Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153216
- eISBN:
- 9781400845217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153216.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter analyzes the cultural heritage, the imperial precedents, and variety of visual models on which powerful Byzantine empresses could draw. In particular, it demonstrates that by the eighth ...
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This chapter analyzes the cultural heritage, the imperial precedents, and variety of visual models on which powerful Byzantine empresses could draw. In particular, it demonstrates that by the eighth and ninth centuries there were significant resources available that might permit imperial authority to adopt feminine forms. The reason for this chronological framework lies in the prominence of two empresses, Irene and Theodora, during the periods of iconoclasm (roughly calculated from 730 to 843). Both reversed bans imposed on the veneration of icons. Irene set a precedent by summoning the Seventh Ecumenical Council held in 787, which justified icons and restored them to a central position in the church, while Theodora is commemorated as a saint for her role in ending the second phase of iconoclasm in 843.Less
This chapter analyzes the cultural heritage, the imperial precedents, and variety of visual models on which powerful Byzantine empresses could draw. In particular, it demonstrates that by the eighth and ninth centuries there were significant resources available that might permit imperial authority to adopt feminine forms. The reason for this chronological framework lies in the prominence of two empresses, Irene and Theodora, during the periods of iconoclasm (roughly calculated from 730 to 843). Both reversed bans imposed on the veneration of icons. Irene set a precedent by summoning the Seventh Ecumenical Council held in 787, which justified icons and restored them to a central position in the church, while Theodora is commemorated as a saint for her role in ending the second phase of iconoclasm in 843.
George M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies ...
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In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.Less
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.
Grant Hayter-Menzies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888083008
- eISBN:
- 9789882207554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083008.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book is about the friendship of two women, the Empress Dowager Cixi and Sarah Pike Conger, the wife of an American diplomat stationed at Peking over the years 1898–1905. Mrs. Conger came to ...
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This book is about the friendship of two women, the Empress Dowager Cixi and Sarah Pike Conger, the wife of an American diplomat stationed at Peking over the years 1898–1905. Mrs. Conger came to China in 1898 a middle-aged woman from Iowa who knew nothing of China's people or its culture. Yet she left seven years later one of the nation's most sympathetic defenders. A survivor of the Boxer Uprising, one of history's greatest clashes between East and West, Sarah stretched out a hand to the one person who bore the most blame for the disaster, the Empress Dowager Cixi. And Cixi, who had no reason to love any foreigner, put her hand in Sarah's. This book is the story behind that gesture and the extraordinary friendship that followed.Less
This book is about the friendship of two women, the Empress Dowager Cixi and Sarah Pike Conger, the wife of an American diplomat stationed at Peking over the years 1898–1905. Mrs. Conger came to China in 1898 a middle-aged woman from Iowa who knew nothing of China's people or its culture. Yet she left seven years later one of the nation's most sympathetic defenders. A survivor of the Boxer Uprising, one of history's greatest clashes between East and West, Sarah stretched out a hand to the one person who bore the most blame for the disaster, the Empress Dowager Cixi. And Cixi, who had no reason to love any foreigner, put her hand in Sarah's. This book is the story behind that gesture and the extraordinary friendship that followed.
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153216
- eISBN:
- 9781400845217
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153216.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This book explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. This book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from ...
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This book explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. This book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from empresses and saints to uneducated rural widows. Drawing on a diverse range of sources, the book sheds light on the importance of marriage in imperial statecraft, the tense coexistence of empresses in the imperial court, and the critical relationships of mothers and daughters. It looks at women's interactions with eunuchs, the in-between gender in Byzantine society, and shows how women defended their rights to hold land. The book describes how women controlled their inheritances, participated in urban crowds demanding the dismissal of corrupt officials, followed the processions of holy icons and relics, and marked religious feasts with liturgical celebrations, market activity, and holiday pleasures. The vivid portraits that emerge here reveal how women exerted an unrivalled influence on the patriarchal society of Byzantium, and remained active participants in the many changes that occurred throughout the empire's millennial history. The book brings together the author's finest essays on women and gender written throughout the long span of her career. This volume includes three new essays published here for the very first time and a new general introduction. It also provides a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into her broader views about women and Byzantium.Less
This book explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. This book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from empresses and saints to uneducated rural widows. Drawing on a diverse range of sources, the book sheds light on the importance of marriage in imperial statecraft, the tense coexistence of empresses in the imperial court, and the critical relationships of mothers and daughters. It looks at women's interactions with eunuchs, the in-between gender in Byzantine society, and shows how women defended their rights to hold land. The book describes how women controlled their inheritances, participated in urban crowds demanding the dismissal of corrupt officials, followed the processions of holy icons and relics, and marked religious feasts with liturgical celebrations, market activity, and holiday pleasures. The vivid portraits that emerge here reveal how women exerted an unrivalled influence on the patriarchal society of Byzantium, and remained active participants in the many changes that occurred throughout the empire's millennial history. The book brings together the author's finest essays on women and gender written throughout the long span of her career. This volume includes three new essays published here for the very first time and a new general introduction. It also provides a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into her broader views about women and Byzantium.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195156508
- eISBN:
- 9780199868230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156508.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break ...
