Shelly Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393323
- eISBN:
- 9780199866618
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393323.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book situates Acts’ story of Stephen’s death within the emerging discourse of early Christian martyrdom, challenging the historicity of this narrative and arguing for its significance in ...
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This book situates Acts’ story of Stephen’s death within the emerging discourse of early Christian martyrdom, challenging the historicity of this narrative and arguing for its significance in constructing a social group of Christians, distinct from “the Jews.” It analyzes Stephen as the perfect martyr in terms of rhetorical fittingness, noting key aspects of the story perfectly suited to the rhetorical aims of Luke-Acts to denigrate nonbelieving Jews, to affirm Roman imperial views on security, and to introduce “marcionite” identity claims concerning the distinctiveness of Christian mercy. It also analyzes the Christian tradition that Stephen was perfected through his dying forgiveness prayer. This distinctive prayer proved more radical than Gospel teaching on enemy love since the plea for forgiveness of undeserving persecutors, more so than the enemy love exhortation, posed a challenge to notions of cosmic justice. The prayer was frequently read intransitively, as idealizing the one who so prays, without having any effect on the prayer’s object, thereby functioning analogously to the Roman discourse of clemency. Those who read the prayer otherwise landed upon this radical challenge, which explains the prayer’s complicated reception history. The book also introduces related extracanonical narratives of the martyrdom of James in Hegesippus, Josephus, and the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions to disrupt the perfect coherence and singularity of the canonical narrative and to evoke a more complex historical narrative of violence, solidarity, and resistance among Jews and Christians under empire.Less
This book situates Acts’ story of Stephen’s death within the emerging discourse of early Christian martyrdom, challenging the historicity of this narrative and arguing for its significance in constructing a social group of Christians, distinct from “the Jews.” It analyzes Stephen as the perfect martyr in terms of rhetorical fittingness, noting key aspects of the story perfectly suited to the rhetorical aims of Luke-Acts to denigrate nonbelieving Jews, to affirm Roman imperial views on security, and to introduce “marcionite” identity claims concerning the distinctiveness of Christian mercy. It also analyzes the Christian tradition that Stephen was perfected through his dying forgiveness prayer. This distinctive prayer proved more radical than Gospel teaching on enemy love since the plea for forgiveness of undeserving persecutors, more so than the enemy love exhortation, posed a challenge to notions of cosmic justice. The prayer was frequently read intransitively, as idealizing the one who so prays, without having any effect on the prayer’s object, thereby functioning analogously to the Roman discourse of clemency. Those who read the prayer otherwise landed upon this radical challenge, which explains the prayer’s complicated reception history. The book also introduces related extracanonical narratives of the martyrdom of James in Hegesippus, Josephus, and the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions to disrupt the perfect coherence and singularity of the canonical narrative and to evoke a more complex historical narrative of violence, solidarity, and resistance among Jews and Christians under empire.
Andreas Herberg‐Rothe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199202690
- eISBN:
- 9780191707834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202690.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
What Clausewitz says about the interactions to the extreme provides the basis for the assumption that he is the theorist of destruction and the precursor of the idea of total war. But these ...
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What Clausewitz says about the interactions to the extreme provides the basis for the assumption that he is the theorist of destruction and the precursor of the idea of total war. But these interpretations should not be countered by introducing a total shift between the concept and the reality of war, as it has so often happened in the history of Clausewitz's interpretations. This chapter emphasizes that in his first chapter, the three interactions to the extreme are balanced by three tendencies which lead to the limitation of war. The three interactions to the extreme do not describe the whole of war, but they are nevertheless tendencies in each war, which are countered by opposing tendencies. The chapter explores the assumption that the striving powers ‘behind’ these different interacting tendencies in war are violence, fear, and power.Less
What Clausewitz says about the interactions to the extreme provides the basis for the assumption that he is the theorist of destruction and the precursor of the idea of total war. But these interpretations should not be countered by introducing a total shift between the concept and the reality of war, as it has so often happened in the history of Clausewitz's interpretations. This chapter emphasizes that in his first chapter, the three interactions to the extreme are balanced by three tendencies which lead to the limitation of war. The three interactions to the extreme do not describe the whole of war, but they are nevertheless tendencies in each war, which are countered by opposing tendencies. The chapter explores the assumption that the striving powers ‘behind’ these different interacting tendencies in war are violence, fear, and power.
