Brett M. Frischmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895656
- eISBN:
- 9780199933280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895656.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly ...
More
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly discussed in transportation, public welfare, and regulatory economics. The cost structure of supply and strong natural monopoly tendencies indicate that markets will fail to provide road infrastructure efficiently and that provision by either the government or a regulated monopolist will be necessary. In the United States, government provision dominates as the solution to this problem. Second, road infrastructure exhibit the demand-side economic characteristics explored in Chapters 4 and 5. Road infrastructure is mixed infrastructure that generate massive spillovers for society by enabling users to engage in an incredibly wide variety of productive activities that yield private, public, and social goods. The case for commons management is quite strong. Not surprisingly (given government provisioning), road infrastructure is managed openly as commons. Government provisioning alleviates supply-side objections to commons management, but two major concerns remain: congestion and the generation of substantial negative externalities from environmental pollution. The chapter shows how to address these significant concerns in nondiscriminatory ways that sustain the road infrastructure commons.Less
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly discussed in transportation, public welfare, and regulatory economics. The cost structure of supply and strong natural monopoly tendencies indicate that markets will fail to provide road infrastructure efficiently and that provision by either the government or a regulated monopolist will be necessary. In the United States, government provision dominates as the solution to this problem. Second, road infrastructure exhibit the demand-side economic characteristics explored in Chapters 4 and 5. Road infrastructure is mixed infrastructure that generate massive spillovers for society by enabling users to engage in an incredibly wide variety of productive activities that yield private, public, and social goods. The case for commons management is quite strong. Not surprisingly (given government provisioning), road infrastructure is managed openly as commons. Government provisioning alleviates supply-side objections to commons management, but two major concerns remain: congestion and the generation of substantial negative externalities from environmental pollution. The chapter shows how to address these significant concerns in nondiscriminatory ways that sustain the road infrastructure commons.
Alfred Greiner and Willi Semmler
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328233
- eISBN:
- 9780199869985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328233.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, ...
More
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, especially by developing countries. It also considers the effects of environmental pollution. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.Less
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, especially by developing countries. It also considers the effects of environmental pollution. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
Ignazio Musu
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292203
- eISBN:
- 9780191684883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292203.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the interdependence between the environment and development, as well as the effect of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The chapter talks about environmental ...
More
This chapter discusses the interdependence between the environment and development, as well as the effect of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The chapter talks about environmental protection and the economic development in the Mediterranean Basin, since the Mediterranean Basin poses concerns that are at once political, economic, and ecological. While these three aspects are linked, they still entail different considerations for the northern and southern shores. The chapter also states that this is a complex area, and that it involves a number of issues such as marine pollution, the degradation of land resources, and the depletion of fresh-water resources. The chapter reviews the aspects of the general problem of environmental pollution in the Mediterranean that would appear most important while focusing on the problem of marine pollution in the basin and attempts to connect the process of economic development in the region to the evolution of marine pollution in the Mediterranean. The chapter also discusses the institutional framework for international environmental action in the Mediterranean.Less
This chapter discusses the interdependence between the environment and development, as well as the effect of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The chapter talks about environmental protection and the economic development in the Mediterranean Basin, since the Mediterranean Basin poses concerns that are at once political, economic, and ecological. While these three aspects are linked, they still entail different considerations for the northern and southern shores. The chapter also states that this is a complex area, and that it involves a number of issues such as marine pollution, the degradation of land resources, and the depletion of fresh-water resources. The chapter reviews the aspects of the general problem of environmental pollution in the Mediterranean that would appear most important while focusing on the problem of marine pollution in the basin and attempts to connect the process of economic development in the region to the evolution of marine pollution in the Mediterranean. The chapter also discusses the institutional framework for international environmental action in the Mediterranean.
D. J. Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0016
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The exposure to environmental pollution must be considered in the epidemiology of many diseases, and is an important determinant of quality of life. However, data on levels of exposure are rare. ...
More
The exposure to environmental pollution must be considered in the epidemiology of many diseases, and is an important determinant of quality of life. However, data on levels of exposure are rare. Mapping must consequently rely on indirect approaches involving the modelling of exposure levels of risk. This chapter examines some of the approaches that may be used and the problems they encounter. These include integrated modelling, concentration mapping, dispersion modelling, and emission mapping.Less
The exposure to environmental pollution must be considered in the epidemiology of many diseases, and is an important determinant of quality of life. However, data on levels of exposure are rare. Mapping must consequently rely on indirect approaches involving the modelling of exposure levels of risk. This chapter examines some of the approaches that may be used and the problems they encounter. These include integrated modelling, concentration mapping, dispersion modelling, and emission mapping.
