Jianjun Li and Sara Hsu (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380644
- eISBN:
- 9780199869329
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380644.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International, South and East Asia
Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided ...
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Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided much-needed financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular, in the face of a tightly constrained, overburdened formal banking system. Unable to obtain a bank loan, firms have relied upon individuals and informal organizations outside of the banking system in order to obtain financing for their ventures. Informal finance has played a critical role in China's economic boom of the last thirty years. This book describes the evolution, characteristics, and variation of informal finance in China, from American and Chinese perspectives. Literature by Jiang Shuxia, Jiang Xuzhao, and Li Jianjun has heretofore been available only in Chinese, while work by Kellee Tsai, Jianwen Liao, Harold Welsch, David Pistrui, and Sara Hsu has been available in English. For the first time, they come together to discuss informal financing and its many aspects. Much of the work stems from detailed surveys conducted locally, since this type of data is not normally collected by the government. Informal finance is a local and personal activity, but it also affects the macroeconomy; particularly in China, where it is pervasive.Less
Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided much-needed financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular, in the face of a tightly constrained, overburdened formal banking system. Unable to obtain a bank loan, firms have relied upon individuals and informal organizations outside of the banking system in order to obtain financing for their ventures. Informal finance has played a critical role in China's economic boom of the last thirty years. This book describes the evolution, characteristics, and variation of informal finance in China, from American and Chinese perspectives. Literature by Jiang Shuxia, Jiang Xuzhao, and Li Jianjun has heretofore been available only in Chinese, while work by Kellee Tsai, Jianwen Liao, Harold Welsch, David Pistrui, and Sara Hsu has been available in English. For the first time, they come together to discuss informal financing and its many aspects. Much of the work stems from detailed surveys conducted locally, since this type of data is not normally collected by the government. Informal finance is a local and personal activity, but it also affects the macroeconomy; particularly in China, where it is pervasive.
Andrew Sanders
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183549
- eISBN:
- 9780191674068
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183549.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks ...
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This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.Less
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.
John Hatcher
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198282822
- eISBN:
- 9780191684418
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282822.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of ...
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Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. The book examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. It argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes.Less
Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. The book examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. It argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes.
N. Scott Arnold
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195088274
- eISBN:
- 9780199853014
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195088274.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book argues that the most defensible version of a market socialist economic system would be unable to realize widely held socialist ideals and values. In particular, it would be responsible for ...
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This book argues that the most defensible version of a market socialist economic system would be unable to realize widely held socialist ideals and values. In particular, it would be responsible for widespread and systematic exploitation. The charge of exploitation, which is really a charge of injustice, has typically been made against capitalist systems by socialists. This book argues that it is market socialism—the only remaining viable form of socialism—that is systematically exploitative. Recent work on the economics of contracts and organizations is used to show that the characteristic organizations of a free enterprise system, the classical capitalist firm and the modern corporation, are structured in such a way that opportunities for exploitation among economic actors (e.g., managers, workers, providers of capital, customers) are minimized. By contrast, this book argues, in a market socialist regime of worker cooperatives, opportunities for exploitation would abound. The book locates its comparative analysis of market socialism and the free enterprise system in the larger context of the capitalism/socialism debate. In the account of this debate, the book offers a distinctive and compelling vision of the relationship between the social sciences and political philosophy.Less
This book argues that the most defensible version of a market socialist economic system would be unable to realize widely held socialist ideals and values. In particular, it would be responsible for widespread and systematic exploitation. The charge of exploitation, which is really a charge of injustice, has typically been made against capitalist systems by socialists. This book argues that it is market socialism—the only remaining viable form of socialism—that is systematically exploitative. Recent work on the economics of contracts and organizations is used to show that the characteristic organizations of a free enterprise system, the classical capitalist firm and the modern corporation, are structured in such a way that opportunities for exploitation among economic actors (e.g., managers, workers, providers of capital, customers) are minimized. By contrast, this book argues, in a market socialist regime of worker cooperatives, opportunities for exploitation would abound. The book locates its comparative analysis of market socialism and the free enterprise system in the larger context of the capitalism/socialism debate. In the account of this debate, the book offers a distinctive and compelling vision of the relationship between the social sciences and political philosophy.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The ...
