David C. Kocher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195127270
- eISBN:
- 9780199869121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195127270.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter discusses laws, regulations, and guidance for controlling exposures of the public to radionuclides in the environment. Topics discussed include the principal laws in the United States ...
More
This chapter discusses laws, regulations, and guidance for controlling exposures of the public to radionuclides in the environment. Topics discussed include the principal laws in the United States that provide the authority for regulation of various sources or practices, regulations, and other guidance to control routine and accidental exposures to radionuclides in the environment that have been developed by federal agencies and the states, and recommendations on radiation protection of the public by national and international advisory groups. Discussions in this chapter emphasize similarities and differences in approaches to regulating exposures of the public to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals, limits on lifetime cancer risk that are embodied in laws and regulations for radionuclides, and the primary importance of the principle that exposures should be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) in determining risks to the public from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals.Less
This chapter discusses laws, regulations, and guidance for controlling exposures of the public to radionuclides in the environment. Topics discussed include the principal laws in the United States that provide the authority for regulation of various sources or practices, regulations, and other guidance to control routine and accidental exposures to radionuclides in the environment that have been developed by federal agencies and the states, and recommendations on radiation protection of the public by national and international advisory groups. Discussions in this chapter emphasize similarities and differences in approaches to regulating exposures of the public to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals, limits on lifetime cancer risk that are embodied in laws and regulations for radionuclides, and the primary importance of the principle that exposures should be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) in determining risks to the public from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals.
Sean D. Ehrlich
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737536
- eISBN:
- 9780199918645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737536.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Access Points develops a new theory about how democratic institutions influence policy outcomes. Access Point Theory argues that the more points of access that institutions provide to ...
More
Access Points develops a new theory about how democratic institutions influence policy outcomes. Access Point Theory argues that the more points of access that institutions provide to interest groups, the cheaper lobbying will be, and, thus, the more lobbying will occur. This will lead to more complex policy, as policymakers insert specific provisions to benefit special interests, and, if one side of the debate has a lobbying advantage, to more biased policy, as the advantaged side is able to better take advantage of the cheaper lobbying. This book then uses Access Point Theory to explain why some countries have more protectionist and more complex trade policies than others; why some countries have stronger environmental and banking regulations than others; and why some countries have more complicated tax codes than others. In policy area after policy area, this book finds that more access points lead to more biased and more complex policy. Access Points provides scholars a powerful tool to explain how political institutions matter and why countries implement the policies they do.Less
Access Points develops a new theory about how democratic institutions influence policy outcomes. Access Point Theory argues that the more points of access that institutions provide to interest groups, the cheaper lobbying will be, and, thus, the more lobbying will occur. This will lead to more complex policy, as policymakers insert specific provisions to benefit special interests, and, if one side of the debate has a lobbying advantage, to more biased policy, as the advantaged side is able to better take advantage of the cheaper lobbying. This book then uses Access Point Theory to explain why some countries have more protectionist and more complex trade policies than others; why some countries have stronger environmental and banking regulations than others; and why some countries have more complicated tax codes than others. In policy area after policy area, this book finds that more access points lead to more biased and more complex policy. Access Points provides scholars a powerful tool to explain how political institutions matter and why countries implement the policies they do.
Sean D. Ehrlich
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737536
- eISBN:
- 9780199918645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737536.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Existing research has extensively examined whether democratic or dictatorial regimes are better for the environment, but little research has investigated how democracies might differ among ...
More
Existing research has extensively examined whether democratic or dictatorial regimes are better for the environment, but little research has investigated how democracies might differ among themselves. This chapter argues that more access points in democracies should lead to fewer environmental regulations since regulated industries should enjoy a collective action advantage given that the costs of regulations are concentrated on these industries while the benefits are broadly dispersed, sometimes to everyone on the planet. This chapter tests this argument by examining how many environmental treaties a country becomes a party to as well as the level of environmental taxation in a country.Less
Existing research has extensively examined whether democratic or dictatorial regimes are better for the environment, but little research has investigated how democracies might differ among themselves. This chapter argues that more access points in democracies should lead to fewer environmental regulations since regulated industries should enjoy a collective action advantage given that the costs of regulations are concentrated on these industries while the benefits are broadly dispersed, sometimes to everyone on the planet. This chapter tests this argument by examining how many environmental treaties a country becomes a party to as well as the level of environmental taxation in a country.
