Kenneth Holloway
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371451
- eISBN:
- 9780199870653
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371451.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
The Guodian manuscripts were buried with the teacher of the heir apparent to the Chu throne. The tomb was closed around 300 BCE shortly before one of the most significant period-defining events in ...
More
The Guodian manuscripts were buried with the teacher of the heir apparent to the Chu throne. The tomb was closed around 300 BCE shortly before one of the most significant period-defining events in ancient history, the Qin conquest of China. Unseen for two millennia, before their discovery in October 1993, these manuscripts challenge many assumptions about Chinese religion, philosophy, and Confucianism. Guodian texts are interested in unity, but this is not surprising from a time when many were becoming concerned that the First Emperor would soon succeed in his campaign of conquest. What is surprising is that in this time of crisis, unity could continue to be described as achievable only through individual empowerment. In the Guodian, the most important function of government is to assist in the harmonization of state and family relations. It sees the relationship between these two entities—the family and the collection of families that ultimately constitute the state—as being inherently problematic; they are conflicting social groupings. The Guodian posits an interesting solution: state and family disharmony can be overcome by developing a hybrid government that employs both meritocratic and aristocratic methods. The latter emphasize rulership that is based on the family and humanity; the former emphasize meritocratic methods that promote the good of the state and righteousness. This new understanding illuminates central issues of government, religion, and philosophy in early China that were overlooked prior to the discovery of Guodian.Less
The Guodian manuscripts were buried with the teacher of the heir apparent to the Chu throne. The tomb was closed around 300 BCE shortly before one of the most significant period-defining events in ancient history, the Qin conquest of China. Unseen for two millennia, before their discovery in October 1993, these manuscripts challenge many assumptions about Chinese religion, philosophy, and Confucianism. Guodian texts are interested in unity, but this is not surprising from a time when many were becoming concerned that the First Emperor would soon succeed in his campaign of conquest. What is surprising is that in this time of crisis, unity could continue to be described as achievable only through individual empowerment. In the Guodian, the most important function of government is to assist in the harmonization of state and family relations. It sees the relationship between these two entities—the family and the collection of families that ultimately constitute the state—as being inherently problematic; they are conflicting social groupings. The Guodian posits an interesting solution: state and family disharmony can be overcome by developing a hybrid government that employs both meritocratic and aristocratic methods. The latter emphasize rulership that is based on the family and humanity; the former emphasize meritocratic methods that promote the good of the state and righteousness. This new understanding illuminates central issues of government, religion, and philosophy in early China that were overlooked prior to the discovery of Guodian.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in ...
More
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in democratizing, and perhaps Christianizing, Japan (MacArthur believed that Christianity was essential to democracy and encouraged American missionaries to fill Japan's “spiritual vacuum”). The emperor's New Year's statement supported this view. When Washington signed the Moscow agreement, which gave the Allies control over political reform in Japan, and warned that Hirohito might be indicted, MacArthur defended the emperor in a long telegram to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ordered his staff to draft a “model constitution” for Japan with the emperor at the head of the state.Less
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in democratizing, and perhaps Christianizing, Japan (MacArthur believed that Christianity was essential to democracy and encouraged American missionaries to fill Japan's “spiritual vacuum”). The emperor's New Year's statement supported this view. When Washington signed the Moscow agreement, which gave the Allies control over political reform in Japan, and warned that Hirohito might be indicted, MacArthur defended the emperor in a long telegram to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ordered his staff to draft a “model constitution” for Japan with the emperor at the head of the state.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and ...
More
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and Henry Stimson favored his retention, but failed to get their view in the Potsdam Declaration, which defined the conditions for Japan's surrender. Washington's directive to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, was ambiguous on constitutional reform and treatment of the emperor. This gave MacArthur an opportunity to interpret U.S. policy and place his indelible imprint on Japan's postwar political structure.Less
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and Henry Stimson favored his retention, but failed to get their view in the Potsdam Declaration, which defined the conditions for Japan's surrender. Washington's directive to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, was ambiguous on constitutional reform and treatment of the emperor. This gave MacArthur an opportunity to interpret U.S. policy and place his indelible imprint on Japan's postwar political structure.
J. M. Hussey
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198264569
- eISBN:
- 9780191601170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198264569.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Covers the period 1258–1453, and various complex issues and history of the Orthodox Church are addressed following the re‐establishment of certain parts of the Byzantine Empire and the demise of the ...
