Jonathan Wolff and Avner De-Shalit
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278268
- eISBN:
- 9780191707902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278268.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The previous chapters demonstrated that the issue of identifying the least advantaged reduces to the question of whether clustering of disadvantage can be identified among the ‘high-weight ...
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The previous chapters demonstrated that the issue of identifying the least advantaged reduces to the question of whether clustering of disadvantage can be identified among the ‘high-weight functionings’ identified in Chapter 5. It is argued that a series of empirical studies confirm that such clustering exists. In particular, work on the social determinants of health by Marmot and Wilkinson suggests that there is significant clustering of the relevant disadvantages. These results are reinforced by Klinenberg's work on the Chicago heatwave of 1985.Less
The previous chapters demonstrated that the issue of identifying the least advantaged reduces to the question of whether clustering of disadvantage can be identified among the ‘high-weight functionings’ identified in Chapter 5. It is argued that a series of empirical studies confirm that such clustering exists. In particular, work on the social determinants of health by Marmot and Wilkinson suggests that there is significant clustering of the relevant disadvantages. These results are reinforced by Klinenberg's work on the Chicago heatwave of 1985.
Omri Ben-Shahar and Carl E. Schneider
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161709
- eISBN:
- 9781400850389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161709.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter presents evidence showing that mandate disclosure consistently fails to accomplish its stated goals. It begins by asking what standard we should use to assess mandated disclosure and ...
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This chapter presents evidence showing that mandate disclosure consistently fails to accomplish its stated goals. It begins by asking what standard we should use to assess mandated disclosure and goes on to apply the standard that lawmakers and disclosurites set for it. The chapter then reviews empirical studies of disclosure's success as well as results from laboratory experiments that attempt to make disclosure work with research subjects. It also considers signs of deteriorating faith in disclosure among some sophisticated lawmakers and commentators. The chapter shows that some lawmakers have doubts about mandates so they reform them so often and so much, while regulators are expressly critical. Based on the evidence, it shows that mandated disclosure is a regulatory device thats ambitions outweigh its abilities.Less
This chapter presents evidence showing that mandate disclosure consistently fails to accomplish its stated goals. It begins by asking what standard we should use to assess mandated disclosure and goes on to apply the standard that lawmakers and disclosurites set for it. The chapter then reviews empirical studies of disclosure's success as well as results from laboratory experiments that attempt to make disclosure work with research subjects. It also considers signs of deteriorating faith in disclosure among some sophisticated lawmakers and commentators. The chapter shows that some lawmakers have doubts about mandates so they reform them so often and so much, while regulators are expressly critical. Based on the evidence, it shows that mandated disclosure is a regulatory device thats ambitions outweigh its abilities.
David M. Carr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199742608
- eISBN:
- 9780199918737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742608.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter introduces the focus on documented cases of transmission history (also termed “empirical” study of biblical formation), starting with a brief survey of prior such studies by Jeffrey ...
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This chapter introduces the focus on documented cases of transmission history (also termed “empirical” study of biblical formation), starting with a brief survey of prior such studies by Jeffrey Tigay, Emanuel Tov, and others. The balance of the chapter is devoted to extended discussion of two such cases of documented growth of ancient texts far removed from each other both chronologically and geographically: the Gilgamesh Epic and Temple Scroll. Both cases display the sort of “memory variants” discussed in the previous chapter along with a range of other sorts of textual revision, including expansion, conflation, and even (in specific circumstances) omission of elements of prior sources.Less
This chapter introduces the focus on documented cases of transmission history (also termed “empirical” study of biblical formation), starting with a brief survey of prior such studies by Jeffrey Tigay, Emanuel Tov, and others. The balance of the chapter is devoted to extended discussion of two such cases of documented growth of ancient texts far removed from each other both chronologically and geographically: the Gilgamesh Epic and Temple Scroll. Both cases display the sort of “memory variants” discussed in the previous chapter along with a range of other sorts of textual revision, including expansion, conflation, and even (in specific circumstances) omission of elements of prior sources.