John E. Till and Helen Grogan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195127270
- eISBN:
- 9780199869121
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195127270.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This book is an update and major revision to Radiological Assessment: A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1983. It focuses on risk to the ...
More
This book is an update and major revision to Radiological Assessment: A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1983. It focuses on risk to the public because decision makers typically use that endpoint to allocate resources and resolve issues. Chapters in the book explain the fundamental steps of radiological assessment, and they are organized in a sequence that would typically be used when undertaking an analysis of risk. The key components of radiological risk assessment discussed include source terms, atmospheric transport, surface water transport, groundwater transport, terrestrial and aquatic food chain pathways, estimating exposures, conversion of intakes and exposures to dose and risk, uncertainty analysis, environmental epidemiology, and model validation. A chapter on regulations related to environmental exposure is also included. Contributors to the book are well known experts from the various disciplines addressed.Less
This book is an update and major revision to Radiological Assessment: A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1983. It focuses on risk to the public because decision makers typically use that endpoint to allocate resources and resolve issues. Chapters in the book explain the fundamental steps of radiological assessment, and they are organized in a sequence that would typically be used when undertaking an analysis of risk. The key components of radiological risk assessment discussed include source terms, atmospheric transport, surface water transport, groundwater transport, terrestrial and aquatic food chain pathways, estimating exposures, conversion of intakes and exposures to dose and risk, uncertainty analysis, environmental epidemiology, and model validation. A chapter on regulations related to environmental exposure is also included. Contributors to the book are well known experts from the various disciplines addressed.
Judith A. Layzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373929
- eISBN:
- 9780199852291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses environmental policy between 1980 and 2008. During this period, New Right conservatives sought to influence environmental politics and policy in two distinct but related ways. ...
More
This chapter discusses environmental policy between 1980 and 2008. During this period, New Right conservatives sought to influence environmental politics and policy in two distinct but related ways. First, they tried to shape the political context by disseminating a multifaceted critique of environmentalism and environmental regulation, mobilizing grassroots groups, and filing strategic lawsuits. Second, they promoted the election of ideological sympathizers to Congress and the White House and the appointment of conservative judges to the federal courts. The main constraint on conservatives' ability to promote their agenda was public opinion, which remained broadly supportive of environmental protection throughout this period. After failing on several occasions to confront that consensus head on, conservative policymakers resorted to blocking new legislation; they also capitalized on the low visibility and arcane nature of rule making to make substantial changes in regulations and their implementation. By 2008, however, there were numerous signs that the dominance of U.S. environmental policy by New Right conservatives had run its course.Less
This chapter discusses environmental policy between 1980 and 2008. During this period, New Right conservatives sought to influence environmental politics and policy in two distinct but related ways. First, they tried to shape the political context by disseminating a multifaceted critique of environmentalism and environmental regulation, mobilizing grassroots groups, and filing strategic lawsuits. Second, they promoted the election of ideological sympathizers to Congress and the White House and the appointment of conservative judges to the federal courts. The main constraint on conservatives' ability to promote their agenda was public opinion, which remained broadly supportive of environmental protection throughout this period. After failing on several occasions to confront that consensus head on, conservative policymakers resorted to blocking new legislation; they also capitalized on the low visibility and arcane nature of rule making to make substantial changes in regulations and their implementation. By 2008, however, there were numerous signs that the dominance of U.S. environmental policy by New Right conservatives had run its course.
Alan M. Rugman and Alain Verbeke
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
An analysis is made of the interactions between environmental policy and international business. More specifically, a conceptual framework is developed that allows classification of the various types ...
