on a mounting consensus among judges in favor of equal rights. Also important was feminist resurgence, which swayed conviction; shifts in public opinion culminated in the passage in Congress of an ERA in 1972. Single-sex protective laws were thus the first casualties of the new feminism. Once central to the women's movement, they became obstacles on the path to equal rights.Less
This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but rather on the courts—on women employees who sued for equal rights in federal courts under Title VII and the lawyers who represented them; on pressure from feminist organizations, notably the National Organization for Women (NOW), that supported the plaintiffs; on a series of court decisions that upset protective laws; and on a mounting consensus among judges in favor of equal rights. Also important was feminist resurgence, which swayed conviction; shifts in public opinion culminated in the passage in Congress of an ERA in 1972. Single-sex protective laws were thus the first casualties of the new feminism. Once central to the women's movement, they became obstacles on the path to equal rights.
Brian Barry
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0023
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
The potential of rational choice theory to political theory is elaborated and developed. In opposition to Parekh, Rawls's Theory of Justice was a turning point in political philosophy because it is ...
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The potential of rational choice theory to political theory is elaborated and developed. In opposition to Parekh, Rawls's Theory of Justice was a turning point in political philosophy because it is disconnected from the thought of the 1950s and 60s. Responds to Young's and Parekh's criticism that liberalism cannot accommodate diversity in beliefs and ways of life. Admits that equality of opportunity is likely to disadvantage some ways of life over others, but points out that the liberal individualistic principle is preferable to a politics of group identity and difference.Less
The potential of rational choice theory to political theory is elaborated and developed. In opposition to Parekh, Rawls's Theory of Justice was a turning point in political philosophy because it is disconnected from the thought of the 1950s and 60s. Responds to Young's and Parekh's criticism that liberalism cannot accommodate diversity in beliefs and ways of life. Admits that equality of opportunity is likely to disadvantage some ways of life over others, but points out that the liberal individualistic principle is preferable to a politics of group identity and difference.
Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297680
- eISBN:
- 9780191598937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297688.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Briefly summarizes some key findings of the book with regard to culture, liberalism, equal opportunity, democracy, citizenship, and justice.
Briefly summarizes some key findings of the book with regard to culture, liberalism, equal opportunity, democracy, citizenship, and justice.
Joseph Fishkin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199812141
- eISBN:
- 9780199395576
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812141.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Equal opportunity is a powerful idea with broad appeal. Yet the most attractive existing conceptions of equal opportunity cannot be achieved. As long as families are free to raise their children ...
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Equal opportunity is a powerful idea with broad appeal. Yet the most attractive existing conceptions of equal opportunity cannot be achieved. As long as families are free to raise their children differently, no two people's opportunities will be equal; nor is it possible to disentangle someone's abilities or talents from her background advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, different people need different opportunities, confounding most ways of defining “equal.” This book proposes an entirely new way of thinking about the project of equal opportunity. Instead of focusing on the chimera of literal equalization, it argues for broadening the range of opportunities open to people at every stage in life, in part by loosening bottlenecks in the opportunity structure—the narrow places through which people must pass in order to pursue many life paths that open out on the other side. A bottleneck might be a test like the SAT, a credential requirement like a college degree, or a skill like speaking English. It might be membership in a favored caste or racial group. Reducing the severity of such bottlenecks is one piece of what this book calls opportunity pluralism: building a more open and pluralistic opportunity structure in which people have more of a chance, throughout their lives, to pursue paths they choose for themselves, rather than those dictated by limited opportunities. The book then applies this approach to contemporary egalitarian policy problems: class and access to education, workplace flexibility and work/family conflict, and antidiscrimination law.Less
Equal opportunity is a powerful idea with broad appeal. Yet the most attractive existing conceptions of equal opportunity cannot be achieved. As long as families are free to raise their children differently, no two people's opportunities will be equal; nor is it possible to disentangle someone's abilities or talents from her background advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, different people need different opportunities, confounding most ways of defining “equal.” This book proposes an entirely new way of thinking about the project of equal opportunity. Instead of focusing on the chimera of literal equalization, it argues for broadening the range of opportunities open to people at every stage in life, in part by loosening bottlenecks in the opportunity structure—the narrow places through which people must pass in order to pursue many life paths that open out on the other side. A bottleneck might be a test like the SAT, a credential requirement like a college degree, or a skill like speaking English. It might be membership in a favored caste or racial group. Reducing the severity of such bottlenecks is one piece of what this book calls opportunity pluralism: building a more open and pluralistic opportunity structure in which people have more of a chance, throughout their lives, to pursue paths they choose for themselves, rather than those dictated by limited opportunities. The book then applies this approach to contemporary egalitarian policy problems: class and access to education, workplace flexibility and work/family conflict, and antidiscrimination law.
Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126913
- eISBN:
- 9781400852543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126913.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter sets out the various kinds of conflict between the value of equality and the value of those parent–child relationships that constitute the family. It offers two reasons not to pursue ...
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This chapter sets out the various kinds of conflict between the value of equality and the value of those parent–child relationships that constitute the family. It offers two reasons not to pursue fair equality of opportunity all the way. On the one hand, we must be prepared for children of similar talent and ability raised by different parents to enjoy somewhat unfairly unequal prospects of achieving the rewards attached to different jobs, since the alternative would cost too much in terms of familial relationship goods. On the other hand, some unfairness in the distribution of those prospects could be beneficial for those who have unfairly less. In both cases, then, there are conflicts between fair equality of opportunity and other values.Less
This chapter sets out the various kinds of conflict between the value of equality and the value of those parent–child relationships that constitute the family. It offers two reasons not to pursue fair equality of opportunity all the way. On the one hand, we must be prepared for children of similar talent and ability raised by different parents to enjoy somewhat unfairly unequal prospects of achieving the rewards attached to different jobs, since the alternative would cost too much in terms of familial relationship goods. On the other hand, some unfairness in the distribution of those prospects could be beneficial for those who have unfairly less. In both cases, then, there are conflicts between fair equality of opportunity and other values.
Peter Vallentyne
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The duties of procreators to their offspring are limited and fully discharged by ensuring that the children they create have lives that are worth living. All adults, in general, have a shared duty to ...
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The duties of procreators to their offspring are limited and fully discharged by ensuring that the children they create have lives that are worth living. All adults, in general, have a shared duty to ensure that children enjoy an equal opportunity to lead a good life. Procreators have a duty to others to ensure that their children do not violate the rights of others. They are even responsible for providing compensation for disadvantages caused for others by their adult children.Less
The duties of procreators to their offspring are limited and fully discharged by ensuring that the children they create have lives that are worth living. All adults, in general, have a shared duty to ensure that children enjoy an equal opportunity to lead a good life. Procreators have a duty to others to ensure that their children do not violate the rights of others. They are even responsible for providing compensation for disadvantages caused for others by their adult children.
ALAN BRUDNER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199225798
- eISBN:
- 9780191706516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199225798.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter distinguishes those egalitarian transformations of equality rights that are organic developments of liberal justice from those incompatible therewith. Section 1 discusses the libertarian ...
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This chapter distinguishes those egalitarian transformations of equality rights that are organic developments of liberal justice from those incompatible therewith. Section 1 discusses the libertarian contribution to liberal distributive justice by depicting the partial justice of market outcomes. Section 2 identifies constitutionally relevant interpersonal inequalites and argues for an egalitarian complement to market justice that libertarians ought, given their conception of individual worth, to accept. Section 3 suggests a principle for distinguishing between claims to social and economic equality whose satisfaction is required by law's rule and those inconsistent therewith. Section 4 discusses the enforceability of social and economic entitlements by courts and suggests a principle for distinguishing between permissible and impermissible judicial activism. Section 5 exhibits in both legal doctrine and legal theory the despotic implications of a fundamentalist egalitarianism and depicts the logical transition from the constitution of equality to the constitution of community.Less
This chapter distinguishes those egalitarian transformations of equality rights that are organic developments of liberal justice from those incompatible therewith. Section 1 discusses the libertarian contribution to liberal distributive justice by depicting the partial justice of market outcomes. Section 2 identifies constitutionally relevant interpersonal inequalites and argues for an egalitarian complement to market justice that libertarians ought, given their conception of individual worth, to accept. Section 3 suggests a principle for distinguishing between claims to social and economic equality whose satisfaction is required by law's rule and those inconsistent therewith. Section 4 discusses the enforceability of social and economic entitlements by courts and suggests a principle for distinguishing between permissible and impermissible judicial activism. Section 5 exhibits in both legal doctrine and legal theory the despotic implications of a fundamentalist egalitarianism and depicts the logical transition from the constitution of equality to the constitution of community.