Robert C. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195109795
- eISBN:
- 9780199853281
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Antichrist, though mentioned a mere four times in the Bible, and then only obscurely, has exercised a tight hold on popular imagination throughout history. This has been particularly true in the ...
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The Antichrist, though mentioned a mere four times in the Bible, and then only obscurely, has exercised a tight hold on popular imagination throughout history. This has been particularly true in the United States, states this book, where Americans have tended to view their nation as uniquely blessed by God—a belief that leaves them especially prone to demonizing their enemies. This book takes us on a fascinating journey through the dark side of the American religious psyche, from the earliest American colonists right up to contemporary fundamentalists such as Pat Robertson and Hal Lindsey.Less
The Antichrist, though mentioned a mere four times in the Bible, and then only obscurely, has exercised a tight hold on popular imagination throughout history. This has been particularly true in the United States, states this book, where Americans have tended to view their nation as uniquely blessed by God—a belief that leaves them especially prone to demonizing their enemies. This book takes us on a fascinating journey through the dark side of the American religious psyche, from the earliest American colonists right up to contemporary fundamentalists such as Pat Robertson and Hal Lindsey.
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261185
- eISBN:
- 9780191601507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261180.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Globalization is a historical economic process that is creating a global system, an economic and political system whose central institutions, besides the classic nation-states, are the UN and the ...
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Globalization is a historical economic process that is creating a global system, an economic and political system whose central institutions, besides the classic nation-states, are the UN and the legal system built around it. While in the balance of powers diplomacy, which existed following the formation of the modern state and particularly following the Westphalia treaties, major nation-states disputed territories and viewed each other as enemies to be threatened with wars, in the new global system countries are economic adversaries competing in world markets. Globalization is the generalized competition for world markets among business enterprises, supported by their respective nation-states. Thus, although nation-states became more interdependent, they also became more strategic.Less
Globalization is a historical economic process that is creating a global system, an economic and political system whose central institutions, besides the classic nation-states, are the UN and the legal system built around it. While in the balance of powers diplomacy, which existed following the formation of the modern state and particularly following the Westphalia treaties, major nation-states disputed territories and viewed each other as enemies to be threatened with wars, in the new global system countries are economic adversaries competing in world markets. Globalization is the generalized competition for world markets among business enterprises, supported by their respective nation-states. Thus, although nation-states became more interdependent, they also became more strategic.
Martin Dzelzainis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264706
- eISBN:
- 9780191734557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264706.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
This chapter discusses Milton and his idea of regicide. It discusses his The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and the concepts of regicide, tyrranicide, and enemy found in his work. Milton's Tenure ...
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This chapter discusses Milton and his idea of regicide. It discusses his The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and the concepts of regicide, tyrranicide, and enemy found in his work. Milton's Tenure asserts that a tyrannical ruler should no longer be regarded as one of the powers ordained by God and may be therefore be resisted like a private person who employs unjust force. The chapter also discusses his political theory and his emerging notion of resistance, including the significance of his method of not naming Charles Stuart as a public enemy or hostis in his Tenure.Less
This chapter discusses Milton and his idea of regicide. It discusses his The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates and the concepts of regicide, tyrranicide, and enemy found in his work. Milton's Tenure asserts that a tyrannical ruler should no longer be regarded as one of the powers ordained by God and may be therefore be resisted like a private person who employs unjust force. The chapter also discusses his political theory and his emerging notion of resistance, including the significance of his method of not naming Charles Stuart as a public enemy or hostis in his Tenure.
