William M. Lafferty and James Meadowcroft
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242016
- eISBN:
- 9780191599736
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242011.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This volume examines the response of governments in the industrialized countries to the challenge of sustainable development. It focuses on the response of central governments in Australia, Canada, ...
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This volume examines the response of governments in the industrialized countries to the challenge of sustainable development. It focuses on the response of central governments in Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and the EU. The study shows that sustainable development has been integrated into governmental idiom in most jurisdictions, and has come to be associated with a series of changes to the structures and approaches deployed to manage environmental problems. Yet, it also reveals significant differences of interpretation and priority across the governments surveyed. The study pays particular attention to various understandings of sustainable development, institutional reform, government engagement with other societal actors, national plans and strategies, and the policy areas of climate change and biodiversity.Less
This volume examines the response of governments in the industrialized countries to the challenge of sustainable development. It focuses on the response of central governments in Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and the EU. The study shows that sustainable development has been integrated into governmental idiom in most jurisdictions, and has come to be associated with a series of changes to the structures and approaches deployed to manage environmental problems. Yet, it also reveals significant differences of interpretation and priority across the governments surveyed. The study pays particular attention to various understandings of sustainable development, institutional reform, government engagement with other societal actors, national plans and strategies, and the policy areas of climate change and biodiversity.
Willis Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328516
- eISBN:
- 9780199869862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328516.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that by mapping the theological patterns that make environmental problems urgent and intelligible to Christian communities, ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that by mapping the theological patterns that make environmental problems urgent and intelligible to Christian communities, it points toward ways of using those background sources more openly and usefully. Insofar as ecologies of grace illuminate how environmental problems matter for Christian life, the book shows why ecology makes a claim on Christian identity, and how environmental crises could pressure change in the way churches tell their salvation stories.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that by mapping the theological patterns that make environmental problems urgent and intelligible to Christian communities, it points toward ways of using those background sources more openly and usefully. Insofar as ecologies of grace illuminate how environmental problems matter for Christian life, the book shows why ecology makes a claim on Christian identity, and how environmental crises could pressure change in the way churches tell their salvation stories.
Warwick J. McKibbin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235889
- eISBN:
- 9780191717109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235889.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This study examines the environmental consequences of rapid growth in China, focusing on the environmental consequences of rising energy use. It explores the recent past as well as potential future ...
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This study examines the environmental consequences of rapid growth in China, focusing on the environmental consequences of rising energy use. It explores the recent past as well as potential future developments and potential policy options. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 presents a brief overview of energy use in China. It also provides projections from the US Energy Information Agency of energy use in China up to 2030 as well as projections from the G-Cubed model for carbon emissions under different assumptions about the sources of economic growth in China. As well as considering the environmental problems in China, Section 2.3 considers policy responses and some quantitative evaluation of these for greenhouse emissions.Less
This study examines the environmental consequences of rapid growth in China, focusing on the environmental consequences of rising energy use. It explores the recent past as well as potential future developments and potential policy options. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 presents a brief overview of energy use in China. It also provides projections from the US Energy Information Agency of energy use in China up to 2030 as well as projections from the G-Cubed model for carbon emissions under different assumptions about the sources of economic growth in China. As well as considering the environmental problems in China, Section 2.3 considers policy responses and some quantitative evaluation of these for greenhouse emissions.
Albert Weale, Geoffrey Pridham, Michelle Cini, Dimitrios Konstadakopulos, Martin Porter, and Brendan Flynn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257478
- eISBN:
- 9780191698460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257478.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Environmental Politics
This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule ...
