Roger Scully
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284320
- eISBN:
- 9780191603365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284326.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter reviews in detail existing knowledge about the subject matter of this study. Notions of pervasive socialization processes leading to attitudinal and behavioural changes for those serving ...
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This chapter reviews in detail existing knowledge about the subject matter of this study. Notions of pervasive socialization processes leading to attitudinal and behavioural changes for those serving within European institutions are shown to be widespread, appearing in much popular commentary academic literature on the EU, including that on the European Parliament. However, the discussion then goes on to demonstrate that strikingly little evidence has ever been presented to show that significant socialization effects operating among members of EU institutions lead to changes in attitudes and/or behaviour in an identifiably more pro-European direction. Virtually all empirical work in this area hitherto has produced indeterminate or null findings; furthermore, coherent theoretical foundations that might underpin the assumption of actors ‘going native’ in EU institutions have almost never been explicitly developed alongside the conduct of serious empirical research.Less
This chapter reviews in detail existing knowledge about the subject matter of this study. Notions of pervasive socialization processes leading to attitudinal and behavioural changes for those serving within European institutions are shown to be widespread, appearing in much popular commentary academic literature on the EU, including that on the European Parliament. However, the discussion then goes on to demonstrate that strikingly little evidence has ever been presented to show that significant socialization effects operating among members of EU institutions lead to changes in attitudes and/or behaviour in an identifiably more pro-European direction. Virtually all empirical work in this area hitherto has produced indeterminate or null findings; furthermore, coherent theoretical foundations that might underpin the assumption of actors ‘going native’ in EU institutions have almost never been explicitly developed alongside the conduct of serious empirical research.
Louise Fitzgerald, Sue Dopson, Ewan Ferlie, and Louise Locock
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259014
- eISBN:
- 9780191718113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259014.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This chapter seeks to draw together separated strands of analysis and to develop a more refined empirically-based explanation of how knowledge moves into use. It contains a range of illustrative ...
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This chapter seeks to draw together separated strands of analysis and to develop a more refined empirically-based explanation of how knowledge moves into use. It contains a range of illustrative vignettes, and concludes with five key integrative themes from the analysis.Less
This chapter seeks to draw together separated strands of analysis and to develop a more refined empirically-based explanation of how knowledge moves into use. It contains a range of illustrative vignettes, and concludes with five key integrative themes from the analysis.
Simona Piattoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562923
- eISBN:
- 9780191721656
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562923.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This book explores the theoretical issues, empirical evidence, and normative debates elicited by the concept of multi‐level governance (MLG). The concept is a useful descriptor of decision‐making ...
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This book explores the theoretical issues, empirical evidence, and normative debates elicited by the concept of multi‐level governance (MLG). The concept is a useful descriptor of decision‐making processes that involve the simultaneous mobilization of public authorities at different jurisdictional levels as well as that of non‐governmental organizations and social movements. It has become increasingly relevant with the weakening of territorial state power and effectiveness and the increase in international interdependencies which serve to undermine conventional governmental processes. This book moves towards the construction of a theory of multi‐level governance by defining the conceptual contours of this term, identifying the processes that can uniquely be denoted by it, and discussing the normative issues that are raised by its diffusion, particularly in the European Union. Three policy areas are investigated to prove the usefulness of MLG as a theoretical and empirical concept—cohesion, environment, higher education—with particular reference to two member‐states, the UK and Germany. Finally, both the input and output legitimacy of multi‐level governance decisions and arrangements and its contribution to EU democracy are discussed. The book concludes by theorizing that as state sovereignty is pooled upwards, lower level jurisdictions are induced to participate in policy‐making ”as if“ they promoted private, particular interests, while civil society organizations are encouraged to participate in policy‐making ”as if“ they were public, general interests. It further suggests that legitimacy problems may be addressed all the more effectively the more subnational authorities develop strong linkages with civil society.Less
This book explores the theoretical issues, empirical evidence, and normative debates elicited by the concept of multi‐level governance (MLG). The concept is a useful descriptor of decision‐making processes that involve the simultaneous mobilization of public authorities at different jurisdictional levels as well as that of non‐governmental organizations and social movements. It has become increasingly relevant with the weakening of territorial state power and effectiveness and the increase in international interdependencies which serve to undermine conventional governmental processes. This book moves towards the construction of a theory of multi‐level governance by defining the conceptual contours of this term, identifying the processes that can uniquely be denoted by it, and discussing the normative issues that are raised by its diffusion, particularly in the European Union. Three policy areas are investigated to prove the usefulness of MLG as a theoretical and empirical concept—cohesion, environment, higher education—with particular reference to two member‐states, the UK and Germany. Finally, both the input and output legitimacy of multi‐level governance decisions and arrangements and its contribution to EU democracy are discussed. The book concludes by theorizing that as state sovereignty is pooled upwards, lower level jurisdictions are induced to participate in policy‐making ”as if“ they promoted private, particular interests, while civil society organizations are encouraged to participate in policy‐making ”as if“ they were public, general interests. It further suggests that legitimacy problems may be addressed all the more effectively the more subnational authorities develop strong linkages with civil society.