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This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break with the Muscovite past—although that break had been foreshadowed and assisted by earlier influences and trends. It adds that 18th-century Russia was an age of apprenticeship and imitation par excellence. It discusses that the death of Peter the Great was followed by a certain relaxation and reaction against his rule: the schools established by Peter could find no students, while intrigue and corruption ran rampant in government and administration. It explains that the Enlightenment image of Peter the great dominated 18th-century Russian thought and literature. The chapter also evaluates Catherine the Great's beliefs and principles, as well as her leadership.Less
This chapter describes 18th-century Russia after the death of Peter the Great as representing a distinct period in the history of Russian culture. It explains that this period marked a decisive break with the Muscovite past—although that break had been foreshadowed and assisted by earlier influences and trends. It adds that 18th-century Russia was an age of apprenticeship and imitation par excellence. It discusses that the death of Peter the Great was followed by a certain relaxation and reaction against his rule: the schools established by Peter could find no students, while intrigue and corruption ran rampant in government and administration. It explains that the Enlightenment image of Peter the great dominated 18th-century Russian thought and literature. The chapter also evaluates Catherine the Great's beliefs and principles, as well as her leadership.
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153216
- eISBN:
- 9781400845217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153216.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter examines the issue of whether women could rule in Byzantium. It does so by concentrating on the period when Empress Irene was officially at the head of the imperial government, as regent ...
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This chapter examines the issue of whether women could rule in Byzantium. It does so by concentrating on the period when Empress Irene was officially at the head of the imperial government, as regent for her young son from 780 to 790, and later as sole ruler. In the five years from 797 to 802 Irene ruled alone, an unprecedented event in the history of Byzantium. Irene was selected to marry Leo, the eldest son of Emperor Constantine V in 769, when both bride and groom were in their teens. Fifteen months later she gave birth to their son, named Constantine after his grandfather. In 780 Leo died, and Irene assumed a more prominent role as the empress-mother who formed the regency with the patriarch and other members of the administration. For the next decade she appointed officials to lead the armies, to govern and tax the empire's regions, to run the civilian administration and conduct diplomatic relations with foreign powers.Less
This chapter examines the issue of whether women could rule in Byzantium. It does so by concentrating on the period when Empress Irene was officially at the head of the imperial government, as regent for her young son from 780 to 790, and later as sole ruler. In the five years from 797 to 802 Irene ruled alone, an unprecedented event in the history of Byzantium. Irene was selected to marry Leo, the eldest son of Emperor Constantine V in 769, when both bride and groom were in their teens. Fifteen months later she gave birth to their son, named Constantine after his grandfather. In 780 Leo died, and Irene assumed a more prominent role as the empress-mother who formed the regency with the patriarch and other members of the administration. For the next decade she appointed officials to lead the armies, to govern and tax the empire's regions, to run the civilian administration and conduct diplomatic relations with foreign powers.
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153216
- eISBN:
- 9781400845217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153216.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter considers moments when the Byzantine court appeared to contain many empresses. In the political ideology of the Byzantine Empire, there was place for only one ruler, the emperor “crowned ...