Terry S. Trepper and Cynthia Franklin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195385724
- eISBN:
- 9780199914586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385724.003.0155
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter summarizes the state of the art of empirical work in SFBT as described in this book and proposes some future directions for SFBT research. Based on the worldwide popularity of SFBT ...
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This chapter summarizes the state of the art of empirical work in SFBT as described in this book and proposes some future directions for SFBT research. Based on the worldwide popularity of SFBT alone, popularity that is only increasing, there is no doubt that significant research will continue to be developed to test SFBT's mechanisms of change and efficacy. More research is certainly needed, but this chapter takes the opportunity here to point out the important trends and implications of the research that has been presented.Less
This chapter summarizes the state of the art of empirical work in SFBT as described in this book and proposes some future directions for SFBT research. Based on the worldwide popularity of SFBT alone, popularity that is only increasing, there is no doubt that significant research will continue to be developed to test SFBT's mechanisms of change and efficacy. More research is certainly needed, but this chapter takes the opportunity here to point out the important trends and implications of the research that has been presented.
Michio Hatanaka
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198773535
- eISBN:
- 9780191596360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198773536.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
The emergence of stochastic trend has enriched the framework of analysis to investigate economic time series. This chapter explains the meaning of stochastic trend, considers whether it can be ...
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The emergence of stochastic trend has enriched the framework of analysis to investigate economic time series. This chapter explains the meaning of stochastic trend, considers whether it can be derived from existing economic theories, and illustrates its impact on empirical studies of empirical theories. It then presents a brief overview of the chapters included in Part I of this two-part volume.Less
The emergence of stochastic trend has enriched the framework of analysis to investigate economic time series. This chapter explains the meaning of stochastic trend, considers whether it can be derived from existing economic theories, and illustrates its impact on empirical studies of empirical theories. It then presents a brief overview of the chapters included in Part I of this two-part volume.
Ashwani Deshpande
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072034.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the Indian affirmative action (AA) programme, which primarily takes the form of caste-based quotas. Unlike in the US context, which has produced empirical studies of the ...
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This chapter discusses the Indian affirmative action (AA) programme, which primarily takes the form of caste-based quotas. Unlike in the US context, which has produced empirical studies of the productivity impact of AA, for India not a single study has empirically examined the relationship between AA and efficiency or productivity of the enterprise. The first effort to redress this gap was a study by Deshpande and Weisskopf (2010). Examining data from the Indian Railways for 23 years over eight zones, it was shown that AA had no adverse effect on productivity or total output. In some cases, the presence of quota employees in the highest decision-making jobs has a positive impact, confirming the results from several of the US studies.Less
This chapter discusses the Indian affirmative action (AA) programme, which primarily takes the form of caste-based quotas. Unlike in the US context, which has produced empirical studies of the productivity impact of AA, for India not a single study has empirically examined the relationship between AA and efficiency or productivity of the enterprise. The first effort to redress this gap was a study by Deshpande and Weisskopf (2010). Examining data from the Indian Railways for 23 years over eight zones, it was shown that AA had no adverse effect on productivity or total output. In some cases, the presence of quota employees in the highest decision-making jobs has a positive impact, confirming the results from several of the US studies.
A. J. McMichael, P. Martens, R. S. Kovats, and S. Lele
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515326
- eISBN:
- 9780191723667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.003.0025
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the methods used to describe and forecast the health impacts of climate change. It considers the research methods applicable to assessing the potential impacts of climate ...
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This chapter examines the methods used to describe and forecast the health impacts of climate change. It considers the research methods applicable to assessing the potential impacts of climate change, including empirical studies of climate/health relationships, predictive modelling, and general assessments of health consequences of complex demographic, social, and economic disruptions.Less
This chapter examines the methods used to describe and forecast the health impacts of climate change. It considers the research methods applicable to assessing the potential impacts of climate change, including empirical studies of climate/health relationships, predictive modelling, and general assessments of health consequences of complex demographic, social, and economic disruptions.
Saskia Lettmaier
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569977
- eISBN:
- 9780191722066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569977.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter opens with a case study (Orford v. Cole) that presents in detail the way the breach-of-promise action was structured around nineteenth-century notions of ideal womanhood. It provides a ...