Agnar Sandmo
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297987
- eISBN:
- 9780191596858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829798X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Policy instruments in the area of environmental pollution include both market‐based instruments like taxes, and command‐and‐control instruments like non‐transferable quotas. The focus of the analysis ...
More
Policy instruments in the area of environmental pollution include both market‐based instruments like taxes, and command‐and‐control instruments like non‐transferable quotas. The focus of the analysis is on the relative merits of these two types of instruments in the face of uncertainty, which may take a number of forms. The uncertainty may, for example, concern the magnitude of the benefits or the extent to which polluters actually comply with the government's policies. Economists usually prefer market‐based instruments because they are more likely to lead to Pareto optimal outcomes, and a crucial issue is whether uncertainty is likely to lead to a reversal of this preference.Less
Policy instruments in the area of environmental pollution include both market‐based instruments like taxes, and command‐and‐control instruments like non‐transferable quotas. The focus of the analysis is on the relative merits of these two types of instruments in the face of uncertainty, which may take a number of forms. The uncertainty may, for example, concern the magnitude of the benefits or the extent to which polluters actually comply with the government's policies. Economists usually prefer market‐based instruments because they are more likely to lead to Pareto optimal outcomes, and a crucial issue is whether uncertainty is likely to lead to a reversal of this preference.
Moore Colleen F.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195153910
- eISBN:
- 9780199846986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153910.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter examines crises and disasters that resulted from environmental pollution. It deals with pollution related to radioactivity and chemical wastes. In each of the pollution crises, people ...
More
This chapter examines crises and disasters that resulted from environmental pollution. It deals with pollution related to radioactivity and chemical wastes. In each of the pollution crises, people evacuated their homes temporarily or permanently, voluntarily or by force, but only after a lengthy exposure to the hazard. It describes key examples of these types of environmental pollution disasters, which include the Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster in Ukraine, the Nevada Test Site, and the Love Canal in New York. This chapter provides tips for preventing disasters and crises from environmental pollution.Less
This chapter examines crises and disasters that resulted from environmental pollution. It deals with pollution related to radioactivity and chemical wastes. In each of the pollution crises, people evacuated their homes temporarily or permanently, voluntarily or by force, but only after a lengthy exposure to the hazard. It describes key examples of these types of environmental pollution disasters, which include the Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster in Ukraine, the Nevada Test Site, and the Love Canal in New York. This chapter provides tips for preventing disasters and crises from environmental pollution.
Paul Ekins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584505
- eISBN:
- 9780191725012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584505.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the ...
More
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the policies that can be used to achieve decoupling and improve the environment; and the contribution that the environment and economic growth make to human well-being. The chapter introduces the concept of environmental tax reform (ETR)—a policy for the reform of the national tax system, whereby the burden of taxes is shifted from conventional taxes, such as those levied on labour and capital (‘goods’), to taxes on environmentally related activities that involve resource use, particularly energy, or environmental pollution (‘bads’). It then discusses why it is likely that relative prices, and therefore ETR, have an essential role to play in achieving absolute decoupling. It then outlines the structure of the book and the main themes of the chapters that follow.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the policies that can be used to achieve decoupling and improve the environment; and the contribution that the environment and economic growth make to human well-being. The chapter introduces the concept of environmental tax reform (ETR)—a policy for the reform of the national tax system, whereby the burden of taxes is shifted from conventional taxes, such as those levied on labour and capital (‘goods’), to taxes on environmentally related activities that involve resource use, particularly energy, or environmental pollution (‘bads’). It then discusses why it is likely that relative prices, and therefore ETR, have an essential role to play in achieving absolute decoupling. It then outlines the structure of the book and the main themes of the chapters that follow.
Moore Colleen F.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195153910
- eISBN:
- 9780199846986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153910.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter discusses the best science, precautionary principles, and values to protect children from the negative effects of environmental pollution. It reviews the negative effects of pollution on ...