Mark R. Forbes and Tonia Robb
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Parasites are thought to select for host traits, such as elaborate ornaments and intricate immune systems. Dragonflies have proven useful hosts for studying parasite-mediated selection. This chapter ...
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Parasites are thought to select for host traits, such as elaborate ornaments and intricate immune systems. Dragonflies have proven useful hosts for studying parasite-mediated selection. This chapter summarizes whether parasites exert fitness costs on their dragonfly hosts and affect signals and the mating success of males. It also reviews determinants of resistance against ectoparasitic mites, which is present in many dragonfly species and introduces recent work suggesting that host gender and age influence immunological responses to bacterial and artificial challenges. The chapter highlights that the likelihood of demonstrating parasite-mediated selection might depend on whether or not the species being considered is a generalist parasite. New ideas on elucidating how dragonfly prey species should deal with threats from multiple enemies, such as predators and parasites, are considered.Less
Parasites are thought to select for host traits, such as elaborate ornaments and intricate immune systems. Dragonflies have proven useful hosts for studying parasite-mediated selection. This chapter summarizes whether parasites exert fitness costs on their dragonfly hosts and affect signals and the mating success of males. It also reviews determinants of resistance against ectoparasitic mites, which is present in many dragonfly species and introduces recent work suggesting that host gender and age influence immunological responses to bacterial and artificial challenges. The chapter highlights that the likelihood of demonstrating parasite-mediated selection might depend on whether or not the species being considered is a generalist parasite. New ideas on elucidating how dragonfly prey species should deal with threats from multiple enemies, such as predators and parasites, are considered.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0080
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter provides an introduction to European medicine and its effect on the Chinese. There are two fundamental ideas in medicine in China as in Europe. One fundamental idea sees inherent laws in ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to European medicine and its effect on the Chinese. There are two fundamental ideas in medicine in China as in Europe. One fundamental idea sees inherent laws in society, nature, and the human body. One who follows the laws survives and stays healthy. One who disobeys the laws will be punished, mildly or harshly, depending on the offense. Sometimes disobedience can cost one's life. The more civilized a society is, the more it can moderate the extent of punishment. The task of medicine is to protect people from the merciless punishments of nature. The other fundamental idea is that plausibility projects social life onto the life of an individual organism. An individual has friends as well as enemies so one must be on guard against enemies as they can hurt. There are enemies that wait to attack and then make an individual waste away, bleed, and perhaps even die. An individual organism sometimes wastes away without any attack by a visible enemy. In such cases, it must have been a miniscule or invisible enemy.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to European medicine and its effect on the Chinese. There are two fundamental ideas in medicine in China as in Europe. One fundamental idea sees inherent laws in society, nature, and the human body. One who follows the laws survives and stays healthy. One who disobeys the laws will be punished, mildly or harshly, depending on the offense. Sometimes disobedience can cost one's life. The more civilized a society is, the more it can moderate the extent of punishment. The task of medicine is to protect people from the merciless punishments of nature. The other fundamental idea is that plausibility projects social life onto the life of an individual organism. An individual has friends as well as enemies so one must be on guard against enemies as they can hurt. There are enemies that wait to attack and then make an individual waste away, bleed, and perhaps even die. An individual organism sometimes wastes away without any attack by a visible enemy. In such cases, it must have been a miniscule or invisible enemy.
J. Emmett Duffy and Martin Thiel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179927
- eISBN:
- 9780199790111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179927.003.0021
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The Crustacea represents one of the major branches in the tree of animal life, displaying diversity in form and lifestyle that rival those of the vertebrates and insects. But perhaps because of the ...