Polly Reynolds Allen
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293064
- eISBN:
- 9780191596940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293062.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, International
An outline is given of the NATREX approach to determining equilibrium real exchange rates as presented in the book. The underlying framework, implications, supporting empirical evidence, and relation ...
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An outline is given of the NATREX approach to determining equilibrium real exchange rates as presented in the book. The underlying framework, implications, supporting empirical evidence, and relation to other approaches are discussed, emphasizing the economic scenarios and the meaning of both the mathematical models and econometrics contained in detail in the subsequent chapters.Less
An outline is given of the NATREX approach to determining equilibrium real exchange rates as presented in the book. The underlying framework, implications, supporting empirical evidence, and relation to other approaches are discussed, emphasizing the economic scenarios and the meaning of both the mathematical models and econometrics contained in detail in the subsequent chapters.
Gerardo Patriotta
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275243
- eISBN:
- 9780191719684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275243.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter spells out the main contributions of the book and outlines their implications for research and practice. The theoretical perspectives presented together with the empirical evidence ...
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This chapter spells out the main contributions of the book and outlines their implications for research and practice. The theoretical perspectives presented together with the empirical evidence derived from the case studies in the book have provided a sketch of where organizational knowledge resides. Essential terminology for informing a phenomenological perspective on knowing and organizing, and the methodological contributions of the book are discussed.Less
This chapter spells out the main contributions of the book and outlines their implications for research and practice. The theoretical perspectives presented together with the empirical evidence derived from the case studies in the book have provided a sketch of where organizational knowledge resides. Essential terminology for informing a phenomenological perspective on knowing and organizing, and the methodological contributions of the book are discussed.
Albert N. Link and Donald S. Siegel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199268825
- eISBN:
- 9780191699290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268825.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between innovation and economic growth at the industry, regional, and national levels. It considers the neoclassical ...
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This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between innovation and economic growth at the industry, regional, and national levels. It considers the neoclassical and the so-called new growth theories of economic growth. It also presents selected empirical evidence on the relationship between investments in technology and economic performance from various eras. Measurement issues are also considered throughout the chapter because such questions are critical in assessing the social returns to innovation.Less
This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between innovation and economic growth at the industry, regional, and national levels. It considers the neoclassical and the so-called new growth theories of economic growth. It also presents selected empirical evidence on the relationship between investments in technology and economic performance from various eras. Measurement issues are also considered throughout the chapter because such questions are critical in assessing the social returns to innovation.
Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195138382
- eISBN:
- 9780199865505
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Do places make a difference to people's health and well-being? This book demonstrates how the physical and social characteristics of a neighborhood can shape the health of its residents. Researchers ...
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Do places make a difference to people's health and well-being? This book demonstrates how the physical and social characteristics of a neighborhood can shape the health of its residents. Researchers have long suspected that where one lives makes a difference to health in addition to who one is. Almost everyone understands that smoking, unhealthy eating, lack of exercise can compromise longevity and good health, but can a person's ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle be affected by the smoking habits of other people close by, or access to grocery stores, or the existence of safe parks and recreational space? The answers to this question and other similar ones require new ways of thinking about the determinants of health as well as new analytical methods to test these ideas. This book brings together these ideas and new methods. The book contains various parts. The first part deals with methodological complexities of undertaking neighborhood research. The second part showcases the empirical evidence linking neighborhood conditions to health outcomes. The last part tackles some of the major cross-cutting themes in contemporary neighborhood research.Less
Do places make a difference to people's health and well-being? This book demonstrates how the physical and social characteristics of a neighborhood can shape the health of its residents. Researchers have long suspected that where one lives makes a difference to health in addition to who one is. Almost everyone understands that smoking, unhealthy eating, lack of exercise can compromise longevity and good health, but can a person's ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle be affected by the smoking habits of other people close by, or access to grocery stores, or the existence of safe parks and recreational space? The answers to this question and other similar ones require new ways of thinking about the determinants of health as well as new analytical methods to test these ideas. This book brings together these ideas and new methods. The book contains various parts. The first part deals with methodological complexities of undertaking neighborhood research. The second part showcases the empirical evidence linking neighborhood conditions to health outcomes. The last part tackles some of the major cross-cutting themes in contemporary neighborhood research.
Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0033
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This short chapter defines volunteer bias and provides empirical evidence of the reliability of volunteering for research participation.
This short chapter defines volunteer bias and provides empirical evidence of the reliability of volunteering for research participation.
Taro Okuda
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199682676
- eISBN:
- 9780191763168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682676.003.0078
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This paper examines Norman Daniels’ approach toward “Accountability for Reasonableness” through an analogy with archives, especially with regard to qualification for deliberation, the relationship ...
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This paper examines Norman Daniels’ approach toward “Accountability for Reasonableness” through an analogy with archives, especially with regard to qualification for deliberation, the relationship between procedure and outcome, and the necessity for empirical evidence. First, when a deliberative process is adopted, we may encounter two questions: 1) Who is in an appropriate position to deliberate upon and resolve priority-setting decisions? 2) Who should manage and maintain the results of deliberation? To answer these, we take recourse to an analogy with the case of archivist. Secondly, a deliberative process may be suspected to silence counter-claims unknowingly through its procedure; therefore, it needs an agent equivalent to an archivist. Finally, despite Daniel’s concession, “Accountability for Reasonableness” does not necessarily require the obtainment of strict empirical evidence; simple ethical implication for policy making will suffice.Less
This paper examines Norman Daniels’ approach toward “Accountability for Reasonableness” through an analogy with archives, especially with regard to qualification for deliberation, the relationship between procedure and outcome, and the necessity for empirical evidence. First, when a deliberative process is adopted, we may encounter two questions: 1) Who is in an appropriate position to deliberate upon and resolve priority-setting decisions? 2) Who should manage and maintain the results of deliberation? To answer these, we take recourse to an analogy with the case of archivist. Secondly, a deliberative process may be suspected to silence counter-claims unknowingly through its procedure; therefore, it needs an agent equivalent to an archivist. Finally, despite Daniel’s concession, “Accountability for Reasonableness” does not necessarily require the obtainment of strict empirical evidence; simple ethical implication for policy making will suffice.
Amparo Serrano Pascual and Maria Jepsen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347985
- eISBN:
- 9781447304135
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347985.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The notion of the European Social Model (ESM) has been one of the fastest growing in European political and academic discourse in recent years. It is conventionally used to describe the European ...
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The notion of the European Social Model (ESM) has been one of the fastest growing in European political and academic discourse in recent years. It is conventionally used to describe the European experience of simultaneously promoting sustainable economic growth and social cohesion. However, the concept has suffered from a lack of clear definition. And where definitions have been found in the literature, they do not necessarily converge. This book presents the outcome of a project coordinated by the European Trade Union Institute in which experts from different countries and social scientific disciplines (sociology, political science and economics) were invited to reflect on both the meaning and political status of the concept of the ESM. In addition to analysing the ambiguities and multiple meanings attributed to the concept, the authors unpick the underlying assumptions and make use of a new approach — the ESM as political project — with which European countries can build consensus and share a common understanding. The book offers a new analytical framework and with new empirical evidence.Less
The notion of the European Social Model (ESM) has been one of the fastest growing in European political and academic discourse in recent years. It is conventionally used to describe the European experience of simultaneously promoting sustainable economic growth and social cohesion. However, the concept has suffered from a lack of clear definition. And where definitions have been found in the literature, they do not necessarily converge. This book presents the outcome of a project coordinated by the European Trade Union Institute in which experts from different countries and social scientific disciplines (sociology, political science and economics) were invited to reflect on both the meaning and political status of the concept of the ESM. In addition to analysing the ambiguities and multiple meanings attributed to the concept, the authors unpick the underlying assumptions and make use of a new approach — the ESM as political project — with which European countries can build consensus and share a common understanding. The book offers a new analytical framework and with new empirical evidence.
Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195162592
- eISBN:
- 9780199850495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162592.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Derived from the 2001 Santa Fe Institute Conference, “The Economy as an Evolving Complex System III,” represents scholarship from the figures in the area of economics and complexity. The subject, a ...
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Derived from the 2001 Santa Fe Institute Conference, “The Economy as an Evolving Complex System III,” represents scholarship from the figures in the area of economics and complexity. The subject, a perennial centerpiece of the SFI program of studies, has gained a wide range of followers for its methods of employing empirical evidence in the development of analytical economic theories. Accordingly, the chapters in this volume address a wide variety of issues in the field of economics and complexity, accessing eclectic techniques from many disciplines, provided that they shed light on the economic problem. Dedicated to Kenneth Arrow on his 80th birthday, this volume honors his many contributions to the Institute. SFI-style economics is regarded as having had an important impact in introducing a new approach to economic analysis.Less
Derived from the 2001 Santa Fe Institute Conference, “The Economy as an Evolving Complex System III,” represents scholarship from the figures in the area of economics and complexity. The subject, a perennial centerpiece of the SFI program of studies, has gained a wide range of followers for its methods of employing empirical evidence in the development of analytical economic theories. Accordingly, the chapters in this volume address a wide variety of issues in the field of economics and complexity, accessing eclectic techniques from many disciplines, provided that they shed light on the economic problem. Dedicated to Kenneth Arrow on his 80th birthday, this volume honors his many contributions to the Institute. SFI-style economics is regarded as having had an important impact in introducing a new approach to economic analysis.
Georges Dicker
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195381467
- eISBN:
- 9780199897124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381467.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
In Principles sections 18 and 20, Berkeley argues that even if matter existed, we could not know that it does. The core of the argument is that we cannot know that material things exist either by ...
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In Principles sections 18 and 20, Berkeley argues that even if matter existed, we could not know that it does. The core of the argument is that we cannot know that material things exist either by immediately perceiving them or by inferring their existence from what we immediately perceive, since we immediately perceive only ideas and since our only evidence that material things exist—our sensations or ideas—could be exactly the same even if no material things existed. This chapter analyzes Berkeley's argument against the background of the critique of the Lockean inference to the best explanation given in chapter 3. It argues against R. M. Adam's suggestion that the argument misunderstands the nature of empirical evidence and needs the buttressing from the problem of interaction that Berkeley adds in section 19. It briefly examines Charles Landesman's and Jonathan Bennett's proposals for dealing with the epistemological problem that the argument poses.Less
In Principles sections 18 and 20, Berkeley argues that even if matter existed, we could not know that it does. The core of the argument is that we cannot know that material things exist either by immediately perceiving them or by inferring their existence from what we immediately perceive, since we immediately perceive only ideas and since our only evidence that material things exist—our sensations or ideas—could be exactly the same even if no material things existed. This chapter analyzes Berkeley's argument against the background of the critique of the Lockean inference to the best explanation given in chapter 3. It argues against R. M. Adam's suggestion that the argument misunderstands the nature of empirical evidence and needs the buttressing from the problem of interaction that Berkeley adds in section 19. It briefly examines Charles Landesman's and Jonathan Bennett's proposals for dealing with the epistemological problem that the argument poses.
Sara N Davison, Jean L Holley, and Jane Seymour
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses the purpose and use of advance directives (ADs) and advance care planning (ACP) within the context of ESRD. It also presents empirical evidence about the degree to which ADs ...
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This chapter discusses the purpose and use of advance directives (ADs) and advance care planning (ACP) within the context of ESRD. It also presents empirical evidence about the degree to which ADs and ACP have met their intended goals, interventions to enhance the use and value of ADs and ACP, and new research that helps define how to initiate and facilitate effective ACP for patients with ESRD.Less
This chapter discusses the purpose and use of advance directives (ADs) and advance care planning (ACP) within the context of ESRD. It also presents empirical evidence about the degree to which ADs and ACP have met their intended goals, interventions to enhance the use and value of ADs and ACP, and new research that helps define how to initiate and facilitate effective ACP for patients with ESRD.
Willem J.M. Levelt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653669
- eISBN:
- 9780191742040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653669.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter takes a look at efforts to identify the origins of language. It studies research that was conducted on language from the Enlightenment until the romanticism period, and then identifies ...
