Elizabeth A. Stuart, Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos, Alden L. Gross, S. Janet Kuramoto, and William W. Eaton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195390445
- eISBN:
- 9780199950416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390445.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for and challenges to gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this ...
More
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for and challenges to gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. It focuses on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. It explores three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health: estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, place, and time; examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and exploring interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.Less
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for and challenges to gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. It focuses on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. It explores three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health: estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, place, and time; examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and exploring interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.
Ross C. Brownson and Diana B. Petitti (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195187410
- eISBN:
- 9780199864997
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187410.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book focuses on areas of public health practice in which the systematic application of epidemiologic methods can have a large and positive impact. It describes how best to apply traditional ...
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This book focuses on areas of public health practice in which the systematic application of epidemiologic methods can have a large and positive impact. It describes how best to apply traditional epidemiologic methods for determining disease etiology to “real-life” problems in public health and health services research. This book bridges the gap between theoretical epidemiology and public health practice, and covers a number of topics not addressed elsewhere. This edition contains a new chapter on the development and use of systematic reviews and one on epidemiology and the law. Each chapter includes one or more case studies intended to illustrate major points from the chapter and to provide a basis for teaching exercises. All of the chapters are authored by leading experts in the fields of epidemiology and public health, and all are fully revised and updated.Less
This book focuses on areas of public health practice in which the systematic application of epidemiologic methods can have a large and positive impact. It describes how best to apply traditional epidemiologic methods for determining disease etiology to “real-life” problems in public health and health services research. This book bridges the gap between theoretical epidemiology and public health practice, and covers a number of topics not addressed elsewhere. This edition contains a new chapter on the development and use of systematic reviews and one on epidemiology and the law. Each chapter includes one or more case studies intended to illustrate major points from the chapter and to provide a basis for teaching exercises. All of the chapters are authored by leading experts in the fields of epidemiology and public health, and all are fully revised and updated.
Ross C. Brownson and Christine M. Hoehner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195187410
- eISBN:
- 9780199864997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187410.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews some of the historical contributions of epidemiology and describes some of the most pressing current issues encountered in the application of epidemiologic methods. Many of the ...
More
This chapter reviews some of the historical contributions of epidemiology and describes some of the most pressing current issues encountered in the application of epidemiologic methods. Many of the topics discussed are covered in more detail in later chapters.Less
This chapter reviews some of the historical contributions of epidemiology and describes some of the most pressing current issues encountered in the application of epidemiologic methods. Many of the topics discussed are covered in more detail in later chapters.
Kenneth J. Rothman and Sherri O. Stuver
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- June 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199685004
- eISBN:
- 9780191765315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685004.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
An important aim for a first course in epidemiologic methods is to provide a strong working knowledge of the fundamentals of epidemiologic principles. In this chapter the authors discuss a sequence ...
More
An important aim for a first course in epidemiologic methods is to provide a strong working knowledge of the fundamentals of epidemiologic principles. In this chapter the authors discuss a sequence of core topics to broach the teaching of epidemiologic concepts and methods, to cover the essential principles and the main methods for conducting epidemiologic research. The topics addressed include causation and causal inference; epidemiologic measures; types of epidemiologic studies; principles of good study design; principles of epidemiologic data analysis; stratified analysis; analysis of interaction; multivariable analysis; and analysis of multilevel or continuous exposures. For each topic, suggestions are offered for what concepts should be the focus in the classroom, as well as strategies for presenting those concepts. By the end of the course, students should be able to discuss and criticize the design of epidemiologic studies in a balanced way and to demonstrate quantitative regard for various sources of error.Less
An important aim for a first course in epidemiologic methods is to provide a strong working knowledge of the fundamentals of epidemiologic principles. In this chapter the authors discuss a sequence of core topics to broach the teaching of epidemiologic concepts and methods, to cover the essential principles and the main methods for conducting epidemiologic research. The topics addressed include causation and causal inference; epidemiologic measures; types of epidemiologic studies; principles of good study design; principles of epidemiologic data analysis; stratified analysis; analysis of interaction; multivariable analysis; and analysis of multilevel or continuous exposures. For each topic, suggestions are offered for what concepts should be the focus in the classroom, as well as strategies for presenting those concepts. By the end of the course, students should be able to discuss and criticize the design of epidemiologic studies in a balanced way and to demonstrate quantitative regard for various sources of error.