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The Crustacea represents one of the major branches in the tree of animal life, displaying diversity in form and lifestyle that rival those of the vertebrates and insects. But perhaps because of the primarily aquatic habits of crustaceans, they have received much less attention in evolutionary ecology than mostly terrestrial taxa. The chapters in this book make clear the richness of adaptations of crustaceans to social and sexual life, and their still largely untapped potential to test fundamental theory in behavioral ecology and evolution. Kinship, cooperation, and conflict play an important role in social evolution, modulated by extrinsic factors (resource competition, predation or parasitism), some of which have only recently begun to be studied. There are rich opportunities awaiting the student willing to pursue them, both in clarifying the social and sexual biology of individual crustacean species and in exploiting the Crustacea in broad comparative approaches to testing evolutionary theory.Less
The Crustacea represents one of the major branches in the tree of animal life, displaying diversity in form and lifestyle that rival those of the vertebrates and insects. But perhaps because of the primarily aquatic habits of crustaceans, they have received much less attention in evolutionary ecology than mostly terrestrial taxa. The chapters in this book make clear the richness of adaptations of crustaceans to social and sexual life, and their still largely untapped potential to test fundamental theory in behavioral ecology and evolution. Kinship, cooperation, and conflict play an important role in social evolution, modulated by extrinsic factors (resource competition, predation or parasitism), some of which have only recently begun to be studied. There are rich opportunities awaiting the student willing to pursue them, both in clarifying the social and sexual biology of individual crustacean species and in exploiting the Crustacea in broad comparative approaches to testing evolutionary theory.
Nathan Glazer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326222
- eISBN:
- 9780199944064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326222.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter suggests that Jeffrey Alexander impressively demonstrates that the initial understanding of the events of the Holocaust reduced the killings to a subordinate element in a great and ...
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This chapter suggests that Jeffrey Alexander impressively demonstrates that the initial understanding of the events of the Holocaust reduced the killings to a subordinate element in a great and successful war. This matter of the genocide of the Jews was a minor part or sideshow in the monumental drama of a worldwide war, little noted in histories of the war. When the war was won, the program of extermination was exposed to all, along with many other evils perpetrated by the Nazi enemy. Alexander shows that the Holocaust, then not so named, was incorporated as part of the progressive understanding of our history then prevailing in the euphoria of winning a war against a monstrous enemy. This chapter also introduces the idea of a Jewish interpretation of the Holocaust, which may differ from a more general response in how and why it undergoes change.Less
This chapter suggests that Jeffrey Alexander impressively demonstrates that the initial understanding of the events of the Holocaust reduced the killings to a subordinate element in a great and successful war. This matter of the genocide of the Jews was a minor part or sideshow in the monumental drama of a worldwide war, little noted in histories of the war. When the war was won, the program of extermination was exposed to all, along with many other evils perpetrated by the Nazi enemy. Alexander shows that the Holocaust, then not so named, was incorporated as part of the progressive understanding of our history then prevailing in the euphoria of winning a war against a monstrous enemy. This chapter also introduces the idea of a Jewish interpretation of the Holocaust, which may differ from a more general response in how and why it undergoes change.
Shelly Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393323
- eISBN:
- 9780199866618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393323.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter analyzes the dying forgiveness prayer of Stephen and the related prayer of the Lukan Jesus. By reading these prayers aside related bodies of literature including Maccabees and the Sermon ...
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This chapter analyzes the dying forgiveness prayer of Stephen and the related prayer of the Lukan Jesus. By reading these prayers aside related bodies of literature including Maccabees and the Sermon on the Mount/Plain, it argues that these prayers are for Luke a Christian proprium. They are potentially more radical than Gospel teaching on enemy love, as Tertullian would have recognized, since the plea for forgiveness of undeserving persecutors, more so than enemy love, challenged the framework of cosmic justice, as Marcion would have affirmed. The prayer was frequently read intransitively, as idealizing the one who so prays, without having any effect on the prayer’s object, thereby functioning analogously to the Roman discourse of clemency. Those who read the prayer otherwise landed upon this radical challenge, which explains the prayer’s complicated reception history, including the scribal omission of Jesus’ forgiveness prayer (Luke 23.34a) from the Gospel of Luke.Less
This chapter analyzes the dying forgiveness prayer of Stephen and the related prayer of the Lukan Jesus. By reading these prayers aside related bodies of literature including Maccabees and the Sermon on the Mount/Plain, it argues that these prayers are for Luke a Christian proprium. They are potentially more radical than Gospel teaching on enemy love, as Tertullian would have recognized, since the plea for forgiveness of undeserving persecutors, more so than enemy love, challenged the framework of cosmic justice, as Marcion would have affirmed. The prayer was frequently read intransitively, as idealizing the one who so prays, without having any effect on the prayer’s object, thereby functioning analogously to the Roman discourse of clemency. Those who read the prayer otherwise landed upon this radical challenge, which explains the prayer’s complicated reception history, including the scribal omission of Jesus’ forgiveness prayer (Luke 23.34a) from the Gospel of Luke.