More
Covers the period 1258–1453, and various complex issues and history of the Orthodox Church are addressed following the re‐establishment of certain parts of the Byzantine Empire and the demise of the Latin Empire. The different sections of the chapter are: Michael VIII Palaeologus and the papacy: Byzantine doubts concerning union [of Byzantine (Greek) and Roman (Latin) Churches] 1258–74; Michael VIII and the council of Lyons (1274); Byzantine reaction to the union 1274–82; Andronicus II and Andronicus III: internal problems: Josephites and Arsenites: repudiation of the union; Patriarch Athanasius I and his immediate successors; Renewed contacts with the West under Emperors Andronicus II and Andronicus III; Palamite problems; Emperors John V Palaeologus and John VI Cantacuzenus: Constantinople and the West; Emperor Manuel II: the council of Ferrara–Florence and after; and The authority of the Byzantine Church in the later Middle Ages (c. 1334–1453).Less
Covers the period 1258–1453, and various complex issues and history of the Orthodox Church are addressed following the re‐establishment of certain parts of the Byzantine Empire and the demise of the Latin Empire. The different sections of the chapter are: Michael VIII Palaeologus and the papacy: Byzantine doubts concerning union [of Byzantine (Greek) and Roman (Latin) Churches] 1258–74; Michael VIII and the council of Lyons (1274); Byzantine reaction to the union 1274–82; Andronicus II and Andronicus III: internal problems: Josephites and Arsenites: repudiation of the union; Patriarch Athanasius I and his immediate successors; Renewed contacts with the West under Emperors Andronicus II and Andronicus III; Palamite problems; Emperors John V Palaeologus and John VI Cantacuzenus: Constantinople and the West; Emperor Manuel II: the council of Ferrara–Florence and after; and The authority of the Byzantine Church in the later Middle Ages (c. 1334–1453).
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, ...
More
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, there was considerable Japanese input in its making.The first two chapters analyze a sharp clash, during the American planning of the Occupation, over the fate and role of Emperor Hirohito. Papered over in the Potsdam Declaration and never resolved in official Washington, the dispute gave General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), an opportunity to protect the emperor and use his authority to support MacArthur's own objectives.In the fall of 1945, both American and Japanese officials determined that democratization required constitutional revision and that Japan should take the lead in revising its Constitution. Accordingly, Japanese scholars and officials began advancing their ideas. Meanwhile, both the emperor and the cabinet named commissions (headed by Konoe Fumimaro and Matsumoto Jōji, respectively) to study the need for amendments. However, poor communication from the American side and political chaos among the Japanese doomed these fledgling efforts.In early February 1946, MacArthur, alarmed by the Moscow Agreement that created the Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and fearing that he might lose control over the political reform of Japan, ordered his Government Section (GS) to draft a model constitution for Japan, then pressured Prime Minister Shidehara's cabinet to present it as a Japanese government draft. Japanese attempts to modify SCAP's draft, an effort that achieved some success in the face of determined American resistance, have been largely ignored by those who slight Japan's contribution to its own postwar democratization.Chapters 12 through 20 trace the deliberations of the Japanese parliament (called the Diet) during the summer of 1946. It is a mistake to pass over this stage quickly, as most accounts of Japan's postwar democratization do. This was a critical juncture in postwar Japan's commitment to constitutional democracy, affording politicians in the recently elected House of Representatives and in the House of Peers a major opportunity to put their imprint on the document. Intense struggles took place over the role of the emperor, Article 9 (renouncing war and armed forces), the bill of rights and provisions for parliamentary governance.The Conclusion emphasizes that, as Japan currently deliberates whether to amend its postwar Constitution, it is important to understand that the transformation of Japan into a stable constitutional democracy was a joint achievement, to which both American and Japanese contributions were substantial and crucial.Less
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, there was considerable Japanese input in its making.
The first two chapters analyze a sharp clash, during the American planning of the Occupation, over the fate and role of Emperor Hirohito. Papered over in the Potsdam Declaration and never resolved in official Washington, the dispute gave General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), an opportunity to protect the emperor and use his authority to support MacArthur's own objectives.
In the fall of 1945, both American and Japanese officials determined that democratization required constitutional revision and that Japan should take the lead in revising its Constitution. Accordingly, Japanese scholars and officials began advancing their ideas. Meanwhile, both the emperor and the cabinet named commissions (headed by Konoe Fumimaro and Matsumoto Jōji, respectively) to study the need for amendments. However, poor communication from the American side and political chaos among the Japanese doomed these fledgling efforts.
