Michael Thompson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829509X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Argues that excessive concern with environmental security at the national level obfuscates necessary attention to the plurality of environmental security concerns at the micro‐level at which ...
More
Argues that excessive concern with environmental security at the national level obfuscates necessary attention to the plurality of environmental security concerns at the micro‐level at which Hobbesian competition is actually conducted. An environmental policy framework that reduces plurality will merely serve to destroy the network of trust and cooperation that needs to operate at the micro‐level, and upon which macro‐level security architectures are ultimately based. To avoid this, it is necessary to devise an anti‐reductionist approach based on two objectives: first, to dismantle the ‘realist’ model of international relations (and of security generally) that focuses on states as unitary actors in sole occupation of the policy stage; second, to introduce a more comprehensive concept of security as a spectrum of interlocking entities, from the macro‐ to the micro‐level, each requiring the development and consolidation of trust relationships. Taken together, these objectives imply that environmental security be considered as a mainstream component of a stable international order and not as a mere sideshow. The chapter concludes with an analysis of four behavioural styles, which form a key cultural aspect of the micro‐level dimension of anti‐reductionism–hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian, and fatalist. Each of these implies a different approach to self‐organization, a different sort of social solidarity, and a different set of expectations from environmental security.Less
Argues that excessive concern with environmental security at the national level obfuscates necessary attention to the plurality of environmental security concerns at the micro‐level at which Hobbesian competition is actually conducted. An environmental policy framework that reduces plurality will merely serve to destroy the network of trust and cooperation that needs to operate at the micro‐level, and upon which macro‐level security architectures are ultimately based. To avoid this, it is necessary to devise an anti‐reductionist approach based on two objectives: first, to dismantle the ‘realist’ model of international relations (and of security generally) that focuses on states as unitary actors in sole occupation of the policy stage; second, to introduce a more comprehensive concept of security as a spectrum of interlocking entities, from the macro‐ to the micro‐level, each requiring the development and consolidation of trust relationships. Taken together, these objectives imply that environmental security be considered as a mainstream component of a stable international order and not as a mere sideshow. The chapter concludes with an analysis of four behavioural styles, which form a key cultural aspect of the micro‐level dimension of anti‐reductionism–hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian, and fatalist. Each of these implies a different approach to self‐organization, a different sort of social solidarity, and a different set of expectations from environmental security.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines security’s place at the heart of international relations theory. The chapter also situates CIM at the nexus of complementary discourses. On the one hand, recent decades have ...
More
This chapter examines security’s place at the heart of international relations theory. The chapter also situates CIM at the nexus of complementary discourses. On the one hand, recent decades have seen a growing emphasis on the securitization of the environment and climate change. Concomitantly, on the other hand, there has been a gradual injection of security imperatives into the interdiction of immigration. Climate-induced migration bridges and knits together these discourses to provide a new, additional rationale for security officials and electorates anxious about immigration and the impact of climate change. Since most CIM is not directed toward the North Atlantic, the political reaction serves an ancillary purpose as part of anti-immigration efforts.Less
This chapter examines security’s place at the heart of international relations theory. The chapter also situates CIM at the nexus of complementary discourses. On the one hand, recent decades have seen a growing emphasis on the securitization of the environment and climate change. Concomitantly, on the other hand, there has been a gradual injection of security imperatives into the interdiction of immigration. Climate-induced migration bridges and knits together these discourses to provide a new, additional rationale for security officials and electorates anxious about immigration and the impact of climate change. Since most CIM is not directed toward the North Atlantic, the political reaction serves an ancillary purpose as part of anti-immigration efforts.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that ...