Malcolm Keswell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732180
- eISBN:
- 9780199866182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732180.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines changes in the causal structure of racial inequality in South Africa. It derives an analytical framework with testable hypotheses concerning equal opportunity. Using this ...
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This chapter examines changes in the causal structure of racial inequality in South Africa. It derives an analytical framework with testable hypotheses concerning equal opportunity. Using this framework and recent nationally representative panel data, it shows that while opportunities have been substantially equalized, as evidenced by an overall decline in the white-black wage differential, a new form of racial inequality has emerged, operating not directly on income, as in the heyday of job reservation, influx control, and school segregation, but indirectly, through inequality in the rewards for effort (as witnessed by sharply divergent patterns in the returns to education between the races). Differences in the returns to education now account for about 40% of the white–black wage differential, whereas a decade ago this effect was virtually zero.Less
This chapter examines changes in the causal structure of racial inequality in South Africa. It derives an analytical framework with testable hypotheses concerning equal opportunity. Using this framework and recent nationally representative panel data, it shows that while opportunities have been substantially equalized, as evidenced by an overall decline in the white-black wage differential, a new form of racial inequality has emerged, operating not directly on income, as in the heyday of job reservation, influx control, and school segregation, but indirectly, through inequality in the rewards for effort (as witnessed by sharply divergent patterns in the returns to education between the races). Differences in the returns to education now account for about 40% of the white–black wage differential, whereas a decade ago this effect was virtually zero.
PAUL TESSER and JAAP DRONKERS
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263860
- eISBN:
- 9780191734953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263860.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
There are four major ethnic-minority groups in the Netherlands: labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco, together with migrants from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, namely, Antilles and ...
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There are four major ethnic-minority groups in the Netherlands: labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco, together with migrants from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, namely, Antilles and Surinam. Men from all four groups have lower labour-market participation and higher unemployment than the indigenous Dutch, and this holds for the second generation as well as for the first. First-generation Turkish and Moroccan women participate at considerably lower levels than indigenous women, whereas Surinamese and Antillean women participate at higher levels than their indigenous peers. Among second-generation women, however, these differences in participation have largely disappeared. The distribution of ethnic minorities across occupational classes also reveals a major change between generations. Overall, processes of social closure appear to continue to operate within Dutch society. Equal opportunities have not yet been achieved.Less
There are four major ethnic-minority groups in the Netherlands: labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco, together with migrants from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, namely, Antilles and Surinam. Men from all four groups have lower labour-market participation and higher unemployment than the indigenous Dutch, and this holds for the second generation as well as for the first. First-generation Turkish and Moroccan women participate at considerably lower levels than indigenous women, whereas Surinamese and Antillean women participate at higher levels than their indigenous peers. Among second-generation women, however, these differences in participation have largely disappeared. The distribution of ethnic minorities across occupational classes also reveals a major change between generations. Overall, processes of social closure appear to continue to operate within Dutch society. Equal opportunities have not yet been achieved.
Joseph Fishkin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199812141
- eISBN:
- 9780199395576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812141.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the most attractive contemporary theories of equal opportunity, including those of John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and the luck egalitarians. It argues that these conceptions of ...
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This chapter examines the most attractive contemporary theories of equal opportunity, including those of John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and the luck egalitarians. It argues that these conceptions of equal opportunity suffer from a series of related flaws. They cannot be fulfilled as long as families exist. They depend on disentangling the effects of choice or effort from the effects of circumstance in a way that is conceptually impossible. They have difficulty accounting for the concatenation of opportunities—the way the outcomes of one contest set up the starting gate of the next. And finally, they may not promote the individuality and flourishing that were the best reasons to value equal opportunity in the first place. Thus, we need to reconceive equal opportunity in a fundamentally different way.Less
This chapter examines the most attractive contemporary theories of equal opportunity, including those of John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and the luck egalitarians. It argues that these conceptions of equal opportunity suffer from a series of related flaws. They cannot be fulfilled as long as families exist. They depend on disentangling the effects of choice or effort from the effects of circumstance in a way that is conceptually impossible. They have difficulty accounting for the concatenation of opportunities—the way the outcomes of one contest set up the starting gate of the next. And finally, they may not promote the individuality and flourishing that were the best reasons to value equal opportunity in the first place. Thus, we need to reconceive equal opportunity in a fundamentally different way.