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The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The explanation offered by the orthodoxy is that private enterprise, both domestic and foreign, was crucial. In contrast, revisionist scholars emphasize the role played by fiscal decentralization. Neither explanation is compelling; the orthodoxy exaggerates the contribution of the private sector, whereas the revisionist approach understates the extensive decentralization of the Chinese fiscal system, which had already occurred before 1978. Both approaches err in neglecting the contribution made by the development of skills during the Maoist era to subsequent rural industrialization.Less
The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The explanation offered by the orthodoxy is that private enterprise, both domestic and foreign, was crucial. In contrast, revisionist scholars emphasize the role played by fiscal decentralization. Neither explanation is compelling; the orthodoxy exaggerates the contribution of the private sector, whereas the revisionist approach understates the extensive decentralization of the Chinese fiscal system, which had already occurred before 1978. Both approaches err in neglecting the contribution made by the development of skills during the Maoist era to subsequent rural industrialization.
David B. Audretsch and Albert N. Link
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730377
- eISBN:
- 9780199932795
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730377.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
The number of new small closely held business start-ups, which may be referred to as entrepreneurial enterprises, is growing and they continue to be the primary source for employment growth in the ...
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The number of new small closely held business start-ups, which may be referred to as entrepreneurial enterprises, is growing and they continue to be the primary source for employment growth in the United States and in most industrialized nations. However, the topic of the valuation of an entrepreneurial enterprise has for the most part been ignored because, in the view of many, traditional valuation methods are not applicable. This is because entrepreneurial enterprises do not have a history of sales and revenues upon which traditional valuation methods are built. Through conceptual discussions and numerical examples a more accurate method for dealing with the valuation issues that are relevant to an entrepreneurial enterprise is suggested.Less
The number of new small closely held business start-ups, which may be referred to as entrepreneurial enterprises, is growing and they continue to be the primary source for employment growth in the United States and in most industrialized nations. However, the topic of the valuation of an entrepreneurial enterprise has for the most part been ignored because, in the view of many, traditional valuation methods are not applicable. This is because entrepreneurial enterprises do not have a history of sales and revenues upon which traditional valuation methods are built. Through conceptual discussions and numerical examples a more accurate method for dealing with the valuation issues that are relevant to an entrepreneurial enterprise is suggested.
M. R. Narayana
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204762
- eISBN:
- 9780191603860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204764.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This paper introduces the multiplicity of official concepts, definitions, and measurements of economic contributions and performance of formal and informal enterprises in India’s manufacturing and ...
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This paper introduces the multiplicity of official concepts, definitions, and measurements of economic contributions and performance of formal and informal enterprises in India’s manufacturing and services sectors. Conceptually, formal (or informal) enterprises are distinguished by registered (or unregistered), organized (or unorganized), and regulated (or unregulated) enterprises. Employment size is a major criterion to define these enterprises. In contrast, registered and unregistered small scale enterprises are uniquely defined by size of capital investments. Using the national level databases, the economic performance of formal, informal, and small scale enterprises is separately measured by their contributions to production, employment generation, and use of assets in rural and urban areas. This implies that the standardization of concepts and definitions are a precondition for establishing comparability between the databases, or for the measurement of economic contributions and performance of India’s formal and informal enterprises.Less
This paper introduces the multiplicity of official concepts, definitions, and measurements of economic contributions and performance of formal and informal enterprises in India’s manufacturing and services sectors. Conceptually, formal (or informal) enterprises are distinguished by registered (or unregistered), organized (or unorganized), and regulated (or unregulated) enterprises. Employment size is a major criterion to define these enterprises. In contrast, registered and unregistered small scale enterprises are uniquely defined by size of capital investments. Using the national level databases, the economic performance of formal, informal, and small scale enterprises is separately measured by their contributions to production, employment generation, and use of assets in rural and urban areas. This implies that the standardization of concepts and definitions are a precondition for establishing comparability between the databases, or for the measurement of economic contributions and performance of India’s formal and informal enterprises.
Tetsuji Okazaki
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic ...
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This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic recovery period. The newly formed market economy was faced with serious coordination failure due to complementarity among industries, economics of scale, and incomplete information. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry intended to coordinate the coordination failure by an industrial rationalization policy.Less
This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic recovery period. The newly formed market economy was faced with serious coordination failure due to complementarity among industries, economics of scale, and incomplete information. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry intended to coordinate the coordination failure by an industrial rationalization policy.
David B. Audretsch and Albert N. Link
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730377
- eISBN:
- 9780199932795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730377.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter sets the stage for Chapter 8, in which a more complete valuation of an entrepreneurial enterprise is presented. Step-by-step valuation templates are set out as the foundation for a ...
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This chapter sets the stage for Chapter 8, in which a more complete valuation of an entrepreneurial enterprise is presented. Step-by-step valuation templates are set out as the foundation for a generalizable methodology for valuing an entrepreneurial enterprise.Less
This chapter sets the stage for Chapter 8, in which a more complete valuation of an entrepreneurial enterprise is presented. Step-by-step valuation templates are set out as the foundation for a generalizable methodology for valuing an entrepreneurial enterprise.