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This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule enactment rather than on the concern with implementation and impact in the case of water or the co-evolution of primary and secondary rules in the case of vehicle emissions. It seeks to provide answers to the two central questions: to what extent does the case show that there are routine and well-developed ways for dealing with environmental problems that rest upon participation of a set of actors at EU level; and how do such processes relate to the national level of decision-making? The consideration of the packaging and packaging waste directive allows exploration of one of the most contested areas in the single market or environmental policy issue dynamic, namely, waste management.Less
This chapter explores the issue dynamic associated with the 1994 packaging and packaging waste directive in the European Union. It offers a case study that focuses primarily on the processes of rule enactment rather than on the concern with implementation and impact in the case of water or the co-evolution of primary and secondary rules in the case of vehicle emissions. It seeks to provide answers to the two central questions: to what extent does the case show that there are routine and well-developed ways for dealing with environmental problems that rest upon participation of a set of actors at EU level; and how do such processes relate to the national level of decision-making? The consideration of the packaging and packaging waste directive allows exploration of one of the most contested areas in the single market or environmental policy issue dynamic, namely, waste management.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199286096
- eISBN:
- 9780191602832
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286094.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book develops a theory of international cooperation on environmental issues. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including game theory, economics, international law, and international ...
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This book develops a theory of international cooperation on environmental issues. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including game theory, economics, international law, and international relations. It explains why treaties are used to address these challenges, and what makes treaties succeed or fail. Treaties can only change behavior by restructuring the incentives that drive behavior. Successful treaties must therefore make it in the interests of countries to participate in and to comply with an agreement demanding substantial changes in behavior such as reductions in pollution emissions. The theory is applied to a number of environmental problems including acid rain, protection of the ozone layer, the management of international fisheries, and the regulation of oil dumping at sea. The concluding chapter, updated in the paperback edition with a new afterword, uses the theory to explain why the Kyoto Protocol will fail to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and why alternative approaches may work better.Less
This book develops a theory of international cooperation on environmental issues. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including game theory, economics, international law, and international relations. It explains why treaties are used to address these challenges, and what makes treaties succeed or fail. Treaties can only change behavior by restructuring the incentives that drive behavior. Successful treaties must therefore make it in the interests of countries to participate in and to comply with an agreement demanding substantial changes in behavior such as reductions in pollution emissions. The theory is applied to a number of environmental problems including acid rain, protection of the ozone layer, the management of international fisheries, and the regulation of oil dumping at sea. The concluding chapter, updated in the paperback edition with a new afterword, uses the theory to explain why the Kyoto Protocol will fail to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and why alternative approaches may work better.
Nicholas S. Hopkins, Sohair R. Mehanna, and Salah el-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774245725
- eISBN:
- 9781617970962
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774245725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
With a population approaching 65 million (15 million in Cairo alone), environmental pollution is a concern of many people in Egypt and the world in general. This book is a study of how Egyptians in ...
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With a population approaching 65 million (15 million in Cairo alone), environmental pollution is a concern of many people in Egypt and the world in general. This book is a study of how Egyptians in particular understand environmental problems and what their roles are in the solutions. This study is based on extensive field research with both academic and policy relevance. The uniqueness of the book comes from its focus: instead of the usual approach of analyzing policy and measurements, this text seeks to understand how the people themselves, often the objects of policy, understand their environment and their own actions. An interesting finding from the research lies in the focus of Egyptian concerns. Rather than the global perspective (the depletion of the ozone layer, the protection of coral reefs and rainforests, and so on) that is common in the West, Egyptians are mainly concerned with matters of immediate environmental degradation, such as garbage, sewage, dirty streets, and noise pollution. In addition, the research conducted for this book has found that people are often able to effect changes themselves through cooperation with neighbors, thus bypassing the “official” channels of redress such as NGOs and local government officials. The difference in focus of concern and courses of action may be extrapolated to many Third World or developing nations, and leads to provocative questions regarding policymaking for public participation in future environmental campaigns.Less
With a population approaching 65 million (15 million in Cairo alone), environmental pollution is a concern of many people in Egypt and the world in general. This book is a study of how Egyptians in particular understand environmental problems and what their roles are in the solutions. This study is based on extensive field research with both academic and policy relevance. The uniqueness of the book comes from its focus: instead of the usual approach of analyzing policy and measurements, this text seeks to understand how the people themselves, often the objects of policy, understand their environment and their own actions. An interesting finding from the research lies in the focus of Egyptian concerns. Rather than the global perspective (the depletion of the ozone layer, the protection of coral reefs and rainforests, and so on) that is common in the West, Egyptians are mainly concerned with matters of immediate environmental degradation, such as garbage, sewage, dirty streets, and noise pollution. In addition, the research conducted for this book has found that people are often able to effect changes themselves through cooperation with neighbors, thus bypassing the “official” channels of redress such as NGOs and local government officials. The difference in focus of concern and courses of action may be extrapolated to many Third World or developing nations, and leads to provocative questions regarding policymaking for public participation in future environmental campaigns.