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This chapter considers moments when the Byzantine court appeared to contain many empresses. In the political ideology of the Byzantine Empire, there was place for only one ruler, the emperor “crowned by God” and blessed by the church, who united all his subjects within the known world, oikoumene. And while many conflicts and civil wars were fought over the succession, once an emperor had been crowned in Constantinople his authority was greatly enhanced over the imperial court as well as his uncrowned rivals. As the structures of imperial court life evolved, two factors materialized into greater significance: the presence of an empress, usually the emperor's wife, became essential to court rituals; and an empress had to take charge of the female sector of the court. When two women were elevated to the same position of empress, it was necessary for one to be designated as the official holder of the title, which could provoke immense rivalry.Less
This chapter considers moments when the Byzantine court appeared to contain many empresses. In the political ideology of the Byzantine Empire, there was place for only one ruler, the emperor “crowned by God” and blessed by the church, who united all his subjects within the known world, oikoumene. And while many conflicts and civil wars were fought over the succession, once an emperor had been crowned in Constantinople his authority was greatly enhanced over the imperial court as well as his uncrowned rivals. As the structures of imperial court life evolved, two factors materialized into greater significance: the presence of an empress, usually the emperor's wife, became essential to court rituals; and an empress had to take charge of the female sector of the court. When two women were elevated to the same position of empress, it was necessary for one to be designated as the official holder of the title, which could provoke immense rivalry.
J. M. Hussey
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198264569
- eISBN:
- 9780191601170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198264569.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The introductory part discusses the growing cult of the icon in the Orthodox Church and the controversies that this gave rise to in the period 728–843; the cult started in the late sixth and seventh ...
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The introductory part discusses the growing cult of the icon in the Orthodox Church and the controversies that this gave rise to in the period 728–843; the cult started in the late sixth and seventh centuries, and is attributed to a need for additional security. The first section discusses the North Syrian rulers and the initial phase of the controversy from 726 to 787: the background to the crisis, the opening actions against icons (iconoclasm) under Leo III, and the further measures taken by Constantine V and the council of 754. The second section discusses the first restoration of the icons, and covers the Empress Irene and the council of Nicaea (787), conflicting currents in 787–843, and Irene and Constantine VI. The third section discusses the second phase of iconoclasm, and the fourth the restoration of orthodoxy (of icon veneration) in 843 under Patriarch Methodius. The last section discusses the significance of the controversy over icons.Less
The introductory part discusses the growing cult of the icon in the Orthodox Church and the controversies that this gave rise to in the period 728–843; the cult started in the late sixth and seventh centuries, and is attributed to a need for additional security. The first section discusses the North Syrian rulers and the initial phase of the controversy from 726 to 787: the background to the crisis, the opening actions against icons (iconoclasm) under Leo III, and the further measures taken by Constantine V and the council of 754. The second section discusses the first restoration of the icons, and covers the Empress Irene and the council of Nicaea (787), conflicting currents in 787–843, and Irene and Constantine VI. The third section discusses the second phase of iconoclasm, and the fourth the restoration of orthodoxy (of icon veneration) in 843 under Patriarch Methodius. The last section discusses the significance of the controversy over icons.
Edmund King
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203643
- eISBN:
- 9780191675928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203643.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the anarchy in the reign of King Stephen in England from 1135 to 1154. The reign of King Stephen has been popularly called ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the anarchy in the reign of King Stephen in England from 1135 to 1154. The reign of King Stephen has been popularly called a period of weak government mainly because of his competition for power with his cousin Empress Matilda. His rule was characterized by the breakdown of public order and eventually a civil war. This book examines the aristocracy of King Stephen, his acquisition of religious castles, and the Treaty of Winchester.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the anarchy in the reign of King Stephen in England from 1135 to 1154. The reign of King Stephen has been popularly called a period of weak government mainly because of his competition for power with his cousin Empress Matilda. His rule was characterized by the breakdown of public order and eventually a civil war. This book examines the aristocracy of King Stephen, his acquisition of religious castles, and the Treaty of Winchester.
Marjorie Chibnall
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203643
- eISBN:
- 9780191675928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203643.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the role of Normandy in the so-called anarchy in the reign of King Stephen of England. It suggests that John Horace Round's biography of Geoffrey de Mandeville failed to mention ...