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This chapter takes a look at efforts to identify the origins of language. It studies research that was conducted on language from the Enlightenment until the romanticism period, and then identifies empirical evidence that emerged from historical and comparative linguistics. The next section considers challenge for historical linguists, which was the search for roots, or the hypothetical seeds of language's words. This chapter also discusses language origins in the context of Darwinian evolution and Heyman Steinthal's psychology of language that could explain the origins of language.Less
This chapter takes a look at efforts to identify the origins of language. It studies research that was conducted on language from the Enlightenment until the romanticism period, and then identifies empirical evidence that emerged from historical and comparative linguistics. The next section considers challenge for historical linguists, which was the search for roots, or the hypothetical seeds of language's words. This chapter also discusses language origins in the context of Darwinian evolution and Heyman Steinthal's psychology of language that could explain the origins of language.
John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195140057
- eISBN:
- 9780199847402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140057.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Supposedly, the sense of self refers to the person that we associate with much value. In line with this, the “narrative structure” is purportedly treated as more than just a metaphor, as Owen ...
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Supposedly, the sense of self refers to the person that we associate with much value. In line with this, the “narrative structure” is purportedly treated as more than just a metaphor, as Owen Flanagan asserts that the connectedness associated with a self or a life that is perceived to be acceptable involves an unfolding rationale. Our selves, aside from how these are being portrayed as the expression of a story, also facilitate both cognition and behavior. In this chapter, the author attempts to make use of empirical evidence derived from cognitive psychology and from the images of the functioning brain that would reinforce a narrative concept of self. While some evidence would suggest that the causal efficacy of our selves is to be considered narrative fiction, the author attempts to compose a hypothesis that involves moral training.Less
Supposedly, the sense of self refers to the person that we associate with much value. In line with this, the “narrative structure” is purportedly treated as more than just a metaphor, as Owen Flanagan asserts that the connectedness associated with a self or a life that is perceived to be acceptable involves an unfolding rationale. Our selves, aside from how these are being portrayed as the expression of a story, also facilitate both cognition and behavior. In this chapter, the author attempts to make use of empirical evidence derived from cognitive psychology and from the images of the functioning brain that would reinforce a narrative concept of self. While some evidence would suggest that the causal efficacy of our selves is to be considered narrative fiction, the author attempts to compose a hypothesis that involves moral training.
Carol E. Cleland and Sheralee Brindell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226051796
- eISBN:
- 9780226051826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues that doubts about the scientific status of the field sciences often rest on mistaken preconceptions about the nature of the evaluative relation between empirical evidence and ...
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This chapter argues that doubts about the scientific status of the field sciences often rest on mistaken preconceptions about the nature of the evaluative relation between empirical evidence and hypothesis or theory, namely, that it is some sort of formal logical relation. It argues that there is a potentially more fruitful approach to understanding the nature of the support offered by empirical evidence to scientific hypotheses. The first part of the chapter briefly reviews the traditional philosophical take on the scientific method in order to clarify its most serious problems. It shows that these problems are greatly exacerbated when science moves from the artificially controlled environment of the laboratory to the messy uncontrollable world of nature. The second part ferrets out some highly general, causal components in the methodological reasoning of nonhistorical field scientists. It argues that differences in patterns of evidential reasoning in the experimental sciences versus the field sciences, and in the historical versus nonhistorical field sciences, seem tailored to pervasive causal differences in their epistemic situations.Less
This chapter argues that doubts about the scientific status of the field sciences often rest on mistaken preconceptions about the nature of the evaluative relation between empirical evidence and hypothesis or theory, namely, that it is some sort of formal logical relation. It argues that there is a potentially more fruitful approach to understanding the nature of the support offered by empirical evidence to scientific hypotheses. The first part of the chapter briefly reviews the traditional philosophical take on the scientific method in order to clarify its most serious problems. It shows that these problems are greatly exacerbated when science moves from the artificially controlled environment of the laboratory to the messy uncontrollable world of nature. The second part ferrets out some highly general, causal components in the methodological reasoning of nonhistorical field scientists. It argues that differences in patterns of evidential reasoning in the experimental sciences versus the field sciences, and in the historical versus nonhistorical field sciences, seem tailored to pervasive causal differences in their epistemic situations.
Ahmed Galal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160509
- eISBN:
- 9781617970290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160509.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
It was believed that in the 1950s and 1960s, the markets failed widely and government intervention was necessary to speed up the process of economic transformation and the rate of economic growth. ...