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This chapter opens with a case study (Orford v. Cole) that presents in detail the way the breach-of-promise action was structured around nineteenth-century notions of ideal womanhood. It provides a consideration of the strategies practised by plaintiffs and their counsel to obscure the structural inconsistency, and compares these strategies to those practised by other nineteenth-century women similarly positioned on the outskirts of domesticity, on the dangerous interface between the public and the private, so to speak: women writers and women scientists. The chapter finds evidence for the success of these strategies in both the phenomenal awards secured by early-period breach-of-promise plaintiffs and in the fictional records that date from the early period. In the early period, there is no evidence of any fictional exploitation of the structural inconsistency. Rather than exploiting the suit-immanent inconsistency, writers in the early period display a marked tendency to create an inconsistency by inverting the feminine ideal and casting that inversion in the plaintiff role. The artistic effects of this studied ‘miscasting’ – of putting a widow or virago figure where a true woman should be – are both ludicrous and faintly nauseating. In this disharmony, in both the depiction and the reaction it evokes, there is an element of the grotesque, which may be regarded as the dominant aesthetic of early-period breach-of-promise fiction.Less
This chapter opens with a case study (Orford v. Cole) that presents in detail the way the breach-of-promise action was structured around nineteenth-century notions of ideal womanhood. It provides a consideration of the strategies practised by plaintiffs and their counsel to obscure the structural inconsistency, and compares these strategies to those practised by other nineteenth-century women similarly positioned on the outskirts of domesticity, on the dangerous interface between the public and the private, so to speak: women writers and women scientists. The chapter finds evidence for the success of these strategies in both the phenomenal awards secured by early-period breach-of-promise plaintiffs and in the fictional records that date from the early period. In the early period, there is no evidence of any fictional exploitation of the structural inconsistency. Rather than exploiting the suit-immanent inconsistency, writers in the early period display a marked tendency to create an inconsistency by inverting the feminine ideal and casting that inversion in the plaintiff role. The artistic effects of this studied ‘miscasting’ – of putting a widow or virago figure where a true woman should be – are both ludicrous and faintly nauseating. In this disharmony, in both the depiction and the reaction it evokes, there is an element of the grotesque, which may be regarded as the dominant aesthetic of early-period breach-of-promise fiction.
T. N. Madan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069409
- eISBN:
- 9780199080038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069409.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the reasons why Indian and foreign anthropologists have paid inadequate attention to the need for empirical field studies of Hindu ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the reasons why Indian and foreign anthropologists have paid inadequate attention to the need for empirical field studies of Hindu kinship. It then explains the rationale behind the present study, fieldwork, and scope.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the reasons why Indian and foreign anthropologists have paid inadequate attention to the need for empirical field studies of Hindu kinship. It then explains the rationale behind the present study, fieldwork, and scope.
Enola K. Proctor and Ross C. Brownson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199751877
- eISBN:
- 9780199933242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751877.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter advances the concept of “dissemination and implementation (D&I) outcomes” distinct from service system and health outcomes. It proposes several concepts that comprise D&I outcomes and ...
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This chapter advances the concept of “dissemination and implementation (D&I) outcomes” distinct from service system and health outcomes. It proposes several concepts that comprise D&I outcomes and discusses challenges and opportunities in their measurement. Conceptualizing and measuring D&I outcomes will advance understanding of D&I processes and their empirical study. It argues that the progress of D&I science requires the development of reliable and valid measures of outcomes. Reliable and valid measures of D&I outcomes will enable empirical testing of the success of efforts to disseminate and implement new interventions, and pave the way for comparative effectiveness research on D&I strategies.Less
This chapter advances the concept of “dissemination and implementation (D&I) outcomes” distinct from service system and health outcomes. It proposes several concepts that comprise D&I outcomes and discusses challenges and opportunities in their measurement. Conceptualizing and measuring D&I outcomes will advance understanding of D&I processes and their empirical study. It argues that the progress of D&I science requires the development of reliable and valid measures of outcomes. Reliable and valid measures of D&I outcomes will enable empirical testing of the success of efforts to disseminate and implement new interventions, and pave the way for comparative effectiveness research on D&I strategies.