More
An analysis is made of the interactions between environmental policy and international business. More specifically, a conceptual framework is developed that allows classification of the various types of environmental regulations facing firms engaged in international business. In addition, an analysis is performed of the different environmental strategies that can be pursued by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It is argued that the managerial choices made are strongly influenced by external elements such as compliance incentives provided by public agencies, divergence/consistency among national environmental policy regimes, regional integration trends, etc.Less
An analysis is made of the interactions between environmental policy and international business. More specifically, a conceptual framework is developed that allows classification of the various types of environmental regulations facing firms engaged in international business. In addition, an analysis is performed of the different environmental strategies that can be pursued by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It is argued that the managerial choices made are strongly influenced by external elements such as compliance incentives provided by public agencies, divergence/consistency among national environmental policy regimes, regional integration trends, etc.
David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter explores some of the broader implications of studying the dynamics of policy convergence and divergence, the relationship between political institutions and policy styles, and the public ...
More
This chapter explores some of the broader implications of studying the dynamics of policy convergence and divergence, the relationship between political institutions and policy styles, and the public perception of risks. The extensive literature on policy convergence addresses two issues: the extent of policy convergence and direction of policy convergence. A second body of literature addresses the impact of convergence on the direction of public policy. Much of this literature focuses on the impact of increased economic integration and global competition on the stringency of environmental regulation. The fact that both the United States and the EU have adopted a wide range of comprehensive consumer and environmental regulations suggests that powerful political and economic states enjoy substantial discretion in responding to domestic pressures for more stringent consumer and environmental regulations.Less
This chapter explores some of the broader implications of studying the dynamics of policy convergence and divergence, the relationship between political institutions and policy styles, and the public perception of risks. The extensive literature on policy convergence addresses two issues: the extent of policy convergence and direction of policy convergence. A second body of literature addresses the impact of convergence on the direction of public policy. Much of this literature focuses on the impact of increased economic integration and global competition on the stringency of environmental regulation. The fact that both the United States and the EU have adopted a wide range of comprehensive consumer and environmental regulations suggests that powerful political and economic states enjoy substantial discretion in responding to domestic pressures for more stringent consumer and environmental regulations.
Kazbi Soonawalla
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283361
- eISBN:
- 9780191712623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283361.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the emergence of the environmental movement within the context of corporate responsibility and sustainability management, focusing on the development of environmental ...
More
This chapter discusses the emergence of the environmental movement within the context of corporate responsibility and sustainability management, focusing on the development of environmental management accounting (EMA). It illustrates how media coverage on the harmful aspects of environmental problems played a defining role in management's desire to be considered ecologically sound and environmentally friendly. It describes in some detail how mainstream management accounting practices such as activity-based costing (ABC), life cycle costing (LCC), and the balanced scorecard (BSC) have been modified to incorporate environmental aspects. The chapter also discusses the role of government agencies and financial reporting, and the impact these have on managerial decisions.Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of the environmental movement within the context of corporate responsibility and sustainability management, focusing on the development of environmental management accounting (EMA). It illustrates how media coverage on the harmful aspects of environmental problems played a defining role in management's desire to be considered ecologically sound and environmentally friendly. It describes in some detail how mainstream management accounting practices such as activity-based costing (ABC), life cycle costing (LCC), and the balanced scorecard (BSC) have been modified to incorporate environmental aspects. The chapter also discusses the role of government agencies and financial reporting, and the impact these have on managerial decisions.
David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter discusses how within political systems, there are important linkages among many health, safety, and environmental risk regulations. Their public issue life cycles overlap and they often ...
More
This chapter discusses how within political systems, there are important linkages among many health, safety, and environmental risk regulations. Their public issue life cycles overlap and they often follow parallel or convergent political trajectories. Each regulatory decision or non-decision has distinctive and multiple causes, and no single theory can adequately account for all the policy outcomes that have taken place in both Europe and the United States since 1960. The chapter then establishes an explanatory framework that focuses on the role and interaction of three factors: the extent and intensity of public pressures for more stringent or protective regulations, the policy preferences of influential government officials, and the criteria by which policy makers assess and manage risks.Less
This chapter discusses how within political systems, there are important linkages among many health, safety, and environmental risk regulations. Their public issue life cycles overlap and they often follow parallel or convergent political trajectories. Each regulatory decision or non-decision has distinctive and multiple causes, and no single theory can adequately account for all the policy outcomes that have taken place in both Europe and the United States since 1960. The chapter then establishes an explanatory framework that focuses on the role and interaction of three factors: the extent and intensity of public pressures for more stringent or protective regulations, the policy preferences of influential government officials, and the criteria by which policy makers assess and manage risks.