Albert Weale, Geoffrey Pridham, Michelle Cini, Dimitrios Konstadakopulos, Martin Porter, and Brendan Flynn
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257478
- eISBN:
- 9780191698460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257478.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Environmental Politics
Policy-making is an institutional process as well as an intellectual activity. In the previous chapter, the intellectual component of policy-making was examined by looking at some of the principles ...
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Policy-making is an institutional process as well as an intellectual activity. In the previous chapter, the intellectual component of policy-making was examined by looking at some of the principles that have been adumbrated by the European Union in the choice of policy. But since principles do not exist in thin air, they have to be employed by institutions in the task of formulating policy and devising solutions to environmental problems. Governance, then, involves institutions and institutional actors, thus, before choices can be made and strategies formulated, institutions have to be established and responsibilities defined. Within the European Union itself, where task expansion and issue redefinition is intrinsic to political integration, this interaction of policy and institutional development is even more marked, and this is further explored in this chapter.Less
Policy-making is an institutional process as well as an intellectual activity. In the previous chapter, the intellectual component of policy-making was examined by looking at some of the principles that have been adumbrated by the European Union in the choice of policy. But since principles do not exist in thin air, they have to be employed by institutions in the task of formulating policy and devising solutions to environmental problems. Governance, then, involves institutions and institutional actors, thus, before choices can be made and strategies formulated, institutions have to be established and responsibilities defined. Within the European Union itself, where task expansion and issue redefinition is intrinsic to political integration, this interaction of policy and institutional development is even more marked, and this is further explored in this chapter.
Hilary Marlow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569052
- eISBN:
- 9780191723230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569052.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the human impact on the planet. It then considers the relationship between religious tradition and environmental issues. It then outlines the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the human impact on the planet. It then considers the relationship between religious tradition and environmental issues. It then outlines the purpose of the book, which is use to the tools of biblical studies to provide an in-depth exegesis of part of the Old Testament, namely some of the prophetic books, to answer questions regarding environmental ethics.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the human impact on the planet. It then considers the relationship between religious tradition and environmental issues. It then outlines the purpose of the book, which is use to the tools of biblical studies to provide an in-depth exegesis of part of the Old Testament, namely some of the prophetic books, to answer questions regarding environmental ethics.
Christina L. Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195333619
- eISBN:
- 9780199918195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333619.003.0027
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Humans have a deep dependence on the natural living world; it is through the earth that we receive nutritional sustenance and access to air, water, land, and energy to provide for our needs and ...
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Humans have a deep dependence on the natural living world; it is through the earth that we receive nutritional sustenance and access to air, water, land, and energy to provide for our needs and comforts. Obviously, the health of the planet is intrinsically related to each of us. However, the human connection to the natural world extends beyond our physical sustenance. We have a deep emotional need to affiliate with the natural world for our own happiness. Unfortunately, it is human activity, including the desire to improve our quality of life, that lies at the core of environmental degradation. This chapter examines environmental issues from the standpoint of environmental justice, some effects of environmental issues around the world, and the unique contribution that social work is positioned to offer to this very human dilemma.Less
Humans have a deep dependence on the natural living world; it is through the earth that we receive nutritional sustenance and access to air, water, land, and energy to provide for our needs and comforts. Obviously, the health of the planet is intrinsically related to each of us. However, the human connection to the natural world extends beyond our physical sustenance. We have a deep emotional need to affiliate with the natural world for our own happiness. Unfortunately, it is human activity, including the desire to improve our quality of life, that lies at the core of environmental degradation. This chapter examines environmental issues from the standpoint of environmental justice, some effects of environmental issues around the world, and the unique contribution that social work is positioned to offer to this very human dilemma.