More
This chapter discusses the best science, precautionary principles, and values to protect children from the negative effects of environmental pollution. It reviews the negative effects of pollution on children's development and addresses issues regarding how science and ethics are intertwined in environmental policy. It suggests that society needs to have the courage to examine the moral values that are embedded in our risk assessments, regulatory processes, and ways of life, and to act in ways that will bring environmental justice and liberty to all.Less
This chapter discusses the best science, precautionary principles, and values to protect children from the negative effects of environmental pollution. It reviews the negative effects of pollution on children's development and addresses issues regarding how science and ethics are intertwined in environmental policy. It suggests that society needs to have the courage to examine the moral values that are embedded in our risk assessments, regulatory processes, and ways of life, and to act in ways that will bring environmental justice and liberty to all.
Joel Feinberg
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195046649
- eISBN:
- 9780199868728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195046641.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Feinberg identifies additional restrictions on the application of the harm principle. Thwarting competing interests, for example, is not a harm unless it is also wrong, which means that it is ...
More
Feinberg identifies additional restrictions on the application of the harm principle. Thwarting competing interests, for example, is not a harm unless it is also wrong, which means that it is inflicted unfairly, not voluntarily consented to, or illegitimate. Accumulative harms (harms caused by the general performance of a given action that on an individual basis does not cause harm) must be assessed by the legislature according to the likelihood of people undertaking this action. Feinberg examines environmental pollution as an example of a public accumulative harm. The effort to minimize threats to public interest such as air and water pollution must operate within the limits of efficacy, equity, and fair play. Feinberg notes that, as a consequence of these criteria, the harm principle not only loses its character as a merely vacuous ideal but also loses all semblance of factual simplicity and normative neutrality.Less
Feinberg identifies additional restrictions on the application of the harm principle. Thwarting competing interests, for example, is not a harm unless it is also wrong, which means that it is inflicted unfairly, not voluntarily consented to, or illegitimate. Accumulative harms (harms caused by the general performance of a given action that on an individual basis does not cause harm) must be assessed by the legislature according to the likelihood of people undertaking this action. Feinberg examines environmental pollution as an example of a public accumulative harm. The effort to minimize threats to public interest such as air and water pollution must operate within the limits of efficacy, equity, and fair play. Feinberg notes that, as a consequence of these criteria, the harm principle not only loses its character as a merely vacuous ideal but also loses all semblance of factual simplicity and normative neutrality.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239239
- eISBN:
- 9781846313035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239239.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
For many years, there has been a growing concern over the impact of environmental pollution. With the emergence of heavy industries, factories and power stations, air, land and water became polluted. ...
More
For many years, there has been a growing concern over the impact of environmental pollution. With the emergence of heavy industries, factories and power stations, air, land and water became polluted. At the height of the Industrial Revolution, for example, disease was rampant and life expectancy was low. This book discusses the actions carried out by the UK government and other developed countries to prevent environmental pollution. It also describes the various types of environmental pollutants and their effects on people and other organisms. Many of the issues that are threatening the environment are discussed.Less
For many years, there has been a growing concern over the impact of environmental pollution. With the emergence of heavy industries, factories and power stations, air, land and water became polluted. At the height of the Industrial Revolution, for example, disease was rampant and life expectancy was low. This book discusses the actions carried out by the UK government and other developed countries to prevent environmental pollution. It also describes the various types of environmental pollutants and their effects on people and other organisms. Many of the issues that are threatening the environment are discussed.
Rebecca Gasior Altman, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Julia Green Brody, Ruthann A. Rudel, Phil Brown, and Mara Averick
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520270206
- eISBN:
- 9780520950429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520270206.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter shifts the focus to embodied experiences and examines Cape Cod residents' discovery of and response to pollution exposures inside their homes and bodies. Science—not just the direct ...
More
This chapter shifts the focus to embodied experiences and examines Cape Cod residents' discovery of and response to pollution exposures inside their homes and bodies. Science—not just the direct experience of environmental problems—shapes participants' embodied health experiences. Until recently, most work on environmental pollution has focused on measuring chemicals in air, water, and soil. However, advances in exposure assessment science have led to the analysis of more intimate spaces in people's homes and body tissues. The chapter highlights how science influences people's discovery and understanding of environmental health threats. It also suggests future opportunities for social scientists to expand their examination of contested illnesses by characterizing how exposure experiences vary and are mediated by environmental science.Less
This chapter shifts the focus to embodied experiences and examines Cape Cod residents' discovery of and response to pollution exposures inside their homes and bodies. Science—not just the direct experience of environmental problems—shapes participants' embodied health experiences. Until recently, most work on environmental pollution has focused on measuring chemicals in air, water, and soil. However, advances in exposure assessment science have led to the analysis of more intimate spaces in people's homes and body tissues. The chapter highlights how science influences people's discovery and understanding of environmental health threats. It also suggests future opportunities for social scientists to expand their examination of contested illnesses by characterizing how exposure experiences vary and are mediated by environmental science.
