Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, ...
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Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, and what cities and firms produce. This book synthesizes the recent economics of social interactions for anyone seeking to understand the contributions of this important area. Integrating theory and empirics, the book explores theoretical and empirical tools that economists use to investigate social interactions, and shows how a familiarity with these tools is essential for interpreting findings. It makes work in the economics of social interactions accessible to other social scientists, including sociologists, political scientists, and urban planning and policy researchers. Focusing on individual and household location decisions in the presence of interactions, the book shows how research on cities and neighborhoods can explain community composition and spatial form, as well as changes in productivity, industrial specialization, urban expansion, and national growth. It examines how researchers address the challenge of separating personal, social, and cultural forces from economic ones. It provides a toolkit for the next generation of inquiry, and argues that quantifying the impact of social interactions in specific contexts is essential for grasping their scope and use in informing policy. Revealing how empirical work on social interactions enriches our understanding of cities as engines of innovation and economic growth, the book carries ramifications throughout the social sciences and beyond.Less
Just as we learn from, influence, and are influenced by others, our social interactions drive economic growth in cities, regions, and nations—determining where households live, how children learn, and what cities and firms produce. This book synthesizes the recent economics of social interactions for anyone seeking to understand the contributions of this important area. Integrating theory and empirics, the book explores theoretical and empirical tools that economists use to investigate social interactions, and shows how a familiarity with these tools is essential for interpreting findings. It makes work in the economics of social interactions accessible to other social scientists, including sociologists, political scientists, and urban planning and policy researchers. Focusing on individual and household location decisions in the presence of interactions, the book shows how research on cities and neighborhoods can explain community composition and spatial form, as well as changes in productivity, industrial specialization, urban expansion, and national growth. It examines how researchers address the challenge of separating personal, social, and cultural forces from economic ones. It provides a toolkit for the next generation of inquiry, and argues that quantifying the impact of social interactions in specific contexts is essential for grasping their scope and use in informing policy. Revealing how empirical work on social interactions enriches our understanding of cities as engines of innovation and economic growth, the book carries ramifications throughout the social sciences and beyond.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the theory and empirics of social interactions, with particular emphasis on the role of social context in individual decisions. It begins by introducing a sequence of models ...
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This chapter discusses the theory and empirics of social interactions, with particular emphasis on the role of social context in individual decisions. It begins by introducing a sequence of models that highlight applications in different empirical social interaction settings, including a simple static model that is used to link social interactions theory with social networks theory, notably random graph theory. A dynamic model, where the social structure accommodates a variety of social interaction motives, is then described and solved as a dynamic system of evolving individual actions. The solution links social interactions theory with spatial econometrics. The chapter examines the econometrics of social interactions in social networks and social learning in urban settings before concluding with a review of the literature on social interactions in economics.Less
This chapter discusses the theory and empirics of social interactions, with particular emphasis on the role of social context in individual decisions. It begins by introducing a sequence of models that highlight applications in different empirical social interaction settings, including a simple static model that is used to link social interactions theory with social networks theory, notably random graph theory. A dynamic model, where the social structure accommodates a variety of social interaction motives, is then described and solved as a dynamic system of evolving individual actions. The solution links social interactions theory with spatial econometrics. The chapter examines the econometrics of social interactions in social networks and social learning in urban settings before concluding with a review of the literature on social interactions in economics.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the empirics of urban structure and evolution. It first considers Zipf's law for cities and the vibrant exchanges both over theory and empirics pertaining to it. It then ...