Colin S. Gray
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579662
- eISBN:
- 9780191594458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579662.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve ...
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Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve not itself, but political purposes which typically will evolve under the pressure of events. Although strategy is possible, it is always difficult. Among the major sources of difficulty, which tend to manifest themselves synergistically, one must recognize the challenge that is strategy itself, the problem many people have understanding its nature and demands; that lies in the inconvenient, but for strategy essential, fact of an enemy with an independent will; of converting military effect into strategic effect, and then into political effect—which is the whole point of the project; of devising and running a strategy‐making process that is fit for purpose; of peopling the process with competent players; of sheer complexity; of friction, of the things, typically unforeseeable in detail, that go wrong; of productive civil–military relations. Remarkably, strategy is feasible, despite its myriad difficulties. Complexity of subject can translate as alternative options, while the self‐willed enemy must face a generically like large basket of challenges to his strategic effectiveness.Less
Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve not itself, but political purposes which typically will evolve under the pressure of events. Although strategy is possible, it is always difficult. Among the major sources of difficulty, which tend to manifest themselves synergistically, one must recognize the challenge that is strategy itself, the problem many people have understanding its nature and demands; that lies in the inconvenient, but for strategy essential, fact of an enemy with an independent will; of converting military effect into strategic effect, and then into political effect—which is the whole point of the project; of devising and running a strategy‐making process that is fit for purpose; of peopling the process with competent players; of sheer complexity; of friction, of the things, typically unforeseeable in detail, that go wrong; of productive civil–military relations. Remarkably, strategy is feasible, despite its myriad difficulties. Complexity of subject can translate as alternative options, while the self‐willed enemy must face a generically like large basket of challenges to his strategic effectiveness.
Runar M. Thorsteinsson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578641
- eISBN:
- 9780191722868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578641.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter presents the moral teaching of the ex-slave Epictetus (ca. 55–135 CE). He was a student of Musonius, but eventually he became a teacher himself. Like his fellow Stoics, Epictetus points ...
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This chapter presents the moral teaching of the ex-slave Epictetus (ca. 55–135 CE). He was a student of Musonius, but eventually he became a teacher himself. Like his fellow Stoics, Epictetus points to the divine origin of human beings as basic to the principle of other-regarding morality. But he places more weight on the theological foundation of ethics than any other Stoic we know of. All three Stoics discussed in this study speak in favour of the tenet of non-retaliation, but Epictetus takes a step further by insisting that one must even love those who treat one badly. The Stoic teacher thus comes close to advocating an ethic of ‘enemy love’.Less
This chapter presents the moral teaching of the ex-slave Epictetus (ca. 55–135 CE). He was a student of Musonius, but eventually he became a teacher himself. Like his fellow Stoics, Epictetus points to the divine origin of human beings as basic to the principle of other-regarding morality. But he places more weight on the theological foundation of ethics than any other Stoic we know of. All three Stoics discussed in this study speak in favour of the tenet of non-retaliation, but Epictetus takes a step further by insisting that one must even love those who treat one badly. The Stoic teacher thus comes close to advocating an ethic of ‘enemy love’.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0032
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Musical London will scarcely have recovered from its state of bewilderment over Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben before the second performance. The first impression is that Strauss's artistic ...