Partha Dasgupta, Karl-Göran Mäler, and Alessandro Vercelli
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292203
- eISBN:
- 9780191684883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292203.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and ...
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This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and that ‘markets’ are taken to be institutions that make available to interested parties the opportunity to negotiate courses of actions. The chapter also discusses the two types of externalities, which are unidirectional, and reciprocal externalities, as well as international externalities, negotiations, and policy design. The chapter states that discussions on such matters as international waters and cultural externalities can rapidly become a litany of case studies. The chapter also discusses international fisheries as an example of global commons and explains contract agreements and the structure of authority.Less
This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and that ‘markets’ are taken to be institutions that make available to interested parties the opportunity to negotiate courses of actions. The chapter also discusses the two types of externalities, which are unidirectional, and reciprocal externalities, as well as international externalities, negotiations, and policy design. The chapter states that discussions on such matters as international waters and cultural externalities can rapidly become a litany of case studies. The chapter also discusses international fisheries as an example of global commons and explains contract agreements and the structure of authority.
Christoph Knill and Duncan Liefferink
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719075803
- eISBN:
- 9781781701461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719075803.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter discusses the main characteristics of the European Union (EU) environmental policy and the key patterns of regulation. It presents the main principles of making environmental policy in ...
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This chapter discusses the main characteristics of the European Union (EU) environmental policy and the key patterns of regulation. It presents the main principles of making environmental policy in the multi-level system of the EU, which include the principle of subsidiarity, the precautionary principle and the integration of environmental considerations into other policy fields. The chapter also offers simple taxonomy of environmental policy instruments applied by the EU and provides a brief overview of the range of environmental problems covered by the EU.Less
This chapter discusses the main characteristics of the European Union (EU) environmental policy and the key patterns of regulation. It presents the main principles of making environmental policy in the multi-level system of the EU, which include the principle of subsidiarity, the precautionary principle and the integration of environmental considerations into other policy fields. The chapter also offers simple taxonomy of environmental policy instruments applied by the EU and provides a brief overview of the range of environmental problems covered by the EU.
Raghbendra Jha and John Whalley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226094816
- eISBN:
- 9780226094809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226094809.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores the environmental regime in developing countries, focusing on the direct effects of industrial emissions, the impacts of untreated waste (industrial and human) on air and water ...
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This chapter explores the environmental regime in developing countries, focusing on the direct effects of industrial emissions, the impacts of untreated waste (industrial and human) on air and water quality, congestion effects of traffic, soil erosion, and open-access resource problems (including forests). It looks at the many difficulties involved with adequately characterizing this regime, not the least of which is the heterogeneity across both environmental problems and policy responses in the developing world. Enforcement and compliance (which are typically lax in developing countries) also play a central role in defining this regime. The chapter argues that there is a tendency in much of the literature of the last few years to equate environmental problems in developing countries with pollutants (or emissions). It also discusses the relationship among growth, environmental policy reform, and environmental quality. Finally, it contends that the welfare gains from moving to full internationalization would seem to be the more appropriate comparative measure of the severity of environmental problems across countries (or changes over time).Less
This chapter explores the environmental regime in developing countries, focusing on the direct effects of industrial emissions, the impacts of untreated waste (industrial and human) on air and water quality, congestion effects of traffic, soil erosion, and open-access resource problems (including forests). It looks at the many difficulties involved with adequately characterizing this regime, not the least of which is the heterogeneity across both environmental problems and policy responses in the developing world. Enforcement and compliance (which are typically lax in developing countries) also play a central role in defining this regime. The chapter argues that there is a tendency in much of the literature of the last few years to equate environmental problems in developing countries with pollutants (or emissions). It also discusses the relationship among growth, environmental policy reform, and environmental quality. Finally, it contends that the welfare gains from moving to full internationalization would seem to be the more appropriate comparative measure of the severity of environmental problems across countries (or changes over time).