Paul M. Collins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372144
- eISBN:
- 9780199870813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372144.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The U.S. Supreme Court is a public policy battleground in which organized interests attempt to etch their economic, legal, and political preferences into law through the filing of amicus curiae ...
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The U.S. Supreme Court is a public policy battleground in which organized interests attempt to etch their economic, legal, and political preferences into law through the filing of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs. In Friends of the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and Judicial Decision Making, Paul M. Collins, Jr. explores the influence of organized interests on the justices' decision making, including their votes in cases and their decisions to author concurrences and dissents. The author develops novel theories to explain how interest groups might shape judicial choice, building on intuitions derived from disciplines as diverse as law, marketing, political science, and social psychology. Utilizing rigorous empirical analyses, Collins provides unequivocal evidence that interest groups play a significant role in shaping the choices justices make, although not necessarily in a manner that is consistent with prevailing views of how the justices render their decisions. The result is a theoretically rich and empirically rigorous treatment of decision making on the nation's highest Court that informs our understanding of interest group litigation, as well as the legal and attitudinal models of judicial choice.Less
The U.S. Supreme Court is a public policy battleground in which organized interests attempt to etch their economic, legal, and political preferences into law through the filing of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs. In Friends of the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and Judicial Decision Making, Paul M. Collins, Jr. explores the influence of organized interests on the justices' decision making, including their votes in cases and their decisions to author concurrences and dissents. The author develops novel theories to explain how interest groups might shape judicial choice, building on intuitions derived from disciplines as diverse as law, marketing, political science, and social psychology. Utilizing rigorous empirical analyses, Collins provides unequivocal evidence that interest groups play a significant role in shaping the choices justices make, although not necessarily in a manner that is consistent with prevailing views of how the justices render their decisions. The result is a theoretically rich and empirically rigorous treatment of decision making on the nation's highest Court that informs our understanding of interest group litigation, as well as the legal and attitudinal models of judicial choice.
Stephen H. Legomsky
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198254294
- eISBN:
- 9780191681455
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198254294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This book addresses the question of the desirability of specialization in the administration of justice. Should there be more, rather than less, sub-division of the judiciary into specialized ...
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This book addresses the question of the desirability of specialization in the administration of justice. Should there be more, rather than less, sub-division of the judiciary into specialized tribunals? What is most desirable in terms of efficiency, speed, true justice, and cost? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining theoretical paradigms and by describing the results of an empirical study which he has undertaken. He concludes by investigating on variables that apply in different jurisdictions and which should, if accounted for properly, allow generalized lessons to be extracted from the individual studies.Less
This book addresses the question of the desirability of specialization in the administration of justice. Should there be more, rather than less, sub-division of the judiciary into specialized tribunals? What is most desirable in terms of efficiency, speed, true justice, and cost? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining theoretical paradigms and by describing the results of an empirical study which he has undertaken. He concludes by investigating on variables that apply in different jurisdictions and which should, if accounted for properly, allow generalized lessons to be extracted from the individual studies.
Julien A. Deonna, Raffaele Rodogno, and Fabrice Teroni
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199793532
- eISBN:
- 9780199928569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793532.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
In this chapter, which responds to chapter 2, we suggest that a shift of focus from short-term episodes to the more general manifestations of one's sense of shame promotes a completely different ...