David B. Audretsch and Albert N. Link
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730377
- eISBN:
- 9780199932795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730377.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter completes the book with a concluding statement about the need for valuation methods related to an entrepreneurial enterprise.
This chapter completes the book with a concluding statement about the need for valuation methods related to an entrepreneurial enterprise.
Geoff Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165745
- eISBN:
- 9781400866199
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165745.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The recent economic crisis was a dramatic reminder that capitalism can both produce and destroy. It's a system that by its very nature encourages predators and creators, locusts and bees. But, as ...
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The recent economic crisis was a dramatic reminder that capitalism can both produce and destroy. It's a system that by its very nature encourages predators and creators, locusts and bees. But, as this book argues, the economic crisis also presents a historic opportunity to choose a radically different future for capitalism, one that maximizes its creative power and minimizes its destructive force. In an engaging and wide-ranging argument, the book digs into the history of capitalism across the world to show its animating ideas, its utopias and dystopias, as well as its contradictions and possibilities. Drawing on a subtle framework for understanding systemic change, the book shows how new political settlements reshaped capitalism in the past and are likely to do so in the future. By reconnecting value to real-life ideas of growth, the book argues, efficiency and entrepreneurship can be harnessed to promote better lives and relationships rather than just a growth in the quantity of material consumption. Healthcare, education, and green industries are already becoming dominant sectors in the wealthier economies, and the fields of social innovation, enterprise, and investment are rapidly moving into the mainstream—all indicators of how capital could be made more of a servant and less a master. This is a book for anyone who wonders where capitalism might be heading next—and who wants to help make sure that its future avoids the mistakes of the past.Less
The recent economic crisis was a dramatic reminder that capitalism can both produce and destroy. It's a system that by its very nature encourages predators and creators, locusts and bees. But, as this book argues, the economic crisis also presents a historic opportunity to choose a radically different future for capitalism, one that maximizes its creative power and minimizes its destructive force. In an engaging and wide-ranging argument, the book digs into the history of capitalism across the world to show its animating ideas, its utopias and dystopias, as well as its contradictions and possibilities. Drawing on a subtle framework for understanding systemic change, the book shows how new political settlements reshaped capitalism in the past and are likely to do so in the future. By reconnecting value to real-life ideas of growth, the book argues, efficiency and entrepreneurship can be harnessed to promote better lives and relationships rather than just a growth in the quantity of material consumption. Healthcare, education, and green industries are already becoming dominant sectors in the wealthier economies, and the fields of social innovation, enterprise, and investment are rapidly moving into the mainstream—all indicators of how capital could be made more of a servant and less a master. This is a book for anyone who wonders where capitalism might be heading next—and who wants to help make sure that its future avoids the mistakes of the past.
Colin Crouch
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Organizations representing economic interests within individual nation states peaked in both social importance and academic interest during the 1970s and 1980s. It is often argued that since then ...
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Organizations representing economic interests within individual nation states peaked in both social importance and academic interest during the 1970s and 1980s. It is often argued that since then they have declined in significance. There are four reasons for this: increasing economic globalization, the dominance of neo–liberal economic ideology, the rise of the individual enterprise, and the challenge of various non–functional (non–producer) interests. This chapter assesses the significance of each of these, paying attention to both general or convergent trends and to those that suggest differences of national experience among European countries. The range of organizations included in the discussion are first established, and the four types of interest relationships (contestation, pluralism, bargained corporatism and authoritarian corporatism) between the organizations and their members and those with whom they deal are identified.Less
Organizations representing economic interests within individual nation states peaked in both social importance and academic interest during the 1970s and 1980s. It is often argued that since then they have declined in significance. There are four reasons for this: increasing economic globalization, the dominance of neo–liberal economic ideology, the rise of the individual enterprise, and the challenge of various non–functional (non–producer) interests. This chapter assesses the significance of each of these, paying attention to both general or convergent trends and to those that suggest differences of national experience among European countries. The range of organizations included in the discussion are first established, and the four types of interest relationships (contestation, pluralism, bargained corporatism and authoritarian corporatism) between the organizations and their members and those with whom they deal are identified.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came ...
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This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalizationLess
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalization
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the ...
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This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.Less
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.
Xiaobo Lu
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241149
- eISBN:
- 9780191598920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241147.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
For nearly three decades, industrial relations in the People's Republic of China were characterized by what were common in state socialist systems—an economy dominated by state‐owned enterprises, ...