David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter compares regulations that address the risks of air pollution—one of the most critical dimensions of environmental regulation. It specifically examines the policies in the United States ...
More
This chapter compares regulations that address the risks of air pollution—one of the most critical dimensions of environmental regulation. It specifically examines the policies in the United States and Europe and their decisions toward the health and environmental risks of mobile (vehicular) source pollutants, ozone-depleting chemicals, and global climate change. The politics of global climate change reveals a very divergent pattern. In this case, the preferences of American policy makers were more polarized than in Europe. American public policies toward the risks of global climate change have been significantly affected by partisan differences, which increased substantially during the 1990s. By contrast, European policies toward global climate change have been much less affected by differences in the political preferences of center-left and center-right policy makers.Less
This chapter compares regulations that address the risks of air pollution—one of the most critical dimensions of environmental regulation. It specifically examines the policies in the United States and Europe and their decisions toward the health and environmental risks of mobile (vehicular) source pollutants, ozone-depleting chemicals, and global climate change. The politics of global climate change reveals a very divergent pattern. In this case, the preferences of American policy makers were more polarized than in Europe. American public policies toward the risks of global climate change have been significantly affected by partisan differences, which increased substantially during the 1990s. By contrast, European policies toward global climate change have been much less affected by differences in the political preferences of center-left and center-right policy makers.
Alan Rugman, John Kirton, and Julie Soloway
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295884
- eISBN:
- 9780191685156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, International Business
In this chapter, we establish a general framework for investigating the relationship among the competitiveness of firms, trade liberalization regimes, and environmental regulation. As our analysis ...
More
In this chapter, we establish a general framework for investigating the relationship among the competitiveness of firms, trade liberalization regimes, and environmental regulation. As our analysis specifically focuses on the case of NAFTA, we look into three different disciplinary perspectives: 1) a corporate strategy perspective that takes on the problems and corresponding responses of firms that are under discriminatory environmental regulation; 2) examining the legal implications of regulatory shelter/capture to identify the legal processes within NAFTA and the legal instruments available to firms; and 3) political science perspectives which include neo-liberal institutionalism and the theory of complex interdependence to demonstrate the impacts of corporations and other stakeholders on regulatory processes and how the protectionist actions of national governments are restricted by international regimes.Less
In this chapter, we establish a general framework for investigating the relationship among the competitiveness of firms, trade liberalization regimes, and environmental regulation. As our analysis specifically focuses on the case of NAFTA, we look into three different disciplinary perspectives: 1) a corporate strategy perspective that takes on the problems and corresponding responses of firms that are under discriminatory environmental regulation; 2) examining the legal implications of regulatory shelter/capture to identify the legal processes within NAFTA and the legal instruments available to firms; and 3) political science perspectives which include neo-liberal institutionalism and the theory of complex interdependence to demonstrate the impacts of corporations and other stakeholders on regulatory processes and how the protectionist actions of national governments are restricted by international regimes.
Alan Rugman, John Kirton, and Julie Soloway
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295884
- eISBN:
- 9780191685156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, International Business
In the previous chapter, we developed a framework in which we were able to observe the variety of strategic responses exhibited by firms towards certain environmental regulations. In this chapter, we ...
More
In the previous chapter, we developed a framework in which we were able to observe the variety of strategic responses exhibited by firms towards certain environmental regulations. In this chapter, we attempt to document and provide an explanation regarding the said strategic responses available to these forms so that the framework may serve as an explanatory tool. We examine the case of the North American marketplace, where various firms in both Canada and the United States attempted to prevent firms from other NAFTA countries from attaining market access under the administration of environmental regulation. As we look into five different cases, we aim to explore, identify, and describe the government and corporate players in each case, and how these have formed alliances with environmental groups. In the chapter, the firm responses observed may range from foreign direct investments to intensive lobbying.Less
In the previous chapter, we developed a framework in which we were able to observe the variety of strategic responses exhibited by firms towards certain environmental regulations. In this chapter, we attempt to document and provide an explanation regarding the said strategic responses available to these forms so that the framework may serve as an explanatory tool. We examine the case of the North American marketplace, where various firms in both Canada and the United States attempted to prevent firms from other NAFTA countries from attaining market access under the administration of environmental regulation. As we look into five different cases, we aim to explore, identify, and describe the government and corporate players in each case, and how these have formed alliances with environmental groups. In the chapter, the firm responses observed may range from foreign direct investments to intensive lobbying.