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This chapter examines the empirics of urban structure and evolution. It first considers Zipf's law for cities and the vibrant exchanges both over theory and empirics pertaining to it. It then discusses the Duranton model that explains three empirical regularities regarding endogenous city formation: a stationary law for city size distributions that is skewed to the right; churning of industries across cities as cities experience rapid changes in their industrial compositions; and the pattern of urban size transitions. The chapter also explores the empirics of urban transitions by focusing on models of urban evolution that allow for general intradistributional dependence; the hierarchy principle of industrial diversity; the link between geography and spatial clustering; and studies of urban structure based on “quasi-natural experiments.” Finally, it assesses global aspects of city size distribution and its evolution.Less
This chapter examines the empirics of urban structure and evolution. It first considers Zipf's law for cities and the vibrant exchanges both over theory and empirics pertaining to it. It then discusses the Duranton model that explains three empirical regularities regarding endogenous city formation: a stationary law for city size distributions that is skewed to the right; churning of industries across cities as cities experience rapid changes in their industrial compositions; and the pattern of urban size transitions. The chapter also explores the empirics of urban transitions by focusing on models of urban evolution that allow for general intradistributional dependence; the hierarchy principle of industrial diversity; the link between geography and spatial clustering; and studies of urban structure based on “quasi-natural experiments.” Finally, it assesses global aspects of city size distribution and its evolution.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the link between intercity trade and long-run urban growth. It begins by introducing a Ventura-type model of the growth of isolated cities that allows for investment in physical ...
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This chapter examines the link between intercity trade and long-run urban growth. It begins by introducing a Ventura-type model of the growth of isolated cities that allows for investment in physical capital and in urban transportation as ways to increase urban productive capacity. It then considers a sample of growth empirics for the United States, European, and Brazilian systems of cities with an emphasis on transportation improvements and factor accumulation. It also describes a model of economic growth in a system of cities that leads to a precise description of the law of motion in dynamic settings of either autarkic cities or specialized cities engaged in intercity trade. Finally, it explores the interrelationships between economic integration, urban specialization, and growth; the Rossi-Hansberg–Wright model of urban structure and its evolution; empirical aspects of urban structure and long-run urban growth; and sequential urban growth and decay.Less
This chapter examines the link between intercity trade and long-run urban growth. It begins by introducing a Ventura-type model of the growth of isolated cities that allows for investment in physical capital and in urban transportation as ways to increase urban productive capacity. It then considers a sample of growth empirics for the United States, European, and Brazilian systems of cities with an emphasis on transportation improvements and factor accumulation. It also describes a model of economic growth in a system of cities that leads to a precise description of the law of motion in dynamic settings of either autarkic cities or specialized cities engaged in intercity trade. Finally, it explores the interrelationships between economic integration, urban specialization, and growth; the Rossi-Hansberg–Wright model of urban structure and its evolution; empirical aspects of urban structure and long-run urban growth; and sequential urban growth and decay.
C. A. J. Coady
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198235514
- eISBN:
- 9780191597220
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198235518.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to ...
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The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to bear on the problem of the admissibility and value of expert evidence, especially in criminal trials. It examines various proposals for restricting or enlarging the role of experts, and the implications of these proposals are discussed.Less
The role of expert evidence in the law has been much debated in the legal literature though less so in philosophy. This chapter attempts to bring the insights of the earlier chapters of this book to bear on the problem of the admissibility and value of expert evidence, especially in criminal trials. It examines various proposals for restricting or enlarging the role of experts, and the implications of these proposals are discussed.
Peter V. Rabins
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164726
- eISBN:
- 9780231535458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164726.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter describes the three-facet model of causality. Facet 1 consists of three models of causes: the categorical model (absolute or binary), the probabilistic model (dimensional or continuous), ...
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This chapter describes the three-facet model of causality. Facet 1 consists of three models of causes: the categorical model (absolute or binary), the probabilistic model (dimensional or continuous), and the emergent model (nonlinear). The categorical model identifies causes that directly bring about an event, the categorical model involves “yes/no” reasoning, and the probabilistic model is reflected in the phrase “more/less likely.” Facet 2 shows that causality can be examined at four levels of analysis: predisposing, precipitating, programmatic, and purposive. Facet 3 outlines three distinct logics that can be used to determine cause: empiric logic, empathic logic, and ecclesiastic logic. Three examples of the four levels of cause (predisposition, provocation, programmatic, and purposive) are given: the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the 9/11 World Trade Center building collapse, and substance use disorder.Less
This chapter describes the three-facet model of causality. Facet 1 consists of three models of causes: the categorical model (absolute or binary), the probabilistic model (dimensional or continuous), and the emergent model (nonlinear). The categorical model identifies causes that directly bring about an event, the categorical model involves “yes/no” reasoning, and the probabilistic model is reflected in the phrase “more/less likely.” Facet 2 shows that causality can be examined at four levels of analysis: predisposing, precipitating, programmatic, and purposive. Facet 3 outlines three distinct logics that can be used to determine cause: empiric logic, empathic logic, and ecclesiastic logic. Three examples of the four levels of cause (predisposition, provocation, programmatic, and purposive) are given: the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the 9/11 World Trade Center building collapse, and substance use disorder.
