Raymond C. Kuo
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781503628434
- eISBN:
- 9781503628571
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503628434.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Nations have powerful reasons to get their military alliances right. When security pacts go well, they underpin regional and global order; when they fail, they spread wars across continents as states ...
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Nations have powerful reasons to get their military alliances right. When security pacts go well, they underpin regional and global order; when they fail, they spread wars across continents as states are dragged into conflict. We would, therefore, expect states to carefully tailor their military partnerships to specific conditions. This expectation, Raymond C. Kuo argues, is wrong.
Following the Leader argues that most countries ignore their individual security interests in military pacts, instead converging on a single, dominant alliance strategy. The book introduces a new social theory of strategic diffusion and emulation, using case studies and advanced statistical analysis of alliances from 1815 to 2003. In the wake of each major war that shatters the international system, a new hegemon creates a core military partnership to target its greatest enemy. Secondary and peripheral countries rush to emulate this alliance, illustrating their credibility and prestige by mimicking the dominant form.
Be it the NATO model that seems so commonsense today, or the realpolitik that reigned in Europe of the late nineteenth century, a lone alliance strategy has defined broad swaths of diplomatic history. It is not states' own security interests driving this phenomenon, Kuo shows, but their jockeying for status in a world periodically remade by great powers.Less
Nations have powerful reasons to get their military alliances right. When security pacts go well, they underpin regional and global order; when they fail, they spread wars across continents as states are dragged into conflict. We would, therefore, expect states to carefully tailor their military partnerships to specific conditions. This expectation, Raymond C. Kuo argues, is wrong.
Following the Leader argues that most countries ignore their individual security interests in military pacts, instead converging on a single, dominant alliance strategy. The book introduces a new social theory of strategic diffusion and emulation, using case studies and advanced statistical analysis of alliances from 1815 to 2003. In the wake of each major war that shatters the international system, a new hegemon creates a core military partnership to target its greatest enemy. Secondary and peripheral countries rush to emulate this alliance, illustrating their credibility and prestige by mimicking the dominant form.
Be it the NATO model that seems so commonsense today, or the realpolitik that reigned in Europe of the late nineteenth century, a lone alliance strategy has defined broad swaths of diplomatic history. It is not states' own security interests driving this phenomenon, Kuo shows, but their jockeying for status in a world periodically remade by great powers.
Nancey Murphy and Warren S. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199215393
- eISBN:
- 9780191707025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215393.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The charge is often made that a physicalist cannot make sense of meaning. This chapter argues that the supposed mysteries of meaning and intentionality are a product of Cartesian assumptions ...
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The charge is often made that a physicalist cannot make sense of meaning. This chapter argues that the supposed mysteries of meaning and intentionality are a product of Cartesian assumptions regarding the inwardness of mental acts and the passivity of the knower. If instead we consider the mental in terms of emulations of embodied action in the social world, there is no more mystery as to how the word ‘chair’ (for example) hooks onto the world than there is in how one learns to sit in one. Consideration is given to the neural capacities needed for increasingly complex use of symbols, and to the embodied nature of meaning in language. Symbolic language — in fact, quite sophisticated symbolic language — is a prerequisite for both reasoning and morally responsible action.Less
The charge is often made that a physicalist cannot make sense of meaning. This chapter argues that the supposed mysteries of meaning and intentionality are a product of Cartesian assumptions regarding the inwardness of mental acts and the passivity of the knower. If instead we consider the mental in terms of emulations of embodied action in the social world, there is no more mystery as to how the word ‘chair’ (for example) hooks onto the world than there is in how one learns to sit in one. Consideration is given to the neural capacities needed for increasingly complex use of symbols, and to the embodied nature of meaning in language. Symbolic language — in fact, quite sophisticated symbolic language — is a prerequisite for both reasoning and morally responsible action.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.
Peter Liddel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226580
- eISBN:
- 9780191710186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226580.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter investigates the negotiation of obligations in the law-courts, assembly (ecclesia) and Athenian public writing and the records of this provided by Attic oratory and epigraphy of the 4th ...