Bernadette Connaughton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076206
- eISBN:
- 9781781702932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076206.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter analyses the impact of domestic pressures and the Europeanisation of environmental policy on the domestic institutional framework in Ireland. It presents case studies to highlight the ...
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This chapter analyses the impact of domestic pressures and the Europeanisation of environmental policy on the domestic institutional framework in Ireland. It presents case studies to highlight the range of environmental problems Ireland has faced and how public and private actors have responded to these challenges. This chapter argues that Europeanisation has led to adaptational pressures resulting in legal harmonisation and some institutional innovation. It also investigates whether the progressive change that has occurred in environmental policy, and the way in which public and private actors seek solutions to environmental problems, are reflected in new patterns of governance.Less
This chapter analyses the impact of domestic pressures and the Europeanisation of environmental policy on the domestic institutional framework in Ireland. It presents case studies to highlight the range of environmental problems Ireland has faced and how public and private actors have responded to these challenges. This chapter argues that Europeanisation has led to adaptational pressures resulting in legal harmonisation and some institutional innovation. It also investigates whether the progressive change that has occurred in environmental policy, and the way in which public and private actors seek solutions to environmental problems, are reflected in new patterns of governance.
Jill Lindsey Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015981
- eISBN:
- 9780262298766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015981.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Pesticide illness is one of the major environmental problems in the world today. Use of pesticides in agriculture is common, but the health-related consequences related to this get widely unnoticed, ...
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Pesticide illness is one of the major environmental problems in the world today. Use of pesticides in agriculture is common, but the health-related consequences related to this get widely unnoticed, unreported, and unaddressed in the thick of maximizing productivity. Agriculture in California, famous for its industrial character, turns out highly toxic chemical pesticides, which brings about pesticide drift in the region. The airborne movement of agricultural pesticides into human habitats such as residential areas, schools, and other spaces is known as pesticide drift. The problem of agricultural pesticide drift is reported to have made hundreds of Californians ill, and it continues to be an environmental concern for different actors from industry, the state, and activists groups. These actors have consistently been investing in innovative efforts to make the agriculture environmentally sustainable in the region. This chapter draws attention to the issue of pesticide drift and political conflict over it in California.Less
Pesticide illness is one of the major environmental problems in the world today. Use of pesticides in agriculture is common, but the health-related consequences related to this get widely unnoticed, unreported, and unaddressed in the thick of maximizing productivity. Agriculture in California, famous for its industrial character, turns out highly toxic chemical pesticides, which brings about pesticide drift in the region. The airborne movement of agricultural pesticides into human habitats such as residential areas, schools, and other spaces is known as pesticide drift. The problem of agricultural pesticide drift is reported to have made hundreds of Californians ill, and it continues to be an environmental concern for different actors from industry, the state, and activists groups. These actors have consistently been investing in innovative efforts to make the agriculture environmentally sustainable in the region. This chapter draws attention to the issue of pesticide drift and political conflict over it in California.
Oran R. Young
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262240574
- eISBN:
- 9780262286589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262240574.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC)’s scientific legacy and contributions on the complex question of the interplay between environmental problems ...
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This chapter examines the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC)’s scientific legacy and contributions on the complex question of the interplay between environmental problems and institutions, and provides an overview of a decade-long research effort in this direction. It posits that institutional analysis plays a vital role in solving the environmental problems and also in shaping the environment governance systems, and continues with “new institutionalism,” which plays a major part in understanding the theme of this book. Cutting-edge topics such as causality, performance, institutional design, institutional fit, interplay, and various important topics are covered. Other crucial institutional dimensions of global climate change are also highlighted to analyze the advancement of a global change research project in the coming years.Less
This chapter examines the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC)’s scientific legacy and contributions on the complex question of the interplay between environmental problems and institutions, and provides an overview of a decade-long research effort in this direction. It posits that institutional analysis plays a vital role in solving the environmental problems and also in shaping the environment governance systems, and continues with “new institutionalism,” which plays a major part in understanding the theme of this book. Cutting-edge topics such as causality, performance, institutional design, institutional fit, interplay, and various important topics are covered. Other crucial institutional dimensions of global climate change are also highlighted to analyze the advancement of a global change research project in the coming years.