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In this chapter, which responds to chapter 2, we suggest that a shift of focus from short-term episodes to the more general manifestations of one's sense of shame promotes a completely different picture of the action tendencies and emotional conditions associated with this emotion than the one offered by advocates of the claim that shame is morally ugly. We scrutinize the methodology and presuppositions of central empirical studies offered in favor of this conclusion and explain how a series of distinctions should make us revise this conclusion. As we explain, not only are there no good empirical reasons to claim that shame is morally ugly, but the long-term action tendencies associated with shame can be of moral value and our sense of shame can also manifest itself by preventing altogether the occurrence of what we deem shameful.Less
In this chapter, which responds to chapter 2, we suggest that a shift of focus from short-term episodes to the more general manifestations of one's sense of shame promotes a completely different picture of the action tendencies and emotional conditions associated with this emotion than the one offered by advocates of the claim that shame is morally ugly. We scrutinize the methodology and presuppositions of central empirical studies offered in favor of this conclusion and explain how a series of distinctions should make us revise this conclusion. As we explain, not only are there no good empirical reasons to claim that shame is morally ugly, but the long-term action tendencies associated with shame can be of moral value and our sense of shame can also manifest itself by preventing altogether the occurrence of what we deem shameful.
Albert N. Link and Donald S. Siegel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199268825
- eISBN:
- 9780191699290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268825.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
This chapter analyzes innovation in the service sector. Imitation appears to be much more prevalent in services, since process and systems-related patents are difficult to secure and protect. This ...
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This chapter analyzes innovation in the service sector. Imitation appears to be much more prevalent in services, since process and systems-related patents are difficult to secure and protect. This suggests that intellectual property protection issues are somewhat less important in service firms than in manufacturing companies, since service firms are less likely to develop proprietary technologies. It also appears that formal R&D (e.g., patents, the employment of scientists and engineers) is less important in services than in manufacturing. Innovation and entrepreneurial activity in services tends to be focused on incremental improvements rather than radical innovation. Innovation also tends to be more customer-driven. In many instances, service-sector innovations must be tested on real consumers. The openness and democratic nature of innovation in the service industry implies that social returns to innovation may be high in this sector. A major challenge for scholars in this field is to estimate these returns.Less
This chapter analyzes innovation in the service sector. Imitation appears to be much more prevalent in services, since process and systems-related patents are difficult to secure and protect. This suggests that intellectual property protection issues are somewhat less important in service firms than in manufacturing companies, since service firms are less likely to develop proprietary technologies. It also appears that formal R&D (e.g., patents, the employment of scientists and engineers) is less important in services than in manufacturing. Innovation and entrepreneurial activity in services tends to be focused on incremental improvements rather than radical innovation. Innovation also tends to be more customer-driven. In many instances, service-sector innovations must be tested on real consumers. The openness and democratic nature of innovation in the service industry implies that social returns to innovation may be high in this sector. A major challenge for scholars in this field is to estimate these returns.
Ralph W. Hood Jr. and W. Paul Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231474
- eISBN:
- 9780520942714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231474.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter presents the history of the laws that have targeted serpent-handling Christians. In the view of public officials, this religious practice is a danger both to those who engage in it and ...
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This chapter presents the history of the laws that have targeted serpent-handling Christians. In the view of public officials, this religious practice is a danger both to those who engage in it and to those who simply gather to observe it. The experimental research illustrates that prejudice against serpent handlers—rather than rational reasoning—was and is the most likely motivation for the persistence and enforcement of these laws. It explores the history of legislation against serpent-handling churches and the success of this legislation in appellate courts. It investigates both rational and prejudicial reasons for opposition to serpent handlers and discusses a study in which the presentation of factual information regarding serpent-handling churches alters people's opinions on whether laws banning serpent handling override one's religious freedom to practice his or her beliefs, even at the risk of harm.Less
This chapter presents the history of the laws that have targeted serpent-handling Christians. In the view of public officials, this religious practice is a danger both to those who engage in it and to those who simply gather to observe it. The experimental research illustrates that prejudice against serpent handlers—rather than rational reasoning—was and is the most likely motivation for the persistence and enforcement of these laws. It explores the history of legislation against serpent-handling churches and the success of this legislation in appellate courts. It investigates both rational and prejudicial reasons for opposition to serpent handlers and discusses a study in which the presentation of factual information regarding serpent-handling churches alters people's opinions on whether laws banning serpent handling override one's religious freedom to practice his or her beliefs, even at the risk of harm.
Christoph Knill, Susumu Shikano, and Jale Tosun
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027120
- eISBN:
- 9780262323871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027120.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter compares the adoption of environmental policy innovations by policy-makers in twenty-four OECD countries (twenty-one European countries plus Mexico, Japan, and the United States) in the ...