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This chapter investigates the negotiation of obligations in the law-courts, assembly (ecclesia) and Athenian public writing and the records of this provided by Attic oratory and epigraphy of the 4th century. Prescriptive statutes (laws (nomoi) and (non-honorary) decrees (psephismata)) and the legal procedures of the Athenians provided the bases of some obligations (4.1.1). Additionally, there was a wide range of values used in the grounding of obligations: piety and adherence to oath, values related to sharing, reciprocity, consensual contribution and the emulation of mythological and historical precedent (4.1.3-8). Forms of argumentation based on ideas such as amplification, evocation of pity and imagery, and oratorical fiat were also extensively employed (4.1.9-11). The Athenians encouraged the competition in the fulfilment of obligations through publication of honorary decrees and lists (4.2-3). Finally, this chapter considers the Athenian dedicatory habit as a popular response to the city’s encouragement of obligations and euergetic behaviour (4.4).Less
This chapter investigates the negotiation of obligations in the law-courts, assembly (ecclesia) and Athenian public writing and the records of this provided by Attic oratory and epigraphy of the 4th century. Prescriptive statutes (laws (nomoi) and (non-honorary) decrees (psephismata)) and the legal procedures of the Athenians provided the bases of some obligations (4.1.1). Additionally, there was a wide range of values used in the grounding of obligations: piety and adherence to oath, values related to sharing, reciprocity, consensual contribution and the emulation of mythological and historical precedent (4.1.3-8). Forms of argumentation based on ideas such as amplification, evocation of pity and imagery, and oratorical fiat were also extensively employed (4.1.9-11). The Athenians encouraged the competition in the fulfilment of obligations through publication of honorary decrees and lists (4.2-3). Finally, this chapter considers the Athenian dedicatory habit as a popular response to the city’s encouragement of obligations and euergetic behaviour (4.4).
Douglas V. Porpora
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134919
- eISBN:
- 9780199834563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134915.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Argues that through a felt lack of religious experience, many Americans are emotionally detached from the sacred. Whereas religious ethics ought to be the inspired emulation of God's perceived ...
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Argues that through a felt lack of religious experience, many Americans are emotionally detached from the sacred. Whereas religious ethics ought to be the inspired emulation of God's perceived goodness, religious ethics too often degenerate into divine command theory, where ethical rules are followed simply because they have been commanded by God. This emotional estrangement from the sacred has been an overlooked element in the secularization debate.Less
Argues that through a felt lack of religious experience, many Americans are emotionally detached from the sacred. Whereas religious ethics ought to be the inspired emulation of God's perceived goodness, religious ethics too often degenerate into divine command theory, where ethical rules are followed simply because they have been commanded by God. This emotional estrangement from the sacred has been an overlooked element in the secularization debate.
Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The conclusion emphasizes the holistic view of consumption provided by the book. Consumption was not just a relationship between people and things, but a relationship between people; the relationship ...
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The conclusion emphasizes the holistic view of consumption provided by the book. Consumption was not just a relationship between people and things, but a relationship between people; the relationship between consumers and producers was much closer and more meaningful in early modern England than in the modern, or even eighteenth-century, economy. The early seventeenth-century was not necessarily more ‘traditional’ or stable; however, there is evidence of fashion and constant change. Emulation has been over-emphasized in existing discussions; instead, we should consider the transmission of consumer knowledge, which different social groups utilized as they saw fit. Both men and women took responsibility for consumption, but typically performed different roles: men asserted status through spending, while women aspired to good management and thrift.Less
The conclusion emphasizes the holistic view of consumption provided by the book. Consumption was not just a relationship between people and things, but a relationship between people; the relationship between consumers and producers was much closer and more meaningful in early modern England than in the modern, or even eighteenth-century, economy. The early seventeenth-century was not necessarily more ‘traditional’ or stable; however, there is evidence of fashion and constant change. Emulation has been over-emphasized in existing discussions; instead, we should consider the transmission of consumer knowledge, which different social groups utilized as they saw fit. Both men and women took responsibility for consumption, but typically performed different roles: men asserted status through spending, while women aspired to good management and thrift.