Harvey Checkoway, Neil Pearce, and David Kriebel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195092424
- eISBN:
- 9780199864553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092424.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The accuracy of epidemiologic studies includes issues of both precision and validity. This chapter provides an overview of the main themes, along with more detailed presentations of those aspects of ...
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The accuracy of epidemiologic studies includes issues of both precision and validity. This chapter provides an overview of the main themes, along with more detailed presentations of those aspects of precision and validity that are particularly important in occupational epidemiology. It starts by outlining the distinction between issues of precision, which involves random error, and validity, which involves systematic error. The major issues of validity can be grouped into three components—confounding, selection bias, and information bias—which are considered in turn. The “Healthy Worker Effect” is described as characteristic bias of occupational studies that has elements of both confounding and selection bias. The design of epidemiologic studies often involves a tradeoff between these competing study design consideration.Less
The accuracy of epidemiologic studies includes issues of both precision and validity. This chapter provides an overview of the main themes, along with more detailed presentations of those aspects of precision and validity that are particularly important in occupational epidemiology. It starts by outlining the distinction between issues of precision, which involves random error, and validity, which involves systematic error. The major issues of validity can be grouped into three components—confounding, selection bias, and information bias—which are considered in turn. The “Healthy Worker Effect” is described as characteristic bias of occupational studies that has elements of both confounding and selection bias. The design of epidemiologic studies often involves a tradeoff between these competing study design consideration.
Thomas D. Koepsell and Noel S. Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150780
- eISBN:
- 9780199865161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Epidemiology seeks to describe and to understand patterns of disease occurrence in human populations. This book is an expanded introduction to the concepts and tools of epidemiologic research. The ...
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Epidemiology seeks to describe and to understand patterns of disease occurrence in human populations. This book is an expanded introduction to the concepts and tools of epidemiologic research. The book offers clear descriptions of key concepts and is rich with examples illustrating how these concepts are applied. Some examples are drawn from classic studies in the field—the work of Snow, Semmelweis, Goldberger, Doll and Hill, and others—while many other examples concern modern-day epidemiologic studies on problems of current public health importance. Most chapters include exercises (with answers provided) to help readers gain practice in applying new ideas and techniques. The book's chapters are organized around three main themes: general concepts and tools of epidemiology; major specific study designs; and special topics, including screening, outbreak investigation, and evaluating policies and programs.Less
Epidemiology seeks to describe and to understand patterns of disease occurrence in human populations. This book is an expanded introduction to the concepts and tools of epidemiologic research. The book offers clear descriptions of key concepts and is rich with examples illustrating how these concepts are applied. Some examples are drawn from classic studies in the field—the work of Snow, Semmelweis, Goldberger, Doll and Hill, and others—while many other examples concern modern-day epidemiologic studies on problems of current public health importance. Most chapters include exercises (with answers provided) to help readers gain practice in applying new ideas and techniques. The book's chapters are organized around three main themes: general concepts and tools of epidemiology; major specific study designs; and special topics, including screening, outbreak investigation, and evaluating policies and programs.
Elizabeth A. Stuart, Jeannie-Marie Sheppard Leoutsakos, Rashelle Musci, Alden Gross, Ryan M. Andrews, and William W. Eaton
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190916602
- eISBN:
- 9780190916640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190916602.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for, and challenges to, gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this ...
More
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for, and challenges to, gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. The chapter is not intended as a general introduction to epidemiologic and statistical methods, but focuses more specifically on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. Three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health are discussed in particular: (1) estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, places, and time; (2) examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and (3) exploring and understanding the effects of interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.Less
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for, and challenges to, gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. The chapter is not intended as a general introduction to epidemiologic and statistical methods, but focuses more specifically on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. Three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health are discussed in particular: (1) estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, places, and time; (2) examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and (3) exploring and understanding the effects of interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.