More
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that climate-induced migration has been increasingly framed as a security concern by policy makers and analysts. Although people will undoubtedly migrate internally and across borders as a form of adaptation to global warming, treating such migration as a security threat to North Atlantic countries is an inappropriate response. It takes crucial energy and political capital away from efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, and pursue development strategies that have environmental concerns at their core. Securitizing climate-induced migration is politically successful; it may play easily to constituencies anxious about immigration and climate change. But it does not address more fundamental issues. It also results in a willingness to support authoritarian transit states as an ostensible bulwark against unwanted migration. The book focuses on the Sahel and other sub-Saharan regions in Africa, as these regions are cast as the source of climate-induced migration flows first to North African countries, with the European continent as the final destination. It is based on the natural science scholarship on the impact of climate change on Africa. Strikingly, there is evidence that environmental change actually reduces migration pressures. In the case of the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, when migration does occur it is more likely to be oriented not toward European destinations to the north but to megacities of the African coast. This is a profound dynamic and needs to be addressed, but not by a security-minded approach by North Atlantic officials and electorates.Less
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that climate-induced migration has been increasingly framed as a security concern by policy makers and analysts. Although people will undoubtedly migrate internally and across borders as a form of adaptation to global warming, treating such migration as a security threat to North Atlantic countries is an inappropriate response. It takes crucial energy and political capital away from efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, and pursue development strategies that have environmental concerns at their core. Securitizing climate-induced migration is politically successful; it may play easily to constituencies anxious about immigration and climate change. But it does not address more fundamental issues. It also results in a willingness to support authoritarian transit states as an ostensible bulwark against unwanted migration. The book focuses on the Sahel and other sub-Saharan regions in Africa, as these regions are cast as the source of climate-induced migration flows first to North African countries, with the European continent as the final destination. It is based on the natural science scholarship on the impact of climate change on Africa. Strikingly, there is evidence that environmental change actually reduces migration pressures. In the case of the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, when migration does occur it is more likely to be oriented not toward European destinations to the north but to megacities of the African coast. This is a profound dynamic and needs to be addressed, but not by a security-minded approach by North Atlantic officials and electorates.
James Meadowcroft and Daniel J. Fiorino (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036580
- eISBN:
- 9780262341585
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036580.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Concepts are thought categories through which we apprehend the world; they enable, but also constrain, reasoning and debate and serve as building blocks for more elaborate arguments. This book traces ...
More
Concepts are thought categories through which we apprehend the world; they enable, but also constrain, reasoning and debate and serve as building blocks for more elaborate arguments. This book traces the links between conceptual innovation in the environmental sphere and the evolution of environmental policy and discourse. It offers both a broad framework for examining the emergence, evolution, and effects of policy concepts and a detailed analysis of eleven influential environmental concepts. In recent decades, conceptual evolution has been particularly notable in environmental governance, as new problems have emerged and as environmental issues have increasingly intersected with other areas. “Biodiversity,” for example, was unheard of until the late 1980s; “negative carbon emissions” only came into being over the last few years. After a review of concepts and their use in environmental argument, chapters chart the trajectories of a range of environmental concepts: environment, sustainable development, biodiversity, environmental assessment, critical loads, adaptive management, green economy, environmental risk, environmental security, environmental justice, and sustainable consumption. The book provides a valuable resource for scholars and policy makers and also offers a novel introduction to the environmental policy field through the evolution of its conceptual categories. Contributors Richard N. L. Andrews, Karin Bäckstrand, Karen Baehler, Daniel J. Fiorino, Yrjö Haila, Michael E. Kraft, Oluf Langhelle, Judith A. Layzer, James Meadowcroft, Alexis Schulman, Johannes Stripple, Philip J. VergragtLess
Concepts are thought categories through which we apprehend the world; they enable, but also constrain, reasoning and debate and serve as building blocks for more elaborate arguments. This book traces the links between conceptual innovation in the environmental sphere and the evolution of environmental policy and discourse. It offers both a broad framework for examining the emergence, evolution, and effects of policy concepts and a detailed analysis of eleven influential environmental concepts. In recent decades, conceptual evolution has been particularly notable in environmental governance, as new problems have emerged and as environmental issues have increasingly intersected with other areas. “Biodiversity,” for example, was unheard of until the late 1980s; “negative carbon emissions” only came into being over the last few years. After a review of concepts and their use in environmental argument, chapters chart the trajectories of a range of environmental concepts: environment, sustainable development, biodiversity, environmental assessment, critical loads, adaptive management, green economy, environmental risk, environmental security, environmental justice, and sustainable consumption. The book provides a valuable resource for scholars and policy makers and also offers a novel introduction to the environmental policy field through the evolution of its conceptual categories. Contributors Richard N. L. Andrews, Karin Bäckstrand, Karen Baehler, Daniel J. Fiorino, Yrjö Haila, Michael E. Kraft, Oluf Langhelle, Judith A. Layzer, James Meadowcroft, Alexis Schulman, Johannes Stripple, Philip J. Vergragt
Simone Turchetti
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226595658
- eISBN:
- 9780226595825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226595825.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
By examining the current state of NATO's science and environmental initiatives, this chapter also draws some conclusions about the distinctiveness of its sponsorship in the last sixty years of its ...