Alice H. Amsden
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139693
- eISBN:
- 9780199832897
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139690.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import ...
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Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import substitutes. What differed among countries was how vigorously and rapidly exportables were extracted from a sequentially rising number of import substitution sectors. The wide variation among countries in export coefficient—share of exports (manufactured and non‐manufactured) in GDP—depended on structural characteristics (population size and density), investment rates, and price distortions. Even controlling for these variables, however, some countries became overexporters while others remained underexporters. The reasons behind this disparity—rather than its importance for growth—are explored in this chapter, which addresses in particular the trading institutions of the latecomers and the influence of earlier industrializers on them—notably Japan and its Asian emulators, the USA and its South American emulators, and (later) Europe as a role model.Less
Successful late industrializing countries (the rest) all allocated intermediate assets to the same set of mid‐technology industries, and in almost all cases, these industries started as import substitutes. What differed among countries was how vigorously and rapidly exportables were extracted from a sequentially rising number of import substitution sectors. The wide variation among countries in export coefficient—share of exports (manufactured and non‐manufactured) in GDP—depended on structural characteristics (population size and density), investment rates, and price distortions. Even controlling for these variables, however, some countries became overexporters while others remained underexporters. The reasons behind this disparity—rather than its importance for growth—are explored in this chapter, which addresses in particular the trading institutions of the latecomers and the influence of earlier industrializers on them—notably Japan and its Asian emulators, the USA and its South American emulators, and (later) Europe as a role model.
Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199556267
- eISBN:
- 9780191725609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556267.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The second historical case revisits Britain's role in the nineteenth century. While conventionally Pax Britannica has been presented as one of the cases of hegemonic stability, this view has been ...
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The second historical case revisits Britain's role in the nineteenth century. While conventionally Pax Britannica has been presented as one of the cases of hegemonic stability, this view has been strongly challenged. The chapter suggests that Britain can be considered a case of singular hegemony, but of a distinctive type: it depended as much on British weaknesses as on its strengths. This was especially so in its inability to control the European balance, as also in its increasingly exposed position in the Empire. Rather than rehearse the material dimensions of British economic power, the chapter turns instead to the followers, and asks to what extent Britain was viewed as a model for emulation, or encouraged a liberal order. These issues are explored in the contexts of free trade, and the roles of sterling and the gold standard.Less
The second historical case revisits Britain's role in the nineteenth century. While conventionally Pax Britannica has been presented as one of the cases of hegemonic stability, this view has been strongly challenged. The chapter suggests that Britain can be considered a case of singular hegemony, but of a distinctive type: it depended as much on British weaknesses as on its strengths. This was especially so in its inability to control the European balance, as also in its increasingly exposed position in the Empire. Rather than rehearse the material dimensions of British economic power, the chapter turns instead to the followers, and asks to what extent Britain was viewed as a model for emulation, or encouraged a liberal order. These issues are explored in the contexts of free trade, and the roles of sterling and the gold standard.
Emily J. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780226341811
- eISBN:
- 9780226341958
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226341958.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
The book tells the story of the rise of the modern research university through German-American exchange. Levine argues that the German and American reformers she features, including Abraham Flexner, ...