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It was believed that in the 1950s and 1960s, the markets failed widely and government intervention was necessary to speed up the process of economic transformation and the rate of economic growth. The Washington Consensus emphasized macroeconomic stability, trade and price liberalization, privatization, and competition as key ingredients for rapid economic growth. The experience from the last couple of decades gave grounds for rethinking the balance between governments and market. Opponents doubted the success of industrial policy anywhere and argued that the contribution of selective intervention in economic progress in East Asia was very modest. In the MENA region, systematic empirical evidence regarding the consequences of industrial policy was rare, if not nonexistent. The level of intervention has certainly subsided in the last couple of decades, but the legacy of selective interventions lingers on.Less
It was believed that in the 1950s and 1960s, the markets failed widely and government intervention was necessary to speed up the process of economic transformation and the rate of economic growth. The Washington Consensus emphasized macroeconomic stability, trade and price liberalization, privatization, and competition as key ingredients for rapid economic growth. The experience from the last couple of decades gave grounds for rethinking the balance between governments and market. Opponents doubted the success of industrial policy anywhere and argued that the contribution of selective intervention in economic progress in East Asia was very modest. In the MENA region, systematic empirical evidence regarding the consequences of industrial policy was rare, if not nonexistent. The level of intervention has certainly subsided in the last couple of decades, but the legacy of selective interventions lingers on.
Eli Noam
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823251834
- eISBN:
- 9780823268955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823251834.003.0008
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter focuses on the use and abuse of data for information policy development and the search for evidence-based research for evidence-based policy. It considers the debate over media ...
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This chapter focuses on the use and abuse of data for information policy development and the search for evidence-based research for evidence-based policy. It considers the debate over media concentration as an important element in the struggle over rules and power in the new economy and suggests that empirical evidence is secondary in this debate, used by academics selectively and in pursuit of advocacy rather than of science. It provides some of the numbers relevant to the debate, along with the dynamics underlying them. It also asks whether Congress and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are interested in serious data analysis. It identifies a specific structural impediment in the rule-making process and recommends a requirement for an “academic impact statement” in rulemakings, which would be an independent literature review of relevant peer-reviewed literature.Less
This chapter focuses on the use and abuse of data for information policy development and the search for evidence-based research for evidence-based policy. It considers the debate over media concentration as an important element in the struggle over rules and power in the new economy and suggests that empirical evidence is secondary in this debate, used by academics selectively and in pursuit of advocacy rather than of science. It provides some of the numbers relevant to the debate, along with the dynamics underlying them. It also asks whether Congress and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are interested in serious data analysis. It identifies a specific structural impediment in the rule-making process and recommends a requirement for an “academic impact statement” in rulemakings, which would be an independent literature review of relevant peer-reviewed literature.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226081267
- eISBN:
- 9780226081281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226081281.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter reviews the empirical evidence of the decline of the trial in the United States. It cites statistics showing a rapid decline in the numbers of criminal and civil trials over the last ...
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This chapter reviews the empirical evidence of the decline of the trial in the United States. It cites statistics showing a rapid decline in the numbers of criminal and civil trials over the last thirty years and the catastrophic crash over the last ten years. The chapter evaluates the tentative speculations about what is fueling the decline and suggests that this decline has a self-perpetuating quality, as key actors lose the skills and dispositions necessary to try cases.Less
This chapter reviews the empirical evidence of the decline of the trial in the United States. It cites statistics showing a rapid decline in the numbers of criminal and civil trials over the last thirty years and the catastrophic crash over the last ten years. The chapter evaluates the tentative speculations about what is fueling the decline and suggests that this decline has a self-perpetuating quality, as key actors lose the skills and dispositions necessary to try cases.
J. Eric Oliver and Thomas J. Wood
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226578477
- eISBN:
- 9780226578644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226578644.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Chapter One focuses on the evidence voters rely on, if any, and how intuition plays into their decisions. This chapter also examines anthropological and psychological studies that delve into our ...
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Chapter One focuses on the evidence voters rely on, if any, and how intuition plays into their decisions. This chapter also examines anthropological and psychological studies that delve into our “magical thinking,” beliefs that directly contradict scientific and empirical evidence, and how this way of thinking often influences voter opinion.Less
Chapter One focuses on the evidence voters rely on, if any, and how intuition plays into their decisions. This chapter also examines anthropological and psychological studies that delve into our “magical thinking,” beliefs that directly contradict scientific and empirical evidence, and how this way of thinking often influences voter opinion.