More
By examining the current state of NATO's science and environmental initiatives, this chapter also draws some conclusions about the distinctiveness of its sponsorship in the last sixty years of its existence. The chapter examines in particular how NATO's changes in the new millennium have catered to a comprehensive revision of its sponsorship strategy; partly as a result of the adoption of new strategic doctrines. The most striking consequence of these transitions is a new emphasis on using scientific patronage in the relationship with prospective members of the alliance and a reduced emphasis on the study of the natural environment.Less
By examining the current state of NATO's science and environmental initiatives, this chapter also draws some conclusions about the distinctiveness of its sponsorship in the last sixty years of its existence. The chapter examines in particular how NATO's changes in the new millennium have catered to a comprehensive revision of its sponsorship strategy; partly as a result of the adoption of new strategic doctrines. The most striking consequence of these transitions is a new emphasis on using scientific patronage in the relationship with prospective members of the alliance and a reduced emphasis on the study of the natural environment.
Stuart Kaye
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199299614
- eISBN:
- 9780191714887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299614.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The phrase ‘creeping jurisdiction’ has been applied by a number of publicists to the gradual extension of state jurisdiction offshore in the law of the sea through the course of the 20th century. ...
More
The phrase ‘creeping jurisdiction’ has been applied by a number of publicists to the gradual extension of state jurisdiction offshore in the law of the sea through the course of the 20th century. Under the current United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), and confirmed by international practice, the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles wide. It might have been thought that jurisdictional creep had ended with the conclusion of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. This chapter examines whether contemporary practice may lead to a further creeping of jurisdiction, not in a further grab for resources, but in an effort by states to provide themselves with greater security from threats from the sea. It examines contemporary and emerging practice in respect of maritime security, and discusses whether seeking greater control over security — which covers military security and environmental security — is the next generation of jurisdictional creep. Beyond the territorial sea, the LOSC also confirms that there is freedom of navigation for all vessels. This is essentially applicable for the exclusive economic zone and high seas areas beyond it.Less
The phrase ‘creeping jurisdiction’ has been applied by a number of publicists to the gradual extension of state jurisdiction offshore in the law of the sea through the course of the 20th century. Under the current United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), and confirmed by international practice, the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles wide. It might have been thought that jurisdictional creep had ended with the conclusion of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. This chapter examines whether contemporary practice may lead to a further creeping of jurisdiction, not in a further grab for resources, but in an effort by states to provide themselves with greater security from threats from the sea. It examines contemporary and emerging practice in respect of maritime security, and discusses whether seeking greater control over security — which covers military security and environmental security — is the next generation of jurisdictional creep. Beyond the territorial sea, the LOSC also confirms that there is freedom of navigation for all vessels. This is essentially applicable for the exclusive economic zone and high seas areas beyond it.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199594917
- eISBN:
- 9780191842108
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199594917.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter looks at the possible futures associated with climate change, in particular the ecological crisis it will bring for many people around the planet. It does this with a special focus on ...