J. Peter Neary
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026451
- eISBN:
- 9780262269124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026451.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
In this chapter, foreign direct investment is further explained as a key feature of the modern globalized world. It gives a brief history of the explosion in FDI since 1985 and makes attempts at ...
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In this chapter, foreign direct investment is further explained as a key feature of the modern globalized world. It gives a brief history of the explosion in FDI since 1985 and makes attempts at explaining the nature, causes and consequences of FDI. How FDI is being run primarily by proximity-concentration trade-off yet decreases in trade costs do not discourage it causes a paradox that becomes the organizing principle of the chapter. By outlining the simplest case of horizontal FDI, vertical FDI and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, the chapter presents a selective overview of the theory and empirics of FDI. In the end, the analysis done show that there are explanations to the paradox, however there remains a question on their relative empirical importance.Less
In this chapter, foreign direct investment is further explained as a key feature of the modern globalized world. It gives a brief history of the explosion in FDI since 1985 and makes attempts at explaining the nature, causes and consequences of FDI. How FDI is being run primarily by proximity-concentration trade-off yet decreases in trade costs do not discourage it causes a paradox that becomes the organizing principle of the chapter. By outlining the simplest case of horizontal FDI, vertical FDI and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, the chapter presents a selective overview of the theory and empirics of FDI. In the end, the analysis done show that there are explanations to the paradox, however there remains a question on their relative empirical importance.
Judith Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190947927
- eISBN:
- 9780190947934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190947927.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter explores the distinctive features of solitary confinement and the ways in which isolation is endemic in the structure of U.S. prisons. It analyze the expansion of solitary confinement, ...
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This chapter explores the distinctive features of solitary confinement and the ways in which isolation is endemic in the structure of U.S. prisons. It analyze the expansion of solitary confinement, the debate about the lawfulness of the practice in the federal courts, and recent data on the widespread use of solitary confinement in state and federal prison systems. The U.S. Supreme Court has not prohibited the practice but has licensed courts to inquire about whether a particular version imposes an “atypical and significant hardship” on an individual. If such a showing is made, then prisons must provide some procedural buffers against arbitrary placements. Nation-wide data demonstrate that more than 60,000 individuals were, as of 2018, placed in cells for 15 days or more for 22 hours or more. Almost 4,000 people have been so confined for three years or more. Solitary confinement is thus all too “typical” a facet of prison life. Its commonplace occurrence ought not insulate solitary confinement from the conclusion that it is an illicitly cruel practice that debilitates individuals. The complexity of ending solitary confinement terms not only from its widespread use but also from the ways in which U.S. prisons are committed to many practices that are isolating and disabling of individuals.Less
This chapter explores the distinctive features of solitary confinement and the ways in which isolation is endemic in the structure of U.S. prisons. It analyze the expansion of solitary confinement, the debate about the lawfulness of the practice in the federal courts, and recent data on the widespread use of solitary confinement in state and federal prison systems. The U.S. Supreme Court has not prohibited the practice but has licensed courts to inquire about whether a particular version imposes an “atypical and significant hardship” on an individual. If such a showing is made, then prisons must provide some procedural buffers against arbitrary placements. Nation-wide data demonstrate that more than 60,000 individuals were, as of 2018, placed in cells for 15 days or more for 22 hours or more. Almost 4,000 people have been so confined for three years or more. Solitary confinement is thus all too “typical” a facet of prison life. Its commonplace occurrence ought not insulate solitary confinement from the conclusion that it is an illicitly cruel practice that debilitates individuals. The complexity of ending solitary confinement terms not only from its widespread use but also from the ways in which U.S. prisons are committed to many practices that are isolating and disabling of individuals.