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This chapter examines the role of Normandy in the so-called anarchy in the reign of King Stephen of England. It suggests that John Horace Round's biography of Geoffrey de Mandeville failed to mention important details relevant to the anarchic reign of King Stephen. These include de Mandeville and Empress Matilda's conquest of Normandy in 1144, where they established a base from which they might launch an attack against England. Another detail missed by Round is the Empress's key fortress of Argentan and the castles of Caen and Rouen.Less
This chapter examines the role of Normandy in the so-called anarchy in the reign of King Stephen of England. It suggests that John Horace Round's biography of Geoffrey de Mandeville failed to mention important details relevant to the anarchic reign of King Stephen. These include de Mandeville and Empress Matilda's conquest of Normandy in 1144, where they established a base from which they might launch an attack against England. Another detail missed by Round is the Empress's key fortress of Argentan and the castles of Caen and Rouen.
Beverly Bossler
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520254435
- eISBN:
- 9780520941519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520254435.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
The extraordinary story of Emperor Zhenzong and Empress Liu reveals much about the interaction of gender, pleasure, and power at the Chinese court. Although Empress Liu was unusually successful in ...
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The extraordinary story of Emperor Zhenzong and Empress Liu reveals much about the interaction of gender, pleasure, and power at the Chinese court. Although Empress Liu was unusually successful in parlaying her entertainment skills into political power, she was far from unique. Yet entertainers—especially female entertainers—were highly anomalous figures at the court during the Song dynasty of China: they fell outside (or in between) regular categories of court women; they moved freely between the court and the outside world; they were among the most despised of social groups, but they circulated among the highest reaches of Song society. They were deployed as symbols of power and prestige, and invoked as signs of decadence and decline. The power of entertainers to attract imperial attention, together with the helplessness of the outer court in the face of such attraction, is nowhere more evident than in the biographies of two women who entered the court as entertainers and rose to become empresses of the realm: Empress Liu and Empress Yang.Less
The extraordinary story of Emperor Zhenzong and Empress Liu reveals much about the interaction of gender, pleasure, and power at the Chinese court. Although Empress Liu was unusually successful in parlaying her entertainment skills into political power, she was far from unique. Yet entertainers—especially female entertainers—were highly anomalous figures at the court during the Song dynasty of China: they fell outside (or in between) regular categories of court women; they moved freely between the court and the outside world; they were among the most despised of social groups, but they circulated among the highest reaches of Song society. They were deployed as symbols of power and prestige, and invoked as signs of decadence and decline. The power of entertainers to attract imperial attention, together with the helplessness of the outer court in the face of such attraction, is nowhere more evident than in the biographies of two women who entered the court as entertainers and rose to become empresses of the realm: Empress Liu and Empress Yang.
Ralph-Johannes Lilie
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204077
- eISBN:
- 9780191676116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204077.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The extent of Byzantine rule and the possibilities for Byzantine influence in Syria and Palestine in the 12th century do not accord well with the degree of energy the Greeks expended in this area. In ...
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The extent of Byzantine rule and the possibilities for Byzantine influence in Syria and Palestine in the 12th century do not accord well with the degree of energy the Greeks expended in this area. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem Byzantine influence is evident only in the twenty-two years between 1158 and 1180. In the County of Tripoli Byzantine feudal supremacy was already recognized in 1101 and by 1112 had been confirmed several times, but in the following years the Greeks do not seem to have put in an appearance there; at least according to sources. In 1137-8 this dependency was renewed without leading to any known developments. In 1158 Manuel was able to bring Tripoli under Byzantine influence again but by 1160 the county was sharply opposed to the Greeks as a result of the events concerning the potential Empress Melisende who, notwithstanding preliminary agreements, had been repudiated by the Emperor. Since in 1164 King Amalric of Jerusalem took over the regency for Count Raymond III, taken prisoner at Harim, it may be supposed that, in the following period, the county followed the general policy of Jerusalem and thus approached Byzantium once more. In 1174 Raymond returned from captivity, but then adopted a pro-Byzantine policy. However, this was irrelevant after 1180 since we can establish that after that date there was no further Byzantine engagement in Syria in favour of the crusaders and consequently no Greek influence there.Less
The extent of Byzantine rule and the possibilities for Byzantine influence in Syria and Palestine in the 12th century do not accord well with the degree of energy the Greeks expended in this area. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem Byzantine influence is evident only in the twenty-two years between 1158 and 1180. In the County of Tripoli Byzantine feudal supremacy was already recognized in 1101 and by 1112 had been confirmed several times, but in the following years the Greeks do not seem to have put in an appearance there; at least according to sources. In 1137-8 this dependency was renewed without leading to any known developments. In 1158 Manuel was able to bring Tripoli under Byzantine influence again but by 1160 the county was sharply opposed to the Greeks as a result of the events concerning the potential Empress Melisende who, notwithstanding preliminary agreements, had been repudiated by the Emperor. Since in 1164 King Amalric of Jerusalem took over the regency for Count Raymond III, taken prisoner at Harim, it may be supposed that, in the following period, the county followed the general policy of Jerusalem and thus approached Byzantium once more. In 1174 Raymond returned from captivity, but then adopted a pro-Byzantine policy. However, this was irrelevant after 1180 since we can establish that after that date there was no further Byzantine engagement in Syria in favour of the crusaders and consequently no Greek influence there.
William Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199559855
- eISBN:
- 9780191701788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559855.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack ...
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This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack Pugachev. In June 1774, serfs along the faraway Volga were massacring lords by the thousands. These incidents triggered an uprising in Bohemia the following year. After the fall of these two outbreaks, Catherine II decided that the Russian nobility must be supported more positively and integrated more firmly unto the fabric of regional government. In addition, the Empress Maria Theresia accelerated measures to limit the exactions of lords, while Joseph II charted at her timidity and dreamed of breaking land lord power totally.Less
This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack Pugachev. In June 1774, serfs along the faraway Volga were massacring lords by the thousands. These incidents triggered an uprising in Bohemia the following year. After the fall of these two outbreaks, Catherine II decided that the Russian nobility must be supported more positively and integrated more firmly unto the fabric of regional government. In addition, the Empress Maria Theresia accelerated measures to limit the exactions of lords, while Joseph II charted at her timidity and dreamed of breaking land lord power totally.
Robert B. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198797814
- eISBN:
- 9780191839122
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797814.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Historiography
This book is the first full length biography of Robert (c.1088 × 90–1147), grandson of William the Conqueror and eldest son of King Henry I of England (1100–35). He could not succeed his father ...
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This book is the first full length biography of Robert (c.1088 × 90–1147), grandson of William the Conqueror and eldest son of King Henry I of England (1100–35). He could not succeed his father because he was a bastard. Instead, as the earl of Gloucester, Robert helped change the course of English history by keeping alive the prospects for an Angevin succession through his leadership of its supporters in the civil war known as the Anarchy against his father’s successor, King Stephen (1135–54). The earl is one of the great figures of Anglo-Norman History (1066–1154). He was one of only three landed super-magnates of his day, a model post-Conquest great baron, Marcher lord, borough developer, and patron of the rising merchant class. His trans-Channel barony stretched from western Lower Normandy across England to South Wales. He was both product as well as agent of the contemporary cultural revival known as the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, bilingual, well educated, and a significant literary patron. In this last role, he is especially notable for commissioning the greatest English historian since Bede, William of Malmesbury, to produce a history of their times which justified the Empress Matilda’s claim to the English throne and Earl Robert’s support of it.Less
This book is the first full length biography of Robert (c.1088 × 90–1147), grandson of William the Conqueror and eldest son of King Henry I of England (1100–35). He could not succeed his father because he was a bastard. Instead, as the earl of Gloucester, Robert helped change the course of English history by keeping alive the prospects for an Angevin succession through his leadership of its supporters in the civil war known as the Anarchy against his father’s successor, King Stephen (1135–54). The earl is one of the great figures of Anglo-Norman History (1066–1154). He was one of only three landed super-magnates of his day, a model post-Conquest great baron, Marcher lord, borough developer, and patron of the rising merchant class. His trans-Channel barony stretched from western Lower Normandy across England to South Wales. He was both product as well as agent of the contemporary cultural revival known as the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, bilingual, well educated, and a significant literary patron. In this last role, he is especially notable for commissioning the greatest English historian since Bede, William of Malmesbury, to produce a history of their times which justified the Empress Matilda’s claim to the English throne and Earl Robert’s support of it.
W. H. ZAWADZKI
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203032
- eISBN:
- 9780191675676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203032.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
After the invasion of Poland and seizure of their parent's landed fortune, the two young brothers, Prince Konstanty Czartoryski and Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski went on a journey to St. Petersburg. ...