More
This chapter looks at the possible futures associated with climate change, in particular the ecological crisis it will bring for many people around the planet. It does this with a special focus on the political challenges that will accompany this crisis, especially as they relate to democratic politics. It asks how states will manage, and in some cases even survive, in the face of a very serious or catastrophic social-ecological crisis. Toward this end, it examines the long history of a crisis orientation in environmentalism generally, with an emphasis on climate change as the example par excellence. It then examines the worst-case scenarios, including the concept of “fortress world.” It concludes with a discussion of environmental security, the role of the military during the crisis, and the politics of “survivalism.”Less
This chapter looks at the possible futures associated with climate change, in particular the ecological crisis it will bring for many people around the planet. It does this with a special focus on the political challenges that will accompany this crisis, especially as they relate to democratic politics. It asks how states will manage, and in some cases even survive, in the face of a very serious or catastrophic social-ecological crisis. Toward this end, it examines the long history of a crisis orientation in environmentalism generally, with an emphasis on climate change as the example par excellence. It then examines the worst-case scenarios, including the concept of “fortress world.” It concludes with a discussion of environmental security, the role of the military during the crisis, and the politics of “survivalism.”
Lawrence E. Susskind and Saleem H. Ali
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199397976
- eISBN:
- 9780199398003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199397976.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
This chapter lays out the theoretical and practical underpinnings of the term “environmental diplomacy.” Several new strands of scholarship have emerged that are introduced briefly. These include: ...
More
This chapter lays out the theoretical and practical underpinnings of the term “environmental diplomacy.” Several new strands of scholarship have emerged that are introduced briefly. These include: environmental security, global environmental governance, and environmental peace-building. This chapter frames the goals of “environmental diplomacy” as a blending of these sets of ideas and as a means of achieving practical agreements that can improve environmental performance, resolve environmental conflicts, and where possible lead to improved international relations given the “global commons” quality of environmental impacts. In particular, this chapter lays out the salience of climate change and argues that the broader environmental diplomatic agenda should not be exclusively viewed through the lens of climatic change.Less
This chapter lays out the theoretical and practical underpinnings of the term “environmental diplomacy.” Several new strands of scholarship have emerged that are introduced briefly. These include: environmental security, global environmental governance, and environmental peace-building. This chapter frames the goals of “environmental diplomacy” as a blending of these sets of ideas and as a means of achieving practical agreements that can improve environmental performance, resolve environmental conflicts, and where possible lead to improved international relations given the “global commons” quality of environmental impacts. In particular, this chapter lays out the salience of climate change and argues that the broader environmental diplomatic agenda should not be exclusively viewed through the lens of climatic change.
Alan H. Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034876
- eISBN:
- 9780262335737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034876.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Diverse studies of traffic, baseball, crime-temperature relationships, and others, support the hypothesis that heat breeds violence at a time when, in the US, violent crime is on the wane. Droughts ...
More
Diverse studies of traffic, baseball, crime-temperature relationships, and others, support the hypothesis that heat breeds violence at a time when, in the US, violent crime is on the wane. Droughts and deluges lead to environmental insecurity by many mechanisms as reflected in an examination of social conflicts in Africa. Rising food prices also foster riots. Climate change is an important factor that has led to societal collapse. Other weather and climate changes, such as those associated with El Niño, are also linked to societal disruption. These relationships have contributed to the current violence in the Middle East.Less
Diverse studies of traffic, baseball, crime-temperature relationships, and others, support the hypothesis that heat breeds violence at a time when, in the US, violent crime is on the wane. Droughts and deluges lead to environmental insecurity by many mechanisms as reflected in an examination of social conflicts in Africa. Rising food prices also foster riots. Climate change is an important factor that has led to societal collapse. Other weather and climate changes, such as those associated with El Niño, are also linked to societal disruption. These relationships have contributed to the current violence in the Middle East.