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This chapter compares the adoption of environmental policy innovations by policy-makers in twenty-four OECD countries (twenty-one European countries plus Mexico, Japan, and the United States) in the period from 1970 to 2000. It uses an item response model to assess a country's likelihood of adopting environmental policies as a function of interaction between policy item-specific and country-specific factors, as well as the concept of adoption resistance to cover the country-specific factors that affect the probability that—given a certain level of contagiousness—a country actually adopts the policy in question. The chapter first presents a short overview of the most relevant empirical studies addressing policy diffusion before outlining the central analytical concepts. It then proposes an explanatory model and considers the adoption of the environmental policy measures. After testing the hypotheses, it discusses the findings and highlights open questions to set the stage for future research.Less
This chapter compares the adoption of environmental policy innovations by policy-makers in twenty-four OECD countries (twenty-one European countries plus Mexico, Japan, and the United States) in the period from 1970 to 2000. It uses an item response model to assess a country's likelihood of adopting environmental policies as a function of interaction between policy item-specific and country-specific factors, as well as the concept of adoption resistance to cover the country-specific factors that affect the probability that—given a certain level of contagiousness—a country actually adopts the policy in question. The chapter first presents a short overview of the most relevant empirical studies addressing policy diffusion before outlining the central analytical concepts. It then proposes an explanatory model and considers the adoption of the environmental policy measures. After testing the hypotheses, it discusses the findings and highlights open questions to set the stage for future research.
Stephen Farrall, Jonathan Jackson, and Emily Gray
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199540815
- eISBN:
- 9780191701191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540815.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter presents arguments — supported by empirical data — which underpin a number of claims in this chapter. These revolve around the design and interpretation of survey questions, the ...
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This chapter presents arguments — supported by empirical data — which underpin a number of claims in this chapter. These revolve around the design and interpretation of survey questions, the frequency with which basic human emotions (such as fear) are encountered, and the nature of the fear of crime when it comes visiting. This chapter suggests that fear is an infrequent emotion in response to crime, and there is, unsurprisingly, an enormous complexity and diversity of human emotion in general and about crime in particular. This chapter further elaborates that while it may be difficult to produce precise evidence about the frequency or intensity of fear of crime, there is considerable room for methodological improvement in order to capture important detail and describe the significant characteristics of these responses. The chapter concludes that more work needs to be done if one has to tease out the reality of this social phenomenon and such empirical study promises to produce more valid and reliable research tools that will facilitate more theoretically sophisticated modes of explanation of this important social and political issue of the day.Less
This chapter presents arguments — supported by empirical data — which underpin a number of claims in this chapter. These revolve around the design and interpretation of survey questions, the frequency with which basic human emotions (such as fear) are encountered, and the nature of the fear of crime when it comes visiting. This chapter suggests that fear is an infrequent emotion in response to crime, and there is, unsurprisingly, an enormous complexity and diversity of human emotion in general and about crime in particular. This chapter further elaborates that while it may be difficult to produce precise evidence about the frequency or intensity of fear of crime, there is considerable room for methodological improvement in order to capture important detail and describe the significant characteristics of these responses. The chapter concludes that more work needs to be done if one has to tease out the reality of this social phenomenon and such empirical study promises to produce more valid and reliable research tools that will facilitate more theoretically sophisticated modes of explanation of this important social and political issue of the day.
Christopher J. Flinn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013239
- eISBN:
- 9780262289399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013239.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter first explores the large volume of empirical research devoted to examining minimum wage impacts on labor market outcomes, and then analyzes five studies that either focus on large or ...