Alan Rugman, Julie Soloway, and John Kirton
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295884
- eISBN:
- 9780191685156
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, International Business
For many firms, the opening up of trade barriers meant unwelcome exposure to tough international competition. In order to protect themselves, many turned to local and national environmental ...
More
For many firms, the opening up of trade barriers meant unwelcome exposure to tough international competition. In order to protect themselves, many turned to local and national environmental regulations, forming coalitions which enabled them to force out their opponents, even though they were often contravening international environmental agreements in doing so. With the recent emergence of international trade and environment regimes wielding substantial powers, however, comes the opportunity for outward-facing and innovative firms to utilize these regimes and so challenge the discriminatory obstacles which have been becoming ever more common. This adherence to environmental regulations has promoted a broad array of corporate strategies; a fact most visible in North America, where firms are making use of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This book develops a model of complex institutional responsiveness and demonstrates how this can guide firms through this new era of opportunities for international regulatory capture. Chapters apply the model within North America, identifying the implications for Europe and Asia. The research for the book is based on 300 confidential interviews with senior executives and officials in North American and European companies, national governments, and North American institutions, and it analyses twenty-four cases of firms who have either benefited or suffered from involvement with international institutions.Less
For many firms, the opening up of trade barriers meant unwelcome exposure to tough international competition. In order to protect themselves, many turned to local and national environmental regulations, forming coalitions which enabled them to force out their opponents, even though they were often contravening international environmental agreements in doing so. With the recent emergence of international trade and environment regimes wielding substantial powers, however, comes the opportunity for outward-facing and innovative firms to utilize these regimes and so challenge the discriminatory obstacles which have been becoming ever more common. This adherence to environmental regulations has promoted a broad array of corporate strategies; a fact most visible in North America, where firms are making use of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This book develops a model of complex institutional responsiveness and demonstrates how this can guide firms through this new era of opportunities for international regulatory capture. Chapters apply the model within North America, identifying the implications for Europe and Asia. The research for the book is based on 300 confidential interviews with senior executives and officials in North American and European companies, national governments, and North American institutions, and it analyses twenty-four cases of firms who have either benefited or suffered from involvement with international institutions.
Alan Rugman, John Kirton, and Julie Soloway
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295884
- eISBN:
- 9780191685156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, International Business
Firms that are involved in international trade and investment have to deal with certain obstacles and are presented with various strategic opportunities as there are new forms of environmental ...
More
Firms that are involved in international trade and investment have to deal with certain obstacles and are presented with various strategic opportunities as there are new forms of environmental regulations and recent improvements in trade liberalization. Since the quota and tariff barriers under regional and multilateral trade agreements have been removed, new markets have been opened abroad. However, it is important to note that these firms utilize such barriers to protect themselves from international competition. The need thus arises for both governments and firms to come up with new alternative strategies for maintaining shelter in the home country while enabling access to international markets. While industries have traditionally relied on alliances with environmental groups and the application of local and national environmental regulation, international trade has resulted in new international-level opportunities. Corporate strategies in North America have thus been grounded on the principles of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).Less
Firms that are involved in international trade and investment have to deal with certain obstacles and are presented with various strategic opportunities as there are new forms of environmental regulations and recent improvements in trade liberalization. Since the quota and tariff barriers under regional and multilateral trade agreements have been removed, new markets have been opened abroad. However, it is important to note that these firms utilize such barriers to protect themselves from international competition. The need thus arises for both governments and firms to come up with new alternative strategies for maintaining shelter in the home country while enabling access to international markets. While industries have traditionally relied on alliances with environmental groups and the application of local and national environmental regulation, international trade has resulted in new international-level opportunities. Corporate strategies in North America have thus been grounded on the principles of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
N. Scott Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374964
- eISBN:
- 9780199871490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374964.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter identifies what is called “the modern liberal regulatory agenda,” which consists of the various regulatory regimes that modern liberals favor and classical liberals oppose. The first ...