Harvey Checkoway, Neil Pearce, and David Kriebel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195092424
- eISBN:
- 9780199864553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092424.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Cross-sectional studies are particularly well suited for investigating workplace hazards in relation to non-fatal health outcomes, such as disease symptoms. The repeated measures design is an ...
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Cross-sectional studies are particularly well suited for investigating workplace hazards in relation to non-fatal health outcomes, such as disease symptoms. The repeated measures design is an embellishment of the cross-sectional approach in which the original cross-sectional study sample is followed longitudinally, thus becoming a prospective cohort study. This chapter summarizes the design, implementation, and standard data analysis methods for cross-sectional and repeated measures studies. It explains options for selecting study subjects, comparisons populations, fundamental data analysis methods, and characteristic strengths and limitations, including biases that can occur from studies of disease prevalence of these approaches.Less
Cross-sectional studies are particularly well suited for investigating workplace hazards in relation to non-fatal health outcomes, such as disease symptoms. The repeated measures design is an embellishment of the cross-sectional approach in which the original cross-sectional study sample is followed longitudinally, thus becoming a prospective cohort study. This chapter summarizes the design, implementation, and standard data analysis methods for cross-sectional and repeated measures studies. It explains options for selecting study subjects, comparisons populations, fundamental data analysis methods, and characteristic strengths and limitations, including biases that can occur from studies of disease prevalence of these approaches.
Harvey Checkoway, Neil Pearce, and David Kriebel
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195092424
- eISBN:
- 9780199864553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092424.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The only conceptual difference between a full cohort study and a case-control study based on the same cohort is that the latter involves outcome-based sampling of the source population rather than an ...
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The only conceptual difference between a full cohort study and a case-control study based on the same cohort is that the latter involves outcome-based sampling of the source population rather than an analysis of the entire source population. Case-control studies offer considerable savings in time and expense, and are particularly valuable for studying diseases that are rare and/or have long induction times. This chapter presents the basic case-control design. It examines issues in the selection of cases and controls, including sampling strategies, matching, sources of controls, and avoidance of bias. Methods for analyzing case-control data are then presented.Less
The only conceptual difference between a full cohort study and a case-control study based on the same cohort is that the latter involves outcome-based sampling of the source population rather than an analysis of the entire source population. Case-control studies offer considerable savings in time and expense, and are particularly valuable for studying diseases that are rare and/or have long induction times. This chapter presents the basic case-control design. It examines issues in the selection of cases and controls, including sampling strategies, matching, sources of controls, and avoidance of bias. Methods for analyzing case-control data are then presented.
Lorene M. Nelson, Caroline M. Tanner, Stephen Van Den Eeden, and Valarie M. McGuire (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133790
- eISBN:
- 9780199863730
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying ...
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This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying neurologic disorders. The first focuses on classic principles of epidemiologic and clinical research, including study design, sources of study bias, and methods for assessing the role of environmental and genetic factors in neurologic disorders. The second part covers each of the major neurologic disorders, with an emphasis on the methodologic aspects of studying these disorders and discussion of future research directions. The third part is devoted to clinical and translational research methods, including the design and conduct of clinical trials and prognostic studies, as well as the principles of health services research and evidence-based medicine. Throughout the book, the principles of neuroepidemiology are illustrated with examples from published studies.Less
This book provides the foundation for conducting rigorous epidemiologic and clinical research on neurologic disorders. The book has three parts, each emphasizing the unique aspects of studying neurologic disorders. The first focuses on classic principles of epidemiologic and clinical research, including study design, sources of study bias, and methods for assessing the role of environmental and genetic factors in neurologic disorders. The second part covers each of the major neurologic disorders, with an emphasis on the methodologic aspects of studying these disorders and discussion of future research directions. The third part is devoted to clinical and translational research methods, including the design and conduct of clinical trials and prognostic studies, as well as the principles of health services research and evidence-based medicine. Throughout the book, the principles of neuroepidemiology are illustrated with examples from published studies.