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The book tells the story of the rise of the modern research university through German-American exchange. Levine argues that the German and American reformers she features, including Abraham Flexner, Martha Carey Thomas, and W. E. B. Du Bois, engaged with one another in a relationship she describes as competitive emulation—a relationship that explains how knowledge advances and universities evolve. Levine further contends that the most significant agents for change were academic innovators who negotiated compromises and fashioned academic social contracts among willing parties. The university did not emerge in isolation nor was it ever a finished project. Rather, the compromises were constantly renegotiated by these innovators and other social actors amid changing contexts. Those academic innovators who made the best use of that contracted space created institutions that became centers of knowledge. Even as nations sought world dominance through scholarship, however, universities retained values apart from politics and economics. Allies and Rivals offers a new transatlantic history of the origins and emergence of the modern research university grounded in the competitive dynamics of cities and nation states, thus furthering our understanding of what makes universities unique as institutions in the world.Less
The book tells the story of the rise of the modern research university through German-American exchange. Levine argues that the German and American reformers she features, including Abraham Flexner, Martha Carey Thomas, and W. E. B. Du Bois, engaged with one another in a relationship she describes as competitive emulation—a relationship that explains how knowledge advances and universities evolve. Levine further contends that the most significant agents for change were academic innovators who negotiated compromises and fashioned academic social contracts among willing parties. The university did not emerge in isolation nor was it ever a finished project. Rather, the compromises were constantly renegotiated by these innovators and other social actors amid changing contexts. Those academic innovators who made the best use of that contracted space created institutions that became centers of knowledge. Even as nations sought world dominance through scholarship, however, universities retained values apart from politics and economics. Allies and Rivals offers a new transatlantic history of the origins and emergence of the modern research university grounded in the competitive dynamics of cities and nation states, thus furthering our understanding of what makes universities unique as institutions in the world.
David Der-wei Wang
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9789888528448
- eISBN:
- 9789882209916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888528448.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Conventional wisdom has it that Chinese modernism arose as part of the May Fourth literary reform, a movement purportedly predicated on radical anti-traditionalism. The fact that Du Fu is the ...
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Conventional wisdom has it that Chinese modernism arose as part of the May Fourth literary reform, a movement purportedly predicated on radical anti-traditionalism. The fact that Du Fu is the “author” worshiped by multiple modern Chinese poets during the past century prods us to reconsider the motivations of Chinese literary modernity. Their “search” for the ancient “sage of poetry” not only points to a unique dialogical relationship between the moderns and a premodern “author” but also offers an important clue to the genealogy of Chinese literary modernity. The way in which Chinese modernists have continually treated Du Fu as a source of inspiration, finding in him a kindred spirit, is a highly intriguing phenomenon. This essay introduces six modernist Chinese and Sinophone poets in search of Du Fu—Huang Canran 黃燦然, Xi Chuan 西川, Wai-lim Yip 葉維廉, Xiao Kaiyu 蕭開愚, Luo Fu 洛夫, and Luo Qing 羅青—along with their aspirations and conjurations, appropriations and revisions.Less
Conventional wisdom has it that Chinese modernism arose as part of the May Fourth literary reform, a movement purportedly predicated on radical anti-traditionalism. The fact that Du Fu is the “author” worshiped by multiple modern Chinese poets during the past century prods us to reconsider the motivations of Chinese literary modernity. Their “search” for the ancient “sage of poetry” not only points to a unique dialogical relationship between the moderns and a premodern “author” but also offers an important clue to the genealogy of Chinese literary modernity. The way in which Chinese modernists have continually treated Du Fu as a source of inspiration, finding in him a kindred spirit, is a highly intriguing phenomenon. This essay introduces six modernist Chinese and Sinophone poets in search of Du Fu—Huang Canran 黃燦然, Xi Chuan 西川, Wai-lim Yip 葉維廉, Xiao Kaiyu 蕭開愚, Luo Fu 洛夫, and Luo Qing 羅青—along with their aspirations and conjurations, appropriations and revisions.
Peter Borsay
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202554
- eISBN:
- 9780191675409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202554.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter describes the Urban Renaissance not as a movement built solely on self-interest and social emulation but in terms of its nobler, uplifting aspects, seeking to foster man's finer ...