More
This chapter identifies what is called “the modern liberal regulatory agenda,” which consists of the various regulatory regimes that modern liberals favor and classical liberals oppose. The first section distinguishes economic from noneconomic regulation. The former includes rate regulation, regulation of entry and exit, anti-trust law, and wage and price controls. It is argued that the traditional disputes between modern liberals and classical liberals about economic regulation have become significantly attenuated over the past few decades, and the disagreements that remain are relatively narrow. By contrast, differences about noneconomic regulation remain profound. For this reason, the modern liberal regulatory agenda, as this chapter defines it, is about noneconomic regulation. That agenda is culled from the discussion in Chapter 3 about classical and modern liberal attitudes about restrictions on property rights. It covers three broad areas: the employment relation, health and safety regulation, and land use regulation.Less
This chapter identifies what is called “the modern liberal regulatory agenda,” which consists of the various regulatory regimes that modern liberals favor and classical liberals oppose. The first section distinguishes economic from noneconomic regulation. The former includes rate regulation, regulation of entry and exit, anti-trust law, and wage and price controls. It is argued that the traditional disputes between modern liberals and classical liberals about economic regulation have become significantly attenuated over the past few decades, and the disagreements that remain are relatively narrow. By contrast, differences about noneconomic regulation remain profound. For this reason, the modern liberal regulatory agenda, as this chapter defines it, is about noneconomic regulation. That agenda is culled from the discussion in Chapter 3 about classical and modern liberal attitudes about restrictions on property rights. It covers three broad areas: the employment relation, health and safety regulation, and land use regulation.
David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide ...
More
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.Less
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.
K Russell LaMotte, David M (Max) Williamson, and Lauren A Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter offers a guide to the key legal issues presented by national and sub-national greenhouse gas (GHG) regulatory initiatives in the United States. Section 2 provides an overview of ...
More
This chapter offers a guide to the key legal issues presented by national and sub-national greenhouse gas (GHG) regulatory initiatives in the United States. Section 2 provides an overview of sub-national trading schemes at the regional and state level, where mandatory regulations creating carbon trading regimes are most advanced in the United States. Section 3 surveys a number of legal issues that will play an essential role in the design and implementation of any cap-and-trade scheme in the United States, whether at the national or sub-national level. Section 4 addresses a series of constitutional challenges specific to state or regional programs that may limit the scope and perhaps the viability of these non-federal programs. Section 5 highlights a number of prospective legal issues that are likely to arise in designing a new federal climate change statute, such as the relationship between an emissions trading market and existing US environmental laws and trade policy. It also identifies the legal issues that may arise in the event that there is no new climate change-specific federal statute adopted, in which case the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) may instead seek to generate a market for emissions trading through regulations adopted under the existing Clean Air Act.Less
This chapter offers a guide to the key legal issues presented by national and sub-national greenhouse gas (GHG) regulatory initiatives in the United States. Section 2 provides an overview of sub-national trading schemes at the regional and state level, where mandatory regulations creating carbon trading regimes are most advanced in the United States. Section 3 surveys a number of legal issues that will play an essential role in the design and implementation of any cap-and-trade scheme in the United States, whether at the national or sub-national level. Section 4 addresses a series of constitutional challenges specific to state or regional programs that may limit the scope and perhaps the viability of these non-federal programs. Section 5 highlights a number of prospective legal issues that are likely to arise in designing a new federal climate change statute, such as the relationship between an emissions trading market and existing US environmental laws and trade policy. It also identifies the legal issues that may arise in the event that there is no new climate change-specific federal statute adopted, in which case the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) may instead seek to generate a market for emissions trading through regulations adopted under the existing Clean Air Act.
James Kraska
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199773381
- eISBN:
- 9780199895298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773381.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses environmental claims over the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The assertion of excessive coastal state or international environmental regulation in the EEZ poses the third of ...