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Musical London will scarcely have recovered from its state of bewilderment over Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben before the second performance. The first impression is that Strauss's artistic position is not altered by this work. His great strength is his mastery over tones; he has chosen most happily when he calls his work a “Tone-Poem.” Whatever one may think of Ein Heldenleben as music, one must admit the newness, the power, and the extreme beauty of the sounds that proceed from the Straussian orchestra. Strauss's weakness lies in the fact that he is so often content with commonplaces as the germs of his inspiration. He is like a cook who can serve up mutton with such art that he does not always take the trouble to look out for venison. The work is divided into six sections; each, according to the Queen's Hall programme, duly labeled “The Hero,” “His Enemies,” and so on.Less
Musical London will scarcely have recovered from its state of bewilderment over Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben before the second performance. The first impression is that Strauss's artistic position is not altered by this work. His great strength is his mastery over tones; he has chosen most happily when he calls his work a “Tone-Poem.” Whatever one may think of Ein Heldenleben as music, one must admit the newness, the power, and the extreme beauty of the sounds that proceed from the Straussian orchestra. Strauss's weakness lies in the fact that he is so often content with commonplaces as the germs of his inspiration. He is like a cook who can serve up mutton with such art that he does not always take the trouble to look out for venison. The work is divided into six sections; each, according to the Queen's Hall programme, duly labeled “The Hero,” “His Enemies,” and so on.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Quakers renounced war, killing, and the use of weapons – a set of principles of nonviolence that they termed the peace testimony. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the English Quaker ...
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Quakers renounced war, killing, and the use of weapons – a set of principles of nonviolence that they termed the peace testimony. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the English Quaker leadership enunciated the peace testimony on behalf of the collective body of Quakers in two documents: the “Declaration and Information” and the “Declaration of 1660.” Early English Quakers grounded their peace principles in biblical texts, especially the admonition to love one's enemies. They relied upon this spirit of the gospel wherein the purity of one's motives was as essential as one's behavior. The early peace testimony rested on the foundation of maintaining the purity of one's soul in order to remain in the Kingdom of God; later, the emphasis would shift to a concern for the victims of violence and to an interest in worldly justice.Less
Quakers renounced war, killing, and the use of weapons – a set of principles of nonviolence that they termed the peace testimony. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the English Quaker leadership enunciated the peace testimony on behalf of the collective body of Quakers in two documents: the “Declaration and Information” and the “Declaration of 1660.” Early English Quakers grounded their peace principles in biblical texts, especially the admonition to love one's enemies. They relied upon this spirit of the gospel wherein the purity of one's motives was as essential as one's behavior. The early peace testimony rested on the foundation of maintaining the purity of one's soul in order to remain in the Kingdom of God; later, the emphasis would shift to a concern for the victims of violence and to an interest in worldly justice.
Liv Mariah Yarrow
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199277544
- eISBN:
- 9780191708022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277544.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
All the historians developed to a certain degree their characterizations of those peoples who opposed Rome and the nature of the documented objections to her rule. In contrast to the previous ...
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All the historians developed to a certain degree their characterizations of those peoples who opposed Rome and the nature of the documented objections to her rule. In contrast to the previous chapters where the characterizations have been representative of the authors' own opinions, in this case the minds are hostile. Although the overwhelmingly negative and emotive quality of many of these passages might tempt one to see the passions as a reflection of some part of the author's own experience, judgement must be reserved until adequate analysis has been conducted. The types of enemies which inspired elaborate discussion in the core authors are divided between Eastern kings and ‘barbarians’.Less
All the historians developed to a certain degree their characterizations of those peoples who opposed Rome and the nature of the documented objections to her rule. In contrast to the previous chapters where the characterizations have been representative of the authors' own opinions, in this case the minds are hostile. Although the overwhelmingly negative and emotive quality of many of these passages might tempt one to see the passions as a reflection of some part of the author's own experience, judgement must be reserved until adequate analysis has been conducted. The types of enemies which inspired elaborate discussion in the core authors are divided between Eastern kings and ‘barbarians’.