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This chapter describes the Urban Renaissance not as a movement built solely on self-interest and social emulation but in terms of its nobler, uplifting aspects, seeking to foster man's finer qualities. In this respect, it was part of a wider movement, an English enlightenment, whose underlying mission was to rescue the nation from barbarity and ignorance; in a word, to civilize it. One of the most commendable activities a gentleman could engage in, and one in which moderation and an even temper were regarded as assets, was that of meeting and mixing with fellow human beings. Indeed, sociability was considered one of the foremost civilizing influences of the era. William Hutton, in the confident tones of the English enlightenment, wrote that ‘Man is evidently formed for society: intercourse of one with another, like two blocks of marble in friction, reduces the rough prominences of behavior, and gives a polish to the manners’. For this reason 18th-century England developed a thirst for human contact.Less
This chapter describes the Urban Renaissance not as a movement built solely on self-interest and social emulation but in terms of its nobler, uplifting aspects, seeking to foster man's finer qualities. In this respect, it was part of a wider movement, an English enlightenment, whose underlying mission was to rescue the nation from barbarity and ignorance; in a word, to civilize it. One of the most commendable activities a gentleman could engage in, and one in which moderation and an even temper were regarded as assets, was that of meeting and mixing with fellow human beings. Indeed, sociability was considered one of the foremost civilizing influences of the era. William Hutton, in the confident tones of the English enlightenment, wrote that ‘Man is evidently formed for society: intercourse of one with another, like two blocks of marble in friction, reduces the rough prominences of behavior, and gives a polish to the manners’. For this reason 18th-century England developed a thirst for human contact.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it ...
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This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it referred to a relationship far more complex than that of model and copyist. When nineteenth-century bourgeois Frenchmen established a voluntary association or embarked on a worthy civic project, they inevitably spoke of their desire to ‘excite an honourable emulation’ or to ‘stimulate a noble emulation’. They rarely clarified exactly what was to be imitated or by whom. The meaning of emulation, which in the nineteenth century included a competitive ambiguity about who copied whom, has since been restricted to the description of a simple imitative relationship. Emulation is a lost cliché of nineteenth-century French society for whose members it was a convenient term around which a variety of virtues converged.Less
This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it referred to a relationship far more complex than that of model and copyist. When nineteenth-century bourgeois Frenchmen established a voluntary association or embarked on a worthy civic project, they inevitably spoke of their desire to ‘excite an honourable emulation’ or to ‘stimulate a noble emulation’. They rarely clarified exactly what was to be imitated or by whom. The meaning of emulation, which in the nineteenth century included a competitive ambiguity about who copied whom, has since been restricted to the description of a simple imitative relationship. Emulation is a lost cliché of nineteenth-century French society for whose members it was a convenient term around which a variety of virtues converged.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter considers leisure and argues that emulation and association reconciled the bourgeois work ethic with the conspicuous consumption of spare ...
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This chapter considers leisure and argues that emulation and association reconciled the bourgeois work ethic with the conspicuous consumption of spare time. Indulgence in leisure was crucial to bourgeois status, and not only because it denoted economic success. Leisure signified disposable income, but, equally important, it represented bourgeois emancipation from the demands corporate society placed on an individual's time. The issue of leisure revolved around the poles of gender and class. Emulation and association provided the solution to the bourgeois leisure dilemma. The rhetoric of emulation and the practice of association clarified the class and gender ambiguities of free time. When practised by men in association, a wide variety of leisure pastimes could be defined as masculine, as respectable, and as socially responsible. As a set of activities that could make or unmake class and gender identities, leisure was a serious business and bourgeois Frenchmen treated it as such.Less
This chapter considers leisure and argues that emulation and association reconciled the bourgeois work ethic with the conspicuous consumption of spare time. Indulgence in leisure was crucial to bourgeois status, and not only because it denoted economic success. Leisure signified disposable income, but, equally important, it represented bourgeois emancipation from the demands corporate society placed on an individual's time. The issue of leisure revolved around the poles of gender and class. Emulation and association provided the solution to the bourgeois leisure dilemma. The rhetoric of emulation and the practice of association clarified the class and gender ambiguities of free time. When practised by men in association, a wide variety of leisure pastimes could be defined as masculine, as respectable, and as socially responsible. As a set of activities that could make or unmake class and gender identities, leisure was a serious business and bourgeois Frenchmen treated it as such.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of ...