Christopher Findlay
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Lower transport costs are associated with integration of markets within an economy and of those domestic markets with the rest of the world. These linkages support economic development. Determinants ...
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Lower transport costs are associated with integration of markets within an economy and of those domestic markets with the rest of the world. These linkages support economic development. Determinants of transport costs include policy choices by government. A wide set of policies affects the performance of the transport sector, but the focus in this chapter is the contribution of trade policy and its reform. GATS provides a structure in which policy makers can commit to policy changes in the transport sector. Foreign participation in the transportation sector offers gains from specialization and trade, from competition, and from making available a wider variety of services. Reform in the transport services sector can lead foreign suppliers to establish local operations. There are some special features of the transport sector that complicate the application of trade-policy reform that indicate that successful trade-policy reform in this sector will demand a high level of capacity in government to design a trade-policy reform strategy. Support in this is an item for economic cooperation between developed and developing countries. A further concern linked to policy reform in the transport sector will be its impact on poor areas. International negotiations and the related commitments made through the GATS has added credibility to domestic policy, which is important because of the nature of the investment necessary in the transport sector, to suggest the direction of changes in regulatory reform, and perhaps to offer additional market-access opportunities that ease the adjustment costs in domestic markets that are becoming more open. The addendum to the chapter discusses issues and trade-offs for competition and reliability in trade in transport services.Less
Lower transport costs are associated with integration of markets within an economy and of those domestic markets with the rest of the world. These linkages support economic development. Determinants of transport costs include policy choices by government. A wide set of policies affects the performance of the transport sector, but the focus in this chapter is the contribution of trade policy and its reform. GATS provides a structure in which policy makers can commit to policy changes in the transport sector. Foreign participation in the transportation sector offers gains from specialization and trade, from competition, and from making available a wider variety of services. Reform in the transport services sector can lead foreign suppliers to establish local operations. There are some special features of the transport sector that complicate the application of trade-policy reform that indicate that successful trade-policy reform in this sector will demand a high level of capacity in government to design a trade-policy reform strategy. Support in this is an item for economic cooperation between developed and developing countries. A further concern linked to policy reform in the transport sector will be its impact on poor areas. International negotiations and the related commitments made through the GATS has added credibility to domestic policy, which is important because of the nature of the investment necessary in the transport sector, to suggest the direction of changes in regulatory reform, and perhaps to offer additional market-access opportunities that ease the adjustment costs in domestic markets that are becoming more open. The addendum to the chapter discusses issues and trade-offs for competition and reliability in trade in transport services.
A. Damodaran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198066750
- eISBN:
- 9780199080106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198066750.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The globalization that took place in the 1990s coincided with the dramatic upsurge of environmentalism all over the world. The 1990s marked the end of the cold war which paved the way for the ...
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The globalization that took place in the 1990s coincided with the dramatic upsurge of environmentalism all over the world. The 1990s marked the end of the cold war which paved the way for the economic and political sweep of globalization and also the rise of the global movement for environmental protection. The environmental conventions and agreements which were signed during 1972–80 were less associated with public goods of international concern, but had more to do with national environmental problems of international concern. This chapter examines the local impact of these conventions and its communication systems. It considers climate change in relation to the World Trade Organization and explores the problem of upscaling local environmental success in order to enjoy global environmental benefits. It also discusses why some nation-states welcome imported hazardous wastes.Less
The globalization that took place in the 1990s coincided with the dramatic upsurge of environmentalism all over the world. The 1990s marked the end of the cold war which paved the way for the economic and political sweep of globalization and also the rise of the global movement for environmental protection. The environmental conventions and agreements which were signed during 1972–80 were less associated with public goods of international concern, but had more to do with national environmental problems of international concern. This chapter examines the local impact of these conventions and its communication systems. It considers climate change in relation to the World Trade Organization and explores the problem of upscaling local environmental success in order to enjoy global environmental benefits. It also discusses why some nation-states welcome imported hazardous wastes.