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After the invasion of Poland and seizure of their parent's landed fortune, the two young brothers, Prince Konstanty Czartoryski and Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski went on a journey to St. Petersburg. Their purpose was to enter service at Empress Catherine II's court, to placate and reverse her sequestration order. This chapter describes the significant events highlighting Poland's international position, constitutional reform, magnate opposition, as well as Adam Czartoryski's political association with Russia.Less
After the invasion of Poland and seizure of their parent's landed fortune, the two young brothers, Prince Konstanty Czartoryski and Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski went on a journey to St. Petersburg. Their purpose was to enter service at Empress Catherine II's court, to placate and reverse her sequestration order. This chapter describes the significant events highlighting Poland's international position, constitutional reform, magnate opposition, as well as Adam Czartoryski's political association with Russia.
Nunzio Pernicone and Fraser M. Ottanelli
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041877
- eISBN:
- 9780252050565
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041877.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Italian anarchists compiled a formidable record of political assassinations during the 1890s: President Marie François Sadi Carnot of France was killed by Santo Caserio in 1894; Prime Minister ...
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Italian anarchists compiled a formidable record of political assassinations during the 1890s: President Marie François Sadi Carnot of France was killed by Santo Caserio in 1894; Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo of Spain by Michele Angiolillo in 1897; Empress Elizabeth of Austria by Luigi Luccheni in 1898; and King Umberto I of Italy by Gaetano Bresci in 1900. No less important were the unsuccessful assassination attempts committed during the same decade: Paolo Lega against Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in 1894; and Pietro Acciarito against King Umberto in 1897. This book, through a specific focus on attentats along with attempted and successful acts of political assassination, provides a full-length study of the historical, economic, social, cultural and political conditions, the social conflicts and left-wing politics along with the transnational experiences in Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland and the United States that led to Italian anarchist violence at the end of the 19th century.Less
Italian anarchists compiled a formidable record of political assassinations during the 1890s: President Marie François Sadi Carnot of France was killed by Santo Caserio in 1894; Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo of Spain by Michele Angiolillo in 1897; Empress Elizabeth of Austria by Luigi Luccheni in 1898; and King Umberto I of Italy by Gaetano Bresci in 1900. No less important were the unsuccessful assassination attempts committed during the same decade: Paolo Lega against Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in 1894; and Pietro Acciarito against King Umberto in 1897. This book, through a specific focus on attentats along with attempted and successful acts of political assassination, provides a full-length study of the historical, economic, social, cultural and political conditions, the social conflicts and left-wing politics along with the transnational experiences in Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland and the United States that led to Italian anarchist violence at the end of the 19th century.
Diliana N. Angelova
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520284012
- eISBN:
- 9780520959682
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520284012.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
Starting with Augustus and extending through early Byzantium, a discourse of imperial founding helped articulate and legitimate imperial authority. Artwork, literature, imperial honors, and the built ...
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Starting with Augustus and extending through early Byzantium, a discourse of imperial founding helped articulate and legitimate imperial authority. Artwork, literature, imperial honors, and the built environment comprised the statements in this multiauthored, empire-wide discourse. These statements were bound by the idea that imperial men and women were sacred founders of the land, mirror images of the empire’s divine founders. By establishing a new capital for the Roman Empire, Constantine and his formidable mother, Helena, initiated a Christian transformation of the discourse of imperial founding. Over time, this transformation empowered imperial women, impacted the cult and images of the Virgin Mary, fueled contests between church and state, and provoked an arresting synthesis of imperial and Christian art.Less
Starting with Augustus and extending through early Byzantium, a discourse of imperial founding helped articulate and legitimate imperial authority. Artwork, literature, imperial honors, and the built environment comprised the statements in this multiauthored, empire-wide discourse. These statements were bound by the idea that imperial men and women were sacred founders of the land, mirror images of the empire’s divine founders. By establishing a new capital for the Roman Empire, Constantine and his formidable mother, Helena, initiated a Christian transformation of the discourse of imperial founding. Over time, this transformation empowered imperial women, impacted the cult and images of the Virgin Mary, fueled contests between church and state, and provoked an arresting synthesis of imperial and Christian art.
Grant Hayter-Menzies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888083008
- eISBN:
- 9789882207554
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083008.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This is the story of two women from worlds that could not seem farther apart — imperial China and the American Midwest — who found common ground before and after one of the greatest clashes between ...