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This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of the workers and the indigent. Bourgeois patronage of worker association focused on imparting a limited set of bourgeois values and associative practices. Mutual aid was the first form of worker association to engage bourgeois interests. In the 1860s, adult education classes and popular libraries offered workers the opportunity to emulate bourgeois regard for instruction. Finally, in the late 1860s, a few bourgeois innovators turned their attention to worker leisure. The bourgeois patron wanted the worker to imitate — to produce a copy of certain bourgeois virtues such as thrift and sobriety. Working-class interpretations of mutual aid or leisure were of no interest to the bourgeois; they were simply affronts to bourgeois leadership. Workers, not surprisingly, resisted their assigned role of mimic.Less
This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of the workers and the indigent. Bourgeois patronage of worker association focused on imparting a limited set of bourgeois values and associative practices. Mutual aid was the first form of worker association to engage bourgeois interests. In the 1860s, adult education classes and popular libraries offered workers the opportunity to emulate bourgeois regard for instruction. Finally, in the late 1860s, a few bourgeois innovators turned their attention to worker leisure. The bourgeois patron wanted the worker to imitate — to produce a copy of certain bourgeois virtues such as thrift and sobriety. Working-class interpretations of mutual aid or leisure were of no interest to the bourgeois; they were simply affronts to bourgeois leadership. Workers, not surprisingly, resisted their assigned role of mimic.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the late nineteenth-century fragmentation of the bourgeois public sphere. It looks into the tension between the alleged ...
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This chapter discusses the late nineteenth-century fragmentation of the bourgeois public sphere. It looks into the tension between the alleged universality of emulation and the exclusivity of the bourgeoisie. The chapter turns to a new set of associations, those established by the emerging petite bourgeoisie of the 1860s. As industrialisation and urbanisation accelerated, the single, coherent bourgeoisie of the immediate post-revolutionary decades fractured. The petit-bourgeois imitation of bourgeois sociable norms revealed the limits of bourgeois inclusiveness: petit-bourgeois emulation did not, ultimately, win access to the elite. As the industrial economy matured, Frenchmen found it increasingly difficult to imagine society as a harmonious whole, united by the principles and practices of emulation. By 1870 bourgeois claims to be a potentially universal class rang distinctly hollow.Less
This chapter discusses the late nineteenth-century fragmentation of the bourgeois public sphere. It looks into the tension between the alleged universality of emulation and the exclusivity of the bourgeoisie. The chapter turns to a new set of associations, those established by the emerging petite bourgeoisie of the 1860s. As industrialisation and urbanisation accelerated, the single, coherent bourgeoisie of the immediate post-revolutionary decades fractured. The petit-bourgeois imitation of bourgeois sociable norms revealed the limits of bourgeois inclusiveness: petit-bourgeois emulation did not, ultimately, win access to the elite. As the industrial economy matured, Frenchmen found it increasingly difficult to imagine society as a harmonious whole, united by the principles and practices of emulation. By 1870 bourgeois claims to be a potentially universal class rang distinctly hollow.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
For much of the nineteenth century, establishing the bourgeois society of voluntary associations and civic involvement was men's work. Statutes, votes, ...
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For much of the nineteenth century, establishing the bourgeois society of voluntary associations and civic involvement was men's work. Statutes, votes, and public debate governed male bourgeois sociability. The manliness of the bourgeois public sphere and of the activities bourgeois men pursued within it were mutually supporting. Associations' masculine rhetoric of citizenship and science plainly excluded women from their midst. Potentially feminine practices such as charity or music and their less aggressive discourses of harmony acquired impeccable manly credentials when performed publicly and in association. Nineteenth-century sociable circles simultaneously constructed class status and gender difference as part of the same project of emulation. As industrialisation and urbanisation accelerated, the early nineteenth-century model of a united bourgeois citizenry defined by its sociable occupation of the public sphere was no longer an adequate description of French society. In the final decades of the century, class society in France definitively left emulation behind.Less
For much of the nineteenth century, establishing the bourgeois society of voluntary associations and civic involvement was men's work. Statutes, votes, and public debate governed male bourgeois sociability. The manliness of the bourgeois public sphere and of the activities bourgeois men pursued within it were mutually supporting. Associations' masculine rhetoric of citizenship and science plainly excluded women from their midst. Potentially feminine practices such as charity or music and their less aggressive discourses of harmony acquired impeccable manly credentials when performed publicly and in association. Nineteenth-century sociable circles simultaneously constructed class status and gender difference as part of the same project of emulation. As industrialisation and urbanisation accelerated, the early nineteenth-century model of a united bourgeois citizenry defined by its sociable occupation of the public sphere was no longer an adequate description of French society. In the final decades of the century, class society in France definitively left emulation behind.