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This chapter first explores the large volume of empirical research devoted to examining minimum wage impacts on labor market outcomes, and then analyzes five studies that either focus on large or persistent changes in minimum wage rates at the national or regional level, or which employ an innovative methodology in performing the empirical analysis. It compares and contrasts the behavioral model of minimum wage impacts with other theory-grounded empirical investigations of minimum wage effects on labor market equilibria. The chapter examines how variations in model assumptions affect the role of minimum wages in attaining better market outcomes for at least one side of the market. It also considers the implications of the models regarding observable market outcomes, such as employment and unemployment rates, mobility rates across jobs, and wage distributions. This will aid in distinguishing which type of market structure assumption may be most appropriate in a particular environment.Less
This chapter first explores the large volume of empirical research devoted to examining minimum wage impacts on labor market outcomes, and then analyzes five studies that either focus on large or persistent changes in minimum wage rates at the national or regional level, or which employ an innovative methodology in performing the empirical analysis. It compares and contrasts the behavioral model of minimum wage impacts with other theory-grounded empirical investigations of minimum wage effects on labor market equilibria. The chapter examines how variations in model assumptions affect the role of minimum wages in attaining better market outcomes for at least one side of the market. It also considers the implications of the models regarding observable market outcomes, such as employment and unemployment rates, mobility rates across jobs, and wage distributions. This will aid in distinguishing which type of market structure assumption may be most appropriate in a particular environment.
Jonathan M. Chase and Mathew A. Leibold
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226101798
- eISBN:
- 9780226101811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226101811.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter develops an overview of the ways one might use the niche concept as a framework for empirical studies, first discussing ways in which specific details of the models have been tested ...
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This chapter develops an overview of the ways one might use the niche concept as a framework for empirical studies, first discussing ways in which specific details of the models have been tested previously, using examples from the laboratory and field. Second, it discusses ways in which the niche-based framework can serve as a basis for a variety of empirical research programs. Throughout, the chapter develops the view that the utility of models lies not with the direct testability or validity of all of their assumptions and predictions, but with their ability to serve as a springboard for a variety of important insights and syntheses. That is, it is not proposed that this theory needs to be explicitly tested in the way empiricists often test models. Rather, the real value of theoretical models lies in structuring a conceptual view with which to develop and test qualitative hypotheses about the way a particular system is structured.Less
This chapter develops an overview of the ways one might use the niche concept as a framework for empirical studies, first discussing ways in which specific details of the models have been tested previously, using examples from the laboratory and field. Second, it discusses ways in which the niche-based framework can serve as a basis for a variety of empirical research programs. Throughout, the chapter develops the view that the utility of models lies not with the direct testability or validity of all of their assumptions and predictions, but with their ability to serve as a springboard for a variety of important insights and syntheses. That is, it is not proposed that this theory needs to be explicitly tested in the way empiricists often test models. Rather, the real value of theoretical models lies in structuring a conceptual view with which to develop and test qualitative hypotheses about the way a particular system is structured.
Eyal Zamir and Doron Teichman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190901349
- eISBN:
- 9780190901387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190901349.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
The chapter introduces behavioral law and economics. It is divided into three sections. The first section describes the history of behavioral law and economics since the late 1970s. The second ...
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The chapter introduces behavioral law and economics. It is divided into three sections. The first section describes the history of behavioral law and economics since the late 1970s. The second section discusses the methodologies used in this sphere, including the emergence of empirical legal studies. Empirical legal studies include lab-experimental, observational, and field-experimental studies—the last category comprising randomized field experiments and natural experiments. Finally, the chapter analyzes the challenges facing this emerging, cross-disciplinary perspective. These challenges include critiques of the psychological studies that form the basis of behavioural law and economics, such as the issues of external validity of laboratory experiments. They also include difficulties in integrating behavioural insights into economic analysis of law.Less
The chapter introduces behavioral law and economics. It is divided into three sections. The first section describes the history of behavioral law and economics since the late 1970s. The second section discusses the methodologies used in this sphere, including the emergence of empirical legal studies. Empirical legal studies include lab-experimental, observational, and field-experimental studies—the last category comprising randomized field experiments and natural experiments. Finally, the chapter analyzes the challenges facing this emerging, cross-disciplinary perspective. These challenges include critiques of the psychological studies that form the basis of behavioural law and economics, such as the issues of external validity of laboratory experiments. They also include difficulties in integrating behavioural insights into economic analysis of law.