Joyeeta Gupta
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262240574
- eISBN:
- 9780262286589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262240574.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter introduces the concept of scaling, one of the analytical themes classified by the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) for institutional analysis. Furthermore, ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of scaling, one of the analytical themes classified by the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) for institutional analysis. Furthermore, it focuses on the role of scaling in environmental governance and also discusses the wide variety of definitions, approaches, and methods used in discussing this concept. The chapter examines whether the concept of scale has exploratory, explanatory, and predictive value and classifies important IDGEC research questions for the future. Its scope and works have been limited to researchers interested specifically in the scaling problem. The later part of the chapter shows the relationship between scaling problems and politics that played a major role in environmental problems. The concluding part of the chapter states that more research is needed on cross-scale linkages along with the preceding scalar analysis.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of scaling, one of the analytical themes classified by the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) for institutional analysis. Furthermore, it focuses on the role of scaling in environmental governance and also discusses the wide variety of definitions, approaches, and methods used in discussing this concept. The chapter examines whether the concept of scale has exploratory, explanatory, and predictive value and classifies important IDGEC research questions for the future. Its scope and works have been limited to researchers interested specifically in the scaling problem. The later part of the chapter shows the relationship between scaling problems and politics that played a major role in environmental problems. The concluding part of the chapter states that more research is needed on cross-scale linkages along with the preceding scalar analysis.
Günther Handl
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199255733
- eISBN:
- 9780191698262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199255733.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Comparative Law
This chapter considers the extent to which the impact of development activities upon subsistence lifestyles can be considered as an environmental valuation problem. It argues that the twin objectives ...
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This chapter considers the extent to which the impact of development activities upon subsistence lifestyles can be considered as an environmental valuation problem. It argues that the twin objectives of respecting the cultural identity of indigenous communities and conserving the natural environment require the ‘internalization’ of the costs of development as reflected in the impact of environmental degradation upon the lifestyles of indigenous populations. In the absence of directly relevant international practice, the experience of domestic courts assumes considerable significance.Less
This chapter considers the extent to which the impact of development activities upon subsistence lifestyles can be considered as an environmental valuation problem. It argues that the twin objectives of respecting the cultural identity of indigenous communities and conserving the natural environment require the ‘internalization’ of the costs of development as reflected in the impact of environmental degradation upon the lifestyles of indigenous populations. In the absence of directly relevant international practice, the experience of domestic courts assumes considerable significance.
Robert B. Stevenson, Arjen E. J. Wals, Joe E. Heimlich, and Ellen Field
Alex Russ and Marianne E. Krasny (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501705823
- eISBN:
- 9781501712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501705823.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter considers an alternative socially critical perspective on environmental education, the emphasis of which is on the influence of cultural norms and structural features of society on ...
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This chapter considers an alternative socially critical perspective on environmental education, the emphasis of which is on the influence of cultural norms and structural features of society on people's environmental actions and the need for participatory approaches that engage citizens in creating and determining appropriate actions to realize their own vision of a sustainable urban environment. It describes emerging learning spaces, also known as “ecologies of learning,” that engage young and old urban citizens in participatory collaborative activities such as community gardening, critical place-based education in urban schools, and social media environmental interest networks. After providing a brief history of environmental education, the chapter discusses communicating information about and solving environmental problems. It then examines critical thinking about issues of quality of life and human-nature interrelationships before concluding with an overview of how to develop capacity for integrating environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable development.Less
This chapter considers an alternative socially critical perspective on environmental education, the emphasis of which is on the influence of cultural norms and structural features of society on people's environmental actions and the need for participatory approaches that engage citizens in creating and determining appropriate actions to realize their own vision of a sustainable urban environment. It describes emerging learning spaces, also known as “ecologies of learning,” that engage young and old urban citizens in participatory collaborative activities such as community gardening, critical place-based education in urban schools, and social media environmental interest networks. After providing a brief history of environmental education, the chapter discusses communicating information about and solving environmental problems. It then examines critical thinking about issues of quality of life and human-nature interrelationships before concluding with an overview of how to develop capacity for integrating environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable development.