Gastone Gilli and Paola Gilli
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199558964
- eISBN:
- 9780191720949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558964.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Starting from the concepts of empirical law, model, and scientific theory, a H-bond theory is defined as the encoding of its empirical laws in terms of a more fundamental theory, F. Though both VB ...
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Starting from the concepts of empirical law, model, and scientific theory, a H-bond theory is defined as the encoding of its empirical laws in terms of a more fundamental theory, F. Though both VB and acid-base theories fulfill these condition and give acceptable H-bond theories, a better approach consists in considering the H-bond as a stationary point of a bimolecular reaction pathway leading from D···H-A to D-H···A through the D···H···A transition state. The operator F is now the transition-state theory with its paraphernalia (Leffler-Hammond postulate, Marcus rate-equilibrium theory, linear free-energy relationships, and so on). In this chapter, the validity of this newly-proposed transition-state H-bond theory (TSHBT) is successfully verified on a sample system (the N-H···O/O-H···N competition in the tautomeric ketohydrazone-azoenol system forming intramolecular RAHB) by variable-temperature X-ray crystallography (VTXRC) and Marcus analysis on the DFT-emulated stationary points along the proton-transfer pathway.Less
Starting from the concepts of empirical law, model, and scientific theory, a H-bond theory is defined as the encoding of its empirical laws in terms of a more fundamental theory, F. Though both VB and acid-base theories fulfill these condition and give acceptable H-bond theories, a better approach consists in considering the H-bond as a stationary point of a bimolecular reaction pathway leading from D···H-A to D-H···A through the D···H···A transition state. The operator F is now the transition-state theory with its paraphernalia (Leffler-Hammond postulate, Marcus rate-equilibrium theory, linear free-energy relationships, and so on). In this chapter, the validity of this newly-proposed transition-state H-bond theory (TSHBT) is successfully verified on a sample system (the N-H···O/O-H···N competition in the tautomeric ketohydrazone-azoenol system forming intramolecular RAHB) by variable-temperature X-ray crystallography (VTXRC) and Marcus analysis on the DFT-emulated stationary points along the proton-transfer pathway.
Arkebe Oqubay and Kenichi Ohno (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198841760
- eISBN:
- 9780191877155
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198841760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Authored by eminent scholars, the volume aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, particularly for ...
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Authored by eminent scholars, the volume aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, particularly for twenty-first century late-late developers. The volume explores technological learning at the firm level, policy learning by the state, and the cumulative and multifaceted nature of the learning process, which encompasses learning by doing, by experiment, emulation, innovation, and leapfrogging. Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? These are pertinent questions that require further research and in-depth analysis. The World Bank estimates that out of the 101 middle-income economies in 1960, only thirteen became high income by 2008. This volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. Rejecting both the one-size-fits-all approach and the agnosticism that all nations are unique and different, the volume uses historical as well as firm-level, industry-level, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify the sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. Building on the latecomer-advantage perspective, the volume shows that what is critical for dynamic learning and catch-up is not learning per se but the intensity of learning, robust industrial policies, and the pace and direction of learning. Equally important are the passion to learn, long-term strategic vision, and understanding the context in which successful learning occurs.Less
Authored by eminent scholars, the volume aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, particularly for twenty-first century late-late developers. The volume explores technological learning at the firm level, policy learning by the state, and the cumulative and multifaceted nature of the learning process, which encompasses learning by doing, by experiment, emulation, innovation, and leapfrogging. Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? These are pertinent questions that require further research and in-depth analysis. The World Bank estimates that out of the 101 middle-income economies in 1960, only thirteen became high income by 2008. This volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. Rejecting both the one-size-fits-all approach and the agnosticism that all nations are unique and different, the volume uses historical as well as firm-level, industry-level, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify the sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. Building on the latecomer-advantage perspective, the volume shows that what is critical for dynamic learning and catch-up is not learning per se but the intensity of learning, robust industrial policies, and the pace and direction of learning. Equally important are the passion to learn, long-term strategic vision, and understanding the context in which successful learning occurs.