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For nearly three decades, industrial relations in the People's Republic of China were characterized by what were common in state socialist systems—an economy dominated by state‐owned enterprises, employee dependence on the enterprise, state‐controlled union organizations, and relative labour peace. Despite sporadic working class protests in PRC history since 1949, there were no organized labour movements. Labour disputes were usually described as ‘contradictions between different parts of the same organization’ by the communist authorities. With the economic reforms launched in 1979, Chinese industrial relations entered a period of change. This chapter proceeds on the premise that political choices as well as institutional legacies of the past, in state socialist countries such as China, affect the sequence and methods of transformation of industrial relations. It aims at laying out some basic features of industrial relations under state socialist regimes and in transition economies with a focus on China. It argues that although the internationalization of the Chinese economy has had a major impact over the past decade, the character and direction of change in Chinese industrial relations is best understood within the framework of the general transition from state socialism to market socialism. Neither the changing international political economy nor the transition from state socialism has diminished the significant role of the state in redefining and managing industrial relations. The pace, scope, and sequence of changes in industrial relations are thus determined not only by choices by key factors responding to a global economy but also significantly by structural constraints derived from the entrenched danwei (work‐unit) system that stood at the core of the pre‐reform Chinese industry.Less
For nearly three decades, industrial relations in the People's Republic of China were characterized by what were common in state socialist systems—an economy dominated by state‐owned enterprises, employee dependence on the enterprise, state‐controlled union organizations, and relative labour peace. Despite sporadic working class protests in PRC history since 1949, there were no organized labour movements. Labour disputes were usually described as ‘contradictions between different parts of the same organization’ by the communist authorities. With the economic reforms launched in 1979, Chinese industrial relations entered a period of change. This chapter proceeds on the premise that political choices as well as institutional legacies of the past, in state socialist countries such as China, affect the sequence and methods of transformation of industrial relations. It aims at laying out some basic features of industrial relations under state socialist regimes and in transition economies with a focus on China. It argues that although the internationalization of the Chinese economy has had a major impact over the past decade, the character and direction of change in Chinese industrial relations is best understood within the framework of the general transition from state socialism to market socialism. Neither the changing international political economy nor the transition from state socialism has diminished the significant role of the state in redefining and managing industrial relations. The pace, scope, and sequence of changes in industrial relations are thus determined not only by choices by key factors responding to a global economy but also significantly by structural constraints derived from the entrenched danwei (work‐unit) system that stood at the core of the pre‐reform Chinese industry.
David A. Shore
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195326253
- eISBN:
- 9780199897285
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326253.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Modern healthcare has become a system of conflicts, in which diverse groups pursue their own interests at the risk of the system at large. Insurance providers want to reduce their payments, HMOs want ...
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Modern healthcare has become a system of conflicts, in which diverse groups pursue their own interests at the risk of the system at large. Insurance providers want to reduce their payments, HMOs want to bring in more profit, research groups want to advance their agendas, and no one wants to work together. This book argues that when these stakeholders jockey for position, what results is the “tragedy of the commons”: the breakdown of the healthcare system as a whole by the competition of its parts. This book uses real-world examples to illustrate the fragile state of the healthcare system today, and offers feasible solutions to repair the system while making better business sense for the individual stakeholders. By working together to increase healthcare coverage, quality of care and patient satisfaction, the book contends that each player will ultimately make much greater gains than if they'd fought alone. At the same time, an improved, unified system increases the public's trust in the healthcare enterprise, which in turn makes better business sense for everyone.Less
Modern healthcare has become a system of conflicts, in which diverse groups pursue their own interests at the risk of the system at large. Insurance providers want to reduce their payments, HMOs want to bring in more profit, research groups want to advance their agendas, and no one wants to work together. This book argues that when these stakeholders jockey for position, what results is the “tragedy of the commons”: the breakdown of the healthcare system as a whole by the competition of its parts. This book uses real-world examples to illustrate the fragile state of the healthcare system today, and offers feasible solutions to repair the system while making better business sense for the individual stakeholders. By working together to increase healthcare coverage, quality of care and patient satisfaction, the book contends that each player will ultimately make much greater gains than if they'd fought alone. At the same time, an improved, unified system increases the public's trust in the healthcare enterprise, which in turn makes better business sense for everyone.
Martin Campbell-Kelly and Ross Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The National Enterprise Board (NEB) was to be the main instrument for Labour's industrial policy in Britain when it returned to power in 1975. Foremost, the NEB was to nationalize 20 or 25 of the ...