Susan Owens
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198294658
- eISBN:
- 9780191802171
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294658.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This is a book about relations between knowledge and policy, focusing on the role of expert advice. From a diverse and extensive literature, it distils four models of knowledge–policy interactions, ...
More
This is a book about relations between knowledge and policy, focusing on the role of expert advice. From a diverse and extensive literature, it distils four models of knowledge–policy interactions, and shows how advisors are variously represented as rational analysts, political symbols, agents of learning, or skilful users of ‘boundary work’. It takes as its empirical subject one of Britain’s longest-standing advisory bodies—the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution—created in 1970 and abolished in 2011. The policy landscape was profoundly transformed during the Commission’s lifetime, providing rich material for an analysis of policy change. The Commission was seen as authoritative and independent; it delivered thirty-three reports, leaving its mark on British environmental policy, and having influence within Europe and beyond. Often represented as a ‘scientific body’, it was in fact an interesting hybrid, which embodied wide-ranging expertise. In one sense, this book tells the story of a unique institution. But its wider contribution is to derive insights on expertise and advisory practices—and on knowledge–policy relations—from an in-depth, longitudinal investigation of a particular advisory body. It offers a rich and detailed account of authority, autonomy, and trust, of the diverse roles that advisors can play, and of the ‘circumstances of influence’ in which knowledge—including scientific evidence—interplays with politics and policy formation. Above all, it demonstrates the complexity and contingency of these interactions, contributing substantially to a theory of expertise, and drawing out important implications for the future of ‘good advice’.Less
This is a book about relations between knowledge and policy, focusing on the role of expert advice. From a diverse and extensive literature, it distils four models of knowledge–policy interactions, and shows how advisors are variously represented as rational analysts, political symbols, agents of learning, or skilful users of ‘boundary work’. It takes as its empirical subject one of Britain’s longest-standing advisory bodies—the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution—created in 1970 and abolished in 2011. The policy landscape was profoundly transformed during the Commission’s lifetime, providing rich material for an analysis of policy change. The Commission was seen as authoritative and independent; it delivered thirty-three reports, leaving its mark on British environmental policy, and having influence within Europe and beyond. Often represented as a ‘scientific body’, it was in fact an interesting hybrid, which embodied wide-ranging expertise. In one sense, this book tells the story of a unique institution. But its wider contribution is to derive insights on expertise and advisory practices—and on knowledge–policy relations—from an in-depth, longitudinal investigation of a particular advisory body. It offers a rich and detailed account of authority, autonomy, and trust, of the diverse roles that advisors can play, and of the ‘circumstances of influence’ in which knowledge—including scientific evidence—interplays with politics and policy formation. Above all, it demonstrates the complexity and contingency of these interactions, contributing substantially to a theory of expertise, and drawing out important implications for the future of ‘good advice’.
Philippe Grandjean
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199985388
- eISBN:
- 9780199346233
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199985388.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
One of every six children suffers from some form of neurodevelopmental abnormality, mostly of unknown causes. Environmental pollution is known or suspected of causing damage to brain development, but ...