Mario Cimoli, Giovanni Dosi, and Joseph E. Stiglitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235261
- eISBN:
- 9780191715617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235261.003.0020
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There is no “magic bullet” driving industrialization. The process of accumulation of technological and organizational capabilities does play a crucial role, as highlighted by the many contributions ...
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There is no “magic bullet” driving industrialization. The process of accumulation of technological and organizational capabilities does play a crucial role, as highlighted by the many contributions to this book. But such process has to be matched: first, by a congruent “political economy” offering incentive structures conducive to “learning-based” rent-seeking while curbing rent-seeking tout court; and second by a congruent macroeconomic management. Together, it is possible to identify some regularities in the ingredients and processes driving industrialization, including an “emulation philosophy” vis-à-vis the most promising technological paradigms; various measures safeguarding the possibility of “infant industry learning”; explicit policies of capability-building directed both at education and at nurturing and shaping specific corporate actors; a “political economy of rent-management” favourable to learning and industrialization, while curbing the exploitation of monopolist positions; measures aimed to foster and exploit a weak Intellectual Property Rights regime; and strategies aimed at avoiding the “natural resource course”. Further, the chapter discusses the opportunities and constraints associated with the current regimes of trade and IPR governance, and puts forward some basic building blocks of a proposed new pro-developmental consensus.Less
There is no “magic bullet” driving industrialization. The process of accumulation of technological and organizational capabilities does play a crucial role, as highlighted by the many contributions to this book. But such process has to be matched: first, by a congruent “political economy” offering incentive structures conducive to “learning-based” rent-seeking while curbing rent-seeking tout court; and second by a congruent macroeconomic management. Together, it is possible to identify some regularities in the ingredients and processes driving industrialization, including an “emulation philosophy” vis-à-vis the most promising technological paradigms; various measures safeguarding the possibility of “infant industry learning”; explicit policies of capability-building directed both at education and at nurturing and shaping specific corporate actors; a “political economy of rent-management” favourable to learning and industrialization, while curbing the exploitation of monopolist positions; measures aimed to foster and exploit a weak Intellectual Property Rights regime; and strategies aimed at avoiding the “natural resource course”. Further, the chapter discusses the opportunities and constraints associated with the current regimes of trade and IPR governance, and puts forward some basic building blocks of a proposed new pro-developmental consensus.
Erik S. Reinert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235261
- eISBN:
- 9780191715617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235261.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter outlines a broad historical interpretation of industrial policies in modern history, focusing on technological learning, synergies, and increasing returns. Throughout all experiences of ...
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This chapter outlines a broad historical interpretation of industrial policies in modern history, focusing on technological learning, synergies, and increasing returns. Throughout all experiences of catching up, successful strategies always involved a principle of emulation involving explicit measures explicitly aimed to acquire knowledge in increasing returns activities. Only later, after the success of industrialization, countries can effort forms of market governance relying on the principle of comparative advantage as they emerge from the dynamics of international specialization and trade.Less
This chapter outlines a broad historical interpretation of industrial policies in modern history, focusing on technological learning, synergies, and increasing returns. Throughout all experiences of catching up, successful strategies always involved a principle of emulation involving explicit measures explicitly aimed to acquire knowledge in increasing returns activities. Only later, after the success of industrialization, countries can effort forms of market governance relying on the principle of comparative advantage as they emerge from the dynamics of international specialization and trade.