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The National Enterprise Board (NEB) was to be the main instrument for Labour's industrial policy in Britain when it returned to power in 1975. Foremost, the NEB was to nationalize 20 or 25 of the top 100 industrial firms in the country, so that the government would be able to control more effectively industrial development and distribute resources. In February 1977, the NEB formed a software sales company called Insac aimed at exploiting British software skills and products and selling them overseas, particularly to the US market. The NEB made both strategic and tactical investment decisions. At the strategic level it did well, at the tactical level, however, most of the NEB's investments turned out badly. In the case of Insac, the whole enterprise was misguided.Less
The National Enterprise Board (NEB) was to be the main instrument for Labour's industrial policy in Britain when it returned to power in 1975. Foremost, the NEB was to nationalize 20 or 25 of the top 100 industrial firms in the country, so that the government would be able to control more effectively industrial development and distribute resources. In February 1977, the NEB formed a software sales company called Insac aimed at exploiting British software skills and products and selling them overseas, particularly to the US market. The NEB made both strategic and tactical investment decisions. At the strategic level it did well, at the tactical level, however, most of the NEB's investments turned out badly. In the case of Insac, the whole enterprise was misguided.
W. Mark Fruin
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288985
- eISBN:
- 9780191596285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288980.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the ...
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This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the dominant industrial organization model in spite of significant changes in industrial relations, ownership, government policies, and sources of technology. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1954 to 1987, social transformation and shop‐floor reformation, the adaptive as opposed to the innovative enterprise, structural change, and the post‐war strategy of Matsushita and Hitachi, organizational interdependence (enterprise groups) in post‐war Japan (the six main types of interfirm groupings, and new enterprise groups), the utility of interfirm networks, and the modern corporation and enterprise system.Less
This chapter looks at the evolving enterprise system from the 1950s to the 1980s. It argues that the inter‐organizational model of focal factories, unitary firms, and interfirm networks remained the dominant industrial organization model in spite of significant changes in industrial relations, ownership, government policies, and sources of technology. The different sections of the chapter look at large modern corporations from 1954 to 1987, social transformation and shop‐floor reformation, the adaptive as opposed to the innovative enterprise, structural change, and the post‐war strategy of Matsushita and Hitachi, organizational interdependence (enterprise groups) in post‐war Japan (the six main types of interfirm groupings, and new enterprise groups), the utility of interfirm networks, and the modern corporation and enterprise system.
Steven Casper
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269525
- eISBN:
- 9780191710025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269525.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Coordinated market economies such as Germany or Sweden do not have appropriate institutional infrastructures to sustain large numbers of radically innovative firms. However, alternative strategies to ...
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Coordinated market economies such as Germany or Sweden do not have appropriate institutional infrastructures to sustain large numbers of radically innovative firms. However, alternative strategies to develop competitiveness in new technology industries might exist. The biotechnology and software industries are each comprised of multiple sub-sectors. While important areas within each industry, such as therapeutics biotechnology or standard software, are associated with radical innovation, other large segments are characterized by incremental innovation. The chapter argues that companies within coordinated market economies could successfully specialize in such sub-segments, creating pockets of national competitiveness for their national industries. Descriptive statistics from the UK, Germany, and Sweden, and case studies from the platform biotechnology and enterprise software industries in Germany are used to empirically substantiate the argument.Less
Coordinated market economies such as Germany or Sweden do not have appropriate institutional infrastructures to sustain large numbers of radically innovative firms. However, alternative strategies to develop competitiveness in new technology industries might exist. The biotechnology and software industries are each comprised of multiple sub-sectors. While important areas within each industry, such as therapeutics biotechnology or standard software, are associated with radical innovation, other large segments are characterized by incremental innovation. The chapter argues that companies within coordinated market economies could successfully specialize in such sub-segments, creating pockets of national competitiveness for their national industries. Descriptive statistics from the UK, Germany, and Sweden, and case studies from the platform biotechnology and enterprise software industries in Germany are used to empirically substantiate the argument.
W. Mark Fruin
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288985
- eISBN:
- 9780191596285
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288980.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how ...
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Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social interaction and economic organization in Japan. Third, the book is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system. Finally, it is a study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped those circumstances. The fourfold synthesis offers a model of industrial development and organization under conditions of late development and private initiative that falls somewhere between the capitalist development state and free market economy models.Less
Four streams of inquiry and interpretation are merged in a study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's 200 leading industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, the book is a study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social interaction and economic organization in Japan. Third, the book is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system. Finally, it is a study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped those circumstances. The fourfold synthesis offers a model of industrial development and organization under conditions of late development and private initiative that falls somewhere between the capitalist development state and free market economy models.