More
One of every six children suffers from some form of neurodevelopmental abnormality, mostly of unknown causes. Environmental pollution is known or suspected of causing damage to brain development, but few chemicals have been tested for such effects. Yet, we ignore this problem and naively assume that lack of evidence means no risk. The brain is our most complex organ, and its complicated development is uniquely sensitive to toxic effects caused by industrial chemicals. Because we rely on the full function of the entire brain, even small deficits may negatively impact our brain functions, academic achievements, economic success, risk of delinquency, and quality of life. Unfortunately, toxic metals, pesticides, and a range of industrial chemicals now interfere with optimal brain development, and the negative effects incurred will last for a lifetime. The chemical brain drain is costing society billions of dollars per year. This public health catastrophe has occurred because of serious blunders. We erroneously assumed that the placenta would protect the fetus against foreign compounds. We also believed that pollution was not a hazard, as long as we did not have definite proof of any adverse effects. We allowed pollution with chemical brain drainers due to the naiveté of researchers, our unwillingness to take action when the documentation was incomplete, and because of manipulation by vested interests. But chemical brain drain can be prevented. Test methods are available and ready to be applied. Prudent decisions can be made to protect the brains of our children and grandchildren.Less
One of every six children suffers from some form of neurodevelopmental abnormality, mostly of unknown causes. Environmental pollution is known or suspected of causing damage to brain development, but few chemicals have been tested for such effects. Yet, we ignore this problem and naively assume that lack of evidence means no risk. The brain is our most complex organ, and its complicated development is uniquely sensitive to toxic effects caused by industrial chemicals. Because we rely on the full function of the entire brain, even small deficits may negatively impact our brain functions, academic achievements, economic success, risk of delinquency, and quality of life. Unfortunately, toxic metals, pesticides, and a range of industrial chemicals now interfere with optimal brain development, and the negative effects incurred will last for a lifetime. The chemical brain drain is costing society billions of dollars per year. This public health catastrophe has occurred because of serious blunders. We erroneously assumed that the placenta would protect the fetus against foreign compounds. We also believed that pollution was not a hazard, as long as we did not have definite proof of any adverse effects. We allowed pollution with chemical brain drainers due to the naiveté of researchers, our unwillingness to take action when the documentation was incomplete, and because of manipulation by vested interests. But chemical brain drain can be prevented. Test methods are available and ready to be applied. Prudent decisions can be made to protect the brains of our children and grandchildren.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239239
- eISBN:
- 9781846313035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239239.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This book describes environmental problems encountered in the UK and in other developed countries at the close of the twentieth century. Environmental pollution is being brought under control by ...
More
This book describes environmental problems encountered in the UK and in other developed countries at the close of the twentieth century. Environmental pollution is being brought under control by environmental laws and environmental improvements. In the water sector, there are European Commission Directives that deal with water quality, marine life, limits on releases of hazardous substances and standards for effluents discharged into rivers and seas. There are also European Union laws that cover disposal of solid wastes, reducing emissions of acid gases and carbon dioxide and controls on the movement of radioactive and other hazardous wastes.Less
This book describes environmental problems encountered in the UK and in other developed countries at the close of the twentieth century. Environmental pollution is being brought under control by environmental laws and environmental improvements. In the water sector, there are European Commission Directives that deal with water quality, marine life, limits on releases of hazardous substances and standards for effluents discharged into rivers and seas. There are also European Union laws that cover disposal of solid wastes, reducing emissions of acid gases and carbon dioxide and controls on the movement of radioactive and other hazardous wastes.
Susan Owens
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198294658
- eISBN:
- 9780191802171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294658.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Chapter 3 presents a history and biography of the Royal Commission, from its origins during the ‘environmental revolution’ of the late 1960s to its abolition during a cull of quangos in 2011. It ...
More
Chapter 3 presents a history and biography of the Royal Commission, from its origins during the ‘environmental revolution’ of the late 1960s to its abolition during a cull of quangos in 2011. It offers an account of the origins, constitution, working practices, long survival, and ultimate demise of this advisory body, completing the context for an analysis of its practices, role, and influence. The Commission’s structure (as a ‘committee of experts’) and its relations with government (particularly the environment department), are discussed, as are the processes of making appointments and periodic review, and the Commission’s own practices in selecting topics, gathering evidence, drafting reports, and promulgating its ideas within wider policy communities. This chapter serves, too, as an introduction to the key attributes of the Commission that endowed it with authority and engendered trust in its advice, and includes a brief commentary on the thirty-three reports that the Commission produced during its lifetime.Less
Chapter 3 presents a history and biography of the Royal Commission, from its origins during the ‘environmental revolution’ of the late 1960s to its abolition during a cull of quangos in 2011. It offers an account of the origins, constitution, working practices, long survival, and ultimate demise of this advisory body, completing the context for an analysis of its practices, role, and influence. The Commission’s structure (as a ‘committee of experts’) and its relations with government (particularly the environment department), are discussed, as are the processes of making appointments and periodic review, and the Commission’s own practices in selecting topics, gathering evidence, drafting reports, and promulgating its ideas within wider policy communities. This chapter serves, too, as an introduction to the key attributes of the Commission that endowed it with authority and engendered trust in its advice, and includes a brief commentary on the thirty-three reports that the Commission produced during its lifetime.