Tim M. Blackburn, Julie L. Lockwood, and Phillip Cassey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232543
- eISBN:
- 9780191715983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232543.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter reviews the influence of the recipient location on the probability of establishment success in exotic birds. This subject is another that has a long history within invasion ecology ...
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This chapter reviews the influence of the recipient location on the probability of establishment success in exotic birds. This subject is another that has a long history within invasion ecology research but that has, in general, produced no clear consensus on what makes a site more or less invasible. This confusion has reigned in the study of avian invasions too, and heated arguments over the role of competition in determining establishment success may be recalled. The chapter reviews and updates this argument. It also considers the array of other biotic interactions that can influence establishment success such as predation, parasitism, and mutualistic interactions. Beyond the influence of species interactions, there is a clear role for the biophysical environment in determining the success of exotic bird introductions, which is also reviewed in this chapter.Less
This chapter reviews the influence of the recipient location on the probability of establishment success in exotic birds. This subject is another that has a long history within invasion ecology research but that has, in general, produced no clear consensus on what makes a site more or less invasible. This confusion has reigned in the study of avian invasions too, and heated arguments over the role of competition in determining establishment success may be recalled. The chapter reviews and updates this argument. It also considers the array of other biotic interactions that can influence establishment success such as predation, parasitism, and mutualistic interactions. Beyond the influence of species interactions, there is a clear role for the biophysical environment in determining the success of exotic bird introductions, which is also reviewed in this chapter.
Thomas J. Christensen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142609
- eISBN:
- 9781400838813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142609.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book examines the alliance dynamics of Cold War East Asia during the period 1949–1969, arguing that disunity, lack of coordination, and intra-alliance rivalry increased both the chance that ...
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This book examines the alliance dynamics of Cold War East Asia during the period 1949–1969, arguing that disunity, lack of coordination, and intra-alliance rivalry increased both the chance that regional conflicts would occur and the likelihood that existing conflicts would persist and escalate. It shows that, in their formative years, both the U.S.-led alliance system and the Asian communist alliance sent dangerously confusing signals regarding the cohesion, resolve, and intent of their respective blocs. These signals undercut coercive diplomacy in Asia and created conditions for both crisis and war. The book considers two forms of dangerous dynamics among enemy alliances: poor coordination and, in the case of revisionist alliances, the catalyzing effect of ideology and the pursuit of prestige on aggression toward enemies. It also explores the legacies of U.S. Cold War alliances for contemporary Sino-American relations and concludes with a chapter on post-Cold War East Asia.Less
This book examines the alliance dynamics of Cold War East Asia during the period 1949–1969, arguing that disunity, lack of coordination, and intra-alliance rivalry increased both the chance that regional conflicts would occur and the likelihood that existing conflicts would persist and escalate. It shows that, in their formative years, both the U.S.-led alliance system and the Asian communist alliance sent dangerously confusing signals regarding the cohesion, resolve, and intent of their respective blocs. These signals undercut coercive diplomacy in Asia and created conditions for both crisis and war. The book considers two forms of dangerous dynamics among enemy alliances: poor coordination and, in the case of revisionist alliances, the catalyzing effect of ideology and the pursuit of prestige on aggression toward enemies. It also explores the legacies of U.S. Cold War alliances for contemporary Sino-American relations and concludes with a chapter on post-Cold War East Asia.
Solomon Schimmel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195128413
- eISBN:
- 9780199834648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195128419.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Discusses the Christian value of radical forgiveness and the theological and psychological assumptions upon which it is based. Contrasts these with teachings of Judaism about the relationship between ...