K.S. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387902
- eISBN:
- 9780199895328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387902.003.0065
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses a new and controversial development in perinatal epidemiology. The chapter begins with an overview of some traditional concepts in perinatology, namely, the calculation of ...
More
This chapter discusses a new and controversial development in perinatal epidemiology. The chapter begins with an overview of some traditional concepts in perinatology, namely, the calculation of birth weight and gestational age-specific perinatal mortality rates and the use of dual, overlapping time scales for estimating the duration of gestational and chronologic age. This is followed by a review of the conundrums extant in contemporary perinatology and a proposal for an alternative formulation (called the fetuses-at-risk approach) for the calculation of rates in perinatal epidemiology. The focus under this alternate approach is on incidence measures, with gestational age treated as survival time. Latent period considerations for perinatal phenomena that have intrauterine origins are also an integral part of this formulation. Finally, there is reframing of the traditional and fetuses-at-risk models as serving prediction (noncausal) and causal functions, respectively.Less
This chapter discusses a new and controversial development in perinatal epidemiology. The chapter begins with an overview of some traditional concepts in perinatology, namely, the calculation of birth weight and gestational age-specific perinatal mortality rates and the use of dual, overlapping time scales for estimating the duration of gestational and chronologic age. This is followed by a review of the conundrums extant in contemporary perinatology and a proposal for an alternative formulation (called the fetuses-at-risk approach) for the calculation of rates in perinatal epidemiology. The focus under this alternate approach is on incidence measures, with gestational age treated as survival time. Latent period considerations for perinatal phenomena that have intrauterine origins are also an integral part of this formulation. Finally, there is reframing of the traditional and fetuses-at-risk models as serving prediction (noncausal) and causal functions, respectively.
Hans-Olov Adami, David Hunter, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311174
- eISBN:
- 9780199865093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311174.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and ...
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This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and the emerging potential of biomarkers. It also reviews specific cancer sites in a consistent way, providing clinical and pathological outlines, descriptive epidemiology, and a comprehensive account of traditional and molecular risk factors and their etiological importance. An epilogue summarizes the major contributions that epidemiology has made in the last few decades to our understanding of the causes of cancer, and speculates about future developments.Less
This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and the emerging potential of biomarkers. It also reviews specific cancer sites in a consistent way, providing clinical and pathological outlines, descriptive epidemiology, and a comprehensive account of traditional and molecular risk factors and their etiological importance. An epilogue summarizes the major contributions that epidemiology has made in the last few decades to our understanding of the causes of cancer, and speculates about future developments.
Hans-Olov Adami, David J. Hunter, Pagona Lagiou, and Lorelei Mucci (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190676827
- eISBN:
- 9780190676858
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190676827.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and ...
More
This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and the emerging potential of biomarkers. It also reviews specific cancer sites in a consistent way, providing clinical and pathological outlines, descriptive epidemiology, and a comprehensive account of traditional and molecular risk factors and their etiological importance. To facilitate reading and use of our Textbook as a reference, we have consistently addressed potential risk factors in the same order throughout all site-specific chapters. Acknowledging that any causal inference has an element of subjectivity, we have also attempted to classify the strength of existing evidence into distinct categories for each cancer site. An epilogue summarizes the major contributions that epidemiology has made in the last few decades to our understanding of the causes of cancer, and speculates about future developments.Less
This book offers an overview of the epidemiology and primary prevention for most forms of human cancer. It summarizes concepts and methods of epidemiology, the biology of cancer, cancer genetics, and the emerging potential of biomarkers. It also reviews specific cancer sites in a consistent way, providing clinical and pathological outlines, descriptive epidemiology, and a comprehensive account of traditional and molecular risk factors and their etiological importance. To facilitate reading and use of our Textbook as a reference, we have consistently addressed potential risk factors in the same order throughout all site-specific chapters. Acknowledging that any causal inference has an element of subjectivity, we have also attempted to classify the strength of existing evidence into distinct categories for each cancer site. An epilogue summarizes the major contributions that epidemiology has made in the last few decades to our understanding of the causes of cancer, and speculates about future developments.