More
This chapter discusses environmental claims over the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The assertion of excessive coastal state or international environmental regulation in the EEZ poses the third of the three major legal and policy threats to the stability of the regime. The EEZ framework is under pressure from a coordinated effort by certain government agencies, coastal states, and international and nongovernmental organizations, to promote a regime of controlled access beyond the territorial sea. These efforts are informed by a number of motivations, including flagrant coastal state nativism or jingoism, good faith, and deep concern over maritime environmental degradation, the social-political appeal of certain endangered marine wildlife, deliberate national military strategy, local and tribal or indigenous politics, thinly veiled anti-capitalist and anti-globalist sentiment, and aggressive claims to offshore natural resources. But for many, the coastal state's prerogative in reducing marine pollution is the over-riding drive for greater control over the EEZ.Less
This chapter discusses environmental claims over the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The assertion of excessive coastal state or international environmental regulation in the EEZ poses the third of the three major legal and policy threats to the stability of the regime. The EEZ framework is under pressure from a coordinated effort by certain government agencies, coastal states, and international and nongovernmental organizations, to promote a regime of controlled access beyond the territorial sea. These efforts are informed by a number of motivations, including flagrant coastal state nativism or jingoism, good faith, and deep concern over maritime environmental degradation, the social-political appeal of certain endangered marine wildlife, deliberate national military strategy, local and tribal or indigenous politics, thinly veiled anti-capitalist and anti-globalist sentiment, and aggressive claims to offshore natural resources. But for many, the coastal state's prerogative in reducing marine pollution is the over-riding drive for greater control over the EEZ.
Andries Richter and Daan van Soest
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199656202
- eISBN:
- 9780191742149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656202.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in ...
More
The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in the process of designing environmental policies to address these problems unilaterally, but also collectively (in the form of international agreements). Meanwhile, private citizens and firms are observed to voluntarily take protective action. Whereas standard game theory would predict that formal government intervention can only provide an extra stimulus for protective action, there are many examples of external interventions decreasing agents' propensity to undertake socially desired activities. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the circumstances under which formal interventions can crowd out voluntary contributions to the common good. Furthermore, it is discussed how the effectiveness of government intervention may be improved by preserving the agents' intrinsic motivation to contribute to the common good.Less
The global community faces several very pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, depletion of the high-sea fisheries, and unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. Governments are in the process of designing environmental policies to address these problems unilaterally, but also collectively (in the form of international agreements). Meanwhile, private citizens and firms are observed to voluntarily take protective action. Whereas standard game theory would predict that formal government intervention can only provide an extra stimulus for protective action, there are many examples of external interventions decreasing agents' propensity to undertake socially desired activities. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the circumstances under which formal interventions can crowd out voluntary contributions to the common good. Furthermore, it is discussed how the effectiveness of government intervention may be improved by preserving the agents' intrinsic motivation to contribute to the common good.
Toby Tyrrell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691121581
- eISBN:
- 9781400847914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691121581.003.0002
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter assesses whether Gaia arises predictably out of natural selection. It seems that natural selection leads to local regulation of environments only in certain circumstances: either inside ...
More
This chapter assesses whether Gaia arises predictably out of natural selection. It seems that natural selection leads to local regulation of environments only in certain circumstances: either inside or in the nearby environs of single organisms, or inside the living quarters of eusocial colonies, in which individual members are each very closely related. A general theme that emerges is that tight homeostatic regulation is associated with these “islands” of genetic uniformity or similarity. Tight cooperation and regulation of a communal environment only occurs between organisms that are closely related, although it is by no means guaranteed even then. This review of environmental regulation in nature therefore offers no obvious clues as to how regulation at a planetary scale could have been produced by or favored by natural selection.Less
This chapter assesses whether Gaia arises predictably out of natural selection. It seems that natural selection leads to local regulation of environments only in certain circumstances: either inside or in the nearby environs of single organisms, or inside the living quarters of eusocial colonies, in which individual members are each very closely related. A general theme that emerges is that tight homeostatic regulation is associated with these “islands” of genetic uniformity or similarity. Tight cooperation and regulation of a communal environment only occurs between organisms that are closely related, although it is by no means guaranteed even then. This review of environmental regulation in nature therefore offers no obvious clues as to how regulation at a planetary scale could have been produced by or favored by natural selection.