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Discusses the Christian value of radical forgiveness and the theological and psychological assumptions upon which it is based. Contrasts these with teachings of Judaism about the relationship between justice and forgiveness, and critiques “radical forgiveness” from Judaic, psychological, and moral philosophical perspectives. Analyzes the relationship between Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and New Testament views on forgiveness. Reasons for forgiving offenders are discussed, when it is morally and psychologically desirable to do so. Distinguishes between forgiveness as dissipation of anger at an offender, compassion for an offender, and love of an offender – “loving your enemy”.Less
Discusses the Christian value of radical forgiveness and the theological and psychological assumptions upon which it is based. Contrasts these with teachings of Judaism about the relationship between justice and forgiveness, and critiques “radical forgiveness” from Judaic, psychological, and moral philosophical perspectives. Analyzes the relationship between Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and New Testament views on forgiveness. Reasons for forgiving offenders are discussed, when it is morally and psychologically desirable to do so. Distinguishes between forgiveness as dissipation of anger at an offender, compassion for an offender, and love of an offender – “loving your enemy”.
Ingo Gildenhard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199291557
- eISBN:
- 9780191594885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291557.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter explores the sociological equivalent of Cicero's anthropological distinction between ‘good men’ and ‘the naturally wicked’, i.e. his conceptions of Roman society and, more generally, ...
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This chapter explores the sociological equivalent of Cicero's anthropological distinction between ‘good men’ and ‘the naturally wicked’, i.e. his conceptions of Roman society and, more generally, human civilization, as the larger spheres of action in which the struggles between the good and the bad play themselves out. Special attention is given to his idiosyncratic reconfiguration of Roman geo‐politics and his rhetoric of crisis as an enabling condition for his heroic interventions against ‘enemies within’, as well as his investment in the notion of humanitas and his endorsement of (lethal) violence as a means of last resort to safeguard society and civilization.Less
This chapter explores the sociological equivalent of Cicero's anthropological distinction between ‘good men’ and ‘the naturally wicked’, i.e. his conceptions of Roman society and, more generally, human civilization, as the larger spheres of action in which the struggles between the good and the bad play themselves out. Special attention is given to his idiosyncratic reconfiguration of Roman geo‐politics and his rhetoric of crisis as an enabling condition for his heroic interventions against ‘enemies within’, as well as his investment in the notion of humanitas and his endorsement of (lethal) violence as a means of last resort to safeguard society and civilization.
Matthew M. Briones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691129488
- eISBN:
- 9781400842216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691129488.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter talks about how Kikuchi suspected that his belief in his alienable rights as a citizen would be severely challenged. A year earlier, Congress had passed the Alien Registration Act, ...
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This chapter talks about how Kikuchi suspected that his belief in his alienable rights as a citizen would be severely challenged. A year earlier, Congress had passed the Alien Registration Act, requiring the registration and fingerprinting of all aliens over the age of fourteen. The law had passed in large part due to unsubstantiated rumors of fifth column activity and espionage on the part of enemy aliens, especially German Americans. At the same time, the Department of Justice and the FBI were compiling a short list of dangerous or subversive aliens—German, Italian, and Japanese—who were to be arrested as soon as war broke out with their particular countries. The chapter shows how Kikuchi viewed the situation through a racial lens—citing Hitler's anti-Jewish pogroms—whereas he had been preoccupied with class after his migratory work in the San Joaquin Valley.Less
This chapter talks about how Kikuchi suspected that his belief in his alienable rights as a citizen would be severely challenged. A year earlier, Congress had passed the Alien Registration Act, requiring the registration and fingerprinting of all aliens over the age of fourteen. The law had passed in large part due to unsubstantiated rumors of fifth column activity and espionage on the part of enemy aliens, especially German Americans. At the same time, the Department of Justice and the FBI were compiling a short list of dangerous or subversive aliens—German, Italian, and Japanese—who were to be arrested as soon as war broke out with their particular countries. The chapter shows how Kikuchi viewed the situation through a racial lens—citing Hitler's anti-Jewish pogroms—whereas he had been preoccupied with class after his migratory work in the San Joaquin Valley.