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This is the story of two women from worlds that could not seem farther apart — imperial China and the American Midwest — who found common ground before and after one of the greatest clashes between East and West, the fifty-five day siege of the Beijing foreign legations known as the Boxer Uprising. Using diaries, letters, and other sources, this book traces the parallel lives of Empress Dowager Cixi and American ambassador's wife Sarah Pike Conger, which converged to alter their perspectives of each other and each other's worlds.Less
This is the story of two women from worlds that could not seem farther apart — imperial China and the American Midwest — who found common ground before and after one of the greatest clashes between East and West, the fifty-five day siege of the Beijing foreign legations known as the Boxer Uprising. Using diaries, letters, and other sources, this book traces the parallel lives of Empress Dowager Cixi and American ambassador's wife Sarah Pike Conger, which converged to alter their perspectives of each other and each other's worlds.
Sonya S. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091252
- eISBN:
- 9789882207448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091252.003.0053
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter discusses one of the most elaborate pictorial narratives on Buddha's nirvana from the medieval China of the Dayun Monastery in Yishin governed by Empress Wu. This stele was moved to the ...
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This chapter discusses one of the most elaborate pictorial narratives on Buddha's nirvana from the medieval China of the Dayun Monastery in Yishin governed by Empress Wu. This stele was moved to the local Confucian temple and later to the provincial museum in Taiyuan. Its compositional program was labelled as niepan bian or literally “nirvana transformation.” The material and inscriptional evidence supports an interpretation of the pictorial nirvana narrative that decorated the stele as a localized response to the Wu Zhou regime, whose political ideology built on a particular understanding of Buddhist metaphysics prevalent in the seventh century. The pictorial narrative on the Shanxi stele tells the story of the transformation of the Buddha in three stages through the course of attaining nirvana. The story had its roots in scriptures, biographies, miracle tales, and prose compilations. This chapter also presents a narrative structure of Buddha's death.Less
This chapter discusses one of the most elaborate pictorial narratives on Buddha's nirvana from the medieval China of the Dayun Monastery in Yishin governed by Empress Wu. This stele was moved to the local Confucian temple and later to the provincial museum in Taiyuan. Its compositional program was labelled as niepan bian or literally “nirvana transformation.” The material and inscriptional evidence supports an interpretation of the pictorial nirvana narrative that decorated the stele as a localized response to the Wu Zhou regime, whose political ideology built on a particular understanding of Buddhist metaphysics prevalent in the seventh century. The pictorial narrative on the Shanxi stele tells the story of the transformation of the Buddha in three stages through the course of attaining nirvana. The story had its roots in scriptures, biographies, miracle tales, and prose compilations. This chapter also presents a narrative structure of Buddha's death.
Sonya S. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091252
- eISBN:
- 9789882207448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091252.003.0078
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter discusses the largest reclining Buddha statue ever attempted, housed in a cave temple located near the southernmost tip of Mogao Caves outside Dunhuang. Known by today's numbering system ...
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This chapter discusses the largest reclining Buddha statue ever attempted, housed in a cave temple located near the southernmost tip of Mogao Caves outside Dunhuang. Known by today's numbering system as Cave 148, the structure was built literally to contain an eighteen-meter-long sculpture in an elongated, box-like interior with barrel-vault ceiling. In addition to Cave 148 of the Li family from the eighth century, a previous generation of the same clan also commissioned Cave 332 in 698. Both of the sculptures were built at critical moments in Dunhuang's history as a local response in support of Empress Wu's reign in the capital. Unlike any cave with a Buddhist pantheon so prominently displayed in the west niche as in Cave 45, both Caves 332 and 148 do not allow their viewers to see the colossal statue from the front of the cave.Less
This chapter discusses the largest reclining Buddha statue ever attempted, housed in a cave temple located near the southernmost tip of Mogao Caves outside Dunhuang. Known by today's numbering system as Cave 148, the structure was built literally to contain an eighteen-meter-long sculpture in an elongated, box-like interior with barrel-vault ceiling. In addition to Cave 148 of the Li family from the eighth century, a previous generation of the same clan also commissioned Cave 332 in 698. Both of the sculptures were built at critical moments in Dunhuang's history as a local response in support of Empress Wu's reign in the capital. Unlike any cave with a Buddhist pantheon so prominently displayed in the west niche as in Cave 45, both Caves 332 and 148 do not allow their viewers to see the colossal statue from the front of the cave.