Timothy S. George
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824836924
- eISBN:
- 9780824871109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824836924.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the adverse effects of environmental pollution on human bodies by focusing on the case of arsenic poisoning in Toroku, a tiny mountain hamlet in Japan, attributed to Sumitomo ...
More
This chapter examines the adverse effects of environmental pollution on human bodies by focusing on the case of arsenic poisoning in Toroku, a tiny mountain hamlet in Japan, attributed to Sumitomo Metal Mining. Toroku's environmental history powerfully illustrates the results of what J. R. McNeill has termed frontier transformations as well as changing modes of production. Movements of people, things, technologies, and even dreams across borders, in and out of this frontier area, mark turning points in Toroku's history. Many involved dreams of wealth, and some turned into nightmares. This chapter first provides a background on early human history in Toroku before discussing Toroku's transformations during the Meiji period concerning irrigation ditches, wet rice paddies, and community governance. In particular, it considers the story of Satō Dōgen as the first of many events, dreams, or border crossings that transformed Toroku. Finally, it assesses the harm caused by the arsenic mine on Toroku's people and environment.Less
This chapter examines the adverse effects of environmental pollution on human bodies by focusing on the case of arsenic poisoning in Toroku, a tiny mountain hamlet in Japan, attributed to Sumitomo Metal Mining. Toroku's environmental history powerfully illustrates the results of what J. R. McNeill has termed frontier transformations as well as changing modes of production. Movements of people, things, technologies, and even dreams across borders, in and out of this frontier area, mark turning points in Toroku's history. Many involved dreams of wealth, and some turned into nightmares. This chapter first provides a background on early human history in Toroku before discussing Toroku's transformations during the Meiji period concerning irrigation ditches, wet rice paddies, and community governance. In particular, it considers the story of Satō Dōgen as the first of many events, dreams, or border crossings that transformed Toroku. Finally, it assesses the harm caused by the arsenic mine on Toroku's people and environment.
Dieter Helm
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199270743
- eISBN:
- 9780191718540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270743.003.0022
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
In 2003, the government produced a White Paper, ‘ Our Energy Future — A Low Carbon Economy', which adopted the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's (RCEP) target, and proposed to deliver ...
More
In 2003, the government produced a White Paper, ‘ Our Energy Future — A Low Carbon Economy', which adopted the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's (RCEP) target, and proposed to deliver this through renewables and energy efficiency aspirational targets for 2020. The nuclear option was to be kept open, but only just, and the government accepted the inevitability of joining the European emissions trading scheme, making a virtue of its market-based approach. Although security of supply was gradually moving up the political agenda, the White Paper added little by way of concrete substance here, and indeed the commitment to wind energy, combined with the phasing-out of nuclear and the lack of any countervailing strategy to ever greater dependence on imported gas, exacerbated the problems. This chapter dissects the White Paper.Less
In 2003, the government produced a White Paper, ‘ Our Energy Future — A Low Carbon Economy', which adopted the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's (RCEP) target, and proposed to deliver this through renewables and energy efficiency aspirational targets for 2020. The nuclear option was to be kept open, but only just, and the government accepted the inevitability of joining the European emissions trading scheme, making a virtue of its market-based approach. Although security of supply was gradually moving up the political agenda, the White Paper added little by way of concrete substance here, and indeed the commitment to wind energy, combined with the phasing-out of nuclear and the lack of any countervailing strategy to ever greater dependence on imported gas, exacerbated the problems. This chapter dissects the White Paper.
Navroz K. Dubash
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262034364
- eISBN:
- 9780262332132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034364.003.0013
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Global energy transformation is being driven by climate change, but also by concerns of energy security, energy poverty and local environmental pollution. This diversity of objectives leads to a ...
More
Global energy transformation is being driven by climate change, but also by concerns of energy security, energy poverty and local environmental pollution. This diversity of objectives leads to a diversity of views on how energy transformation should occur. This chapter argues that the lack of global agreement on how to prioritize among alternative energy frames helps explain limited global coordination on energy transformation. However, there is more likely to be political agreement within countries on what constitutes a driving narrative on energy transformation, suggesting a complementary analytic agenda focused on energy politics within domestic borders, and treating as relatively porous the boundaries between domestic and international politics. Moreover, to bridge the divides of competing narratives, it may be useful to develop explicitly multiple objective approaches to energy and climate that recognize complementarities, or co-benefits, and trade-offs across objectives and the creation of institutions to manage these.Less
Global energy transformation is being driven by climate change, but also by concerns of energy security, energy poverty and local environmental pollution. This diversity of objectives leads to a diversity of views on how energy transformation should occur. This chapter argues that the lack of global agreement on how to prioritize among alternative energy frames helps explain limited global coordination on energy transformation. However, there is more likely to be political agreement within countries on what constitutes a driving narrative on energy transformation, suggesting a complementary analytic agenda focused on energy politics within domestic borders, and treating as relatively porous the boundaries between domestic and international politics. Moreover, to bridge the divides of competing narratives, it may be useful to develop explicitly multiple objective approaches to energy and climate that recognize complementarities, or co-benefits, and trade-offs across objectives and the creation of institutions to manage these.
Kristine Stiles
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226774510
- eISBN:
- 9780226304403
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226304403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art Theory and Criticism
This book examines the significance of traumatic experiences both in the individual lives and works of artists and in contemporary international cultures since World War II. The book considers some ...
More
This book examines the significance of traumatic experiences both in the individual lives and works of artists and in contemporary international cultures since World War II. The book considers some of the most notorious art of the second half of the twentieth century by artists who use their bodies to address destruction and violence. The chapters in this book focus primarily on performance art and photography. From war and environmental pollution to racism and sexual assault, the book analyzes the consequences of trauma as seen in the works of artists like Marina Abramovic, Pope.L, and Chris Burden. Assembling rich intellectual explorations on everything from Paleolithic paintings to the Bible's patriarchal legacies to documentary images of nuclear explosions, the book explores how art can provide a distinctive means of understanding trauma and promote individual and collective healing.Less
This book examines the significance of traumatic experiences both in the individual lives and works of artists and in contemporary international cultures since World War II. The book considers some of the most notorious art of the second half of the twentieth century by artists who use their bodies to address destruction and violence. The chapters in this book focus primarily on performance art and photography. From war and environmental pollution to racism and sexual assault, the book analyzes the consequences of trauma as seen in the works of artists like Marina Abramovic, Pope.L, and Chris Burden. Assembling rich intellectual explorations on everything from Paleolithic paintings to the Bible's patriarchal legacies to documentary images of nuclear explosions, the book explores how art can provide a distinctive means of understanding trauma and promote individual and collective healing.
Karen Thornber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824836924
- eISBN:
- 9780824871109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824836924.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines how Japanese literature grapples with environmental pollution by focusing on two texts: Ishimure Michiko's 1969 novel Kugai jōdo: Waga Minamatabyō (Sea of suffering and the Pure ...
More
This chapter examines how Japanese literature grapples with environmental pollution by focusing on two texts: Ishimure Michiko's 1969 novel Kugai jōdo: Waga Minamatabyō (Sea of suffering and the Pure Land: Our Minamata disease) and the anthology Genbakushi 181 ninshū, 1945–2007 nen (Atomic bomb poetry: Collection of 181 people, 1945–2007, 2007), edited by Nagatsu Kōzaburō, Suzuki Hisao, and Yamamoto Toshio. Sea of Suffering deals with the Minamata disease and explores some of the paradoxes of negotiating nonhuman suffering amid human anguish, whereas Atomic Bomb Poetry tells the story of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and probes the ambiguity of negotiating nonhuman regeneration amid human suffering. The two works' many references to global human and nonhuman affliction advocate what Ursula Heise has identified as eco-cosmopolitanism, or “environmental world citizenship.” They also depict people as both determined polluters and haplessly polluted, harmed, and even killed by damaged environments.Less
This chapter examines how Japanese literature grapples with environmental pollution by focusing on two texts: Ishimure Michiko's 1969 novel Kugai jōdo: Waga Minamatabyō (Sea of suffering and the Pure Land: Our Minamata disease) and the anthology Genbakushi 181 ninshū, 1945–2007 nen (Atomic bomb poetry: Collection of 181 people, 1945–2007, 2007), edited by Nagatsu Kōzaburō, Suzuki Hisao, and Yamamoto Toshio. Sea of Suffering deals with the Minamata disease and explores some of the paradoxes of negotiating nonhuman suffering amid human anguish, whereas Atomic Bomb Poetry tells the story of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and probes the ambiguity of negotiating nonhuman regeneration amid human suffering. The two works' many references to global human and nonhuman affliction advocate what Ursula Heise has identified as eco-cosmopolitanism, or “environmental world citizenship.” They also depict people as both determined polluters and haplessly polluted, harmed, and even killed by damaged environments.