In early February 1946, MacArthur, alarmed by the Moscow Agreement that created the Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and fearing that he might lose control over the political reform of Japan, ordered his Government Section (GS) to draft a model constitution for Japan, then pressured Prime Minister Shidehara's cabinet to present it as a Japanese government draft. Japanese attempts to modify SCAP's draft, an effort that achieved some success in the face of determined American resistance, have been largely ignored by those who slight Japan's contribution to its own postwar democratization.
Chapters 12 through 20 trace the deliberations of the Japanese parliament (called the Diet) during the summer of 1946. It is a mistake to pass over this stage quickly, as most accounts of Japan's postwar democratization do. This was a critical juncture in postwar Japan's commitment to constitutional democracy, affording politicians in the recently elected House of Representatives and in the House of Peers a major opportunity to put their imprint on the document. Intense struggles took place over the role of the emperor, Article 9 (renouncing war and armed forces), the bill of rights and provisions for parliamentary governance.
The Conclusion emphasizes that, as Japan currently deliberates whether to amend its postwar Constitution, it is important to understand that the transformation of Japan into a stable constitutional democracy was a joint achievement, to which both American and Japanese contributions were substantial and crucial.
John Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176452
- eISBN:
- 9780199785308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176452.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the author's teaching of valuable lessons about the historical uses of ritual that often do not appear in courses — for example, how Shintō symbolism could turn the Japanese ...
More
This chapter describes the author's teaching of valuable lessons about the historical uses of ritual that often do not appear in courses — for example, how Shintō symbolism could turn the Japanese emperor into a deity, evoking obedience and reverence from all his subjects. The chapter's author's course on Buddhism also stresses the role of ritual in propping up political power, which is demonstrated through an analysis of the ritual recitation of the Heart Sutra.Less
This chapter describes the author's teaching of valuable lessons about the historical uses of ritual that often do not appear in courses — for example, how Shintō symbolism could turn the Japanese emperor into a deity, evoking obedience and reverence from all his subjects. The chapter's author's course on Buddhism also stresses the role of ritual in propping up political power, which is demonstrated through an analysis of the ritual recitation of the Heart Sutra.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought ...
More
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought church and state together. In the Byzantine East, the emperor was assigned a divine mission. The Western church insisted on the clergy's independence. Some in the West tried to subordinate state to church, or vice versa; but the main trend was towards separation, and political thought became more secular. In Islam, the 'ulama became separate from the sultan but the relationship was not defined. Orthodox Jurists sought reintegration of religion and government. Separation between religion and politics in principle found little support. Christians, who had started as pacifists, adopted holy war and religious persecution; Muslims favoured limited toleration. There was thus both convergence and divergence between the two cultures: church and state.Less
Early Christianity saw church and state as separate. Early Islam conceived a single 'umma under a single caliphate. It prescribed an all-embracing Shari'a. But after Constantine Christianity brought church and state together. In the Byzantine East, the emperor was assigned a divine mission. The Western church insisted on the clergy's independence. Some in the West tried to subordinate state to church, or vice versa; but the main trend was towards separation, and political thought became more secular. In Islam, the 'ulama became separate from the sultan but the relationship was not defined. Orthodox Jurists sought reintegration of religion and government. Separation between religion and politics in principle found little support. Christians, who had started as pacifists, adopted holy war and religious persecution; Muslims favoured limited toleration. There was thus both convergence and divergence between the two cultures: church and state.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
On June 29, the speaker of the House of Representatives named 70 members (chosen to represent the parties proportionally) to serve as an ad hoc committee on [constitutional] revision. This chapter ...
More
On June 29, the speaker of the House of Representatives named 70 members (chosen to represent the parties proportionally) to serve as an ad hoc committee on [constitutional] revision. This chapter shows that, from the outset, members displayed considerable anguish about the draft's language (was it a mere translation of a foreign proposal?), and particularly its rude restrictions on the emperor's role. It examines the mounting tensions led, in mid‐July, to a dramatic quarrel between Colonel Kades and the cabinet minister in charge of the revision project, Kanamori Tokujirō, focusing on whether kokutai (Japan's unique polity) had survived in the revision.Less
On June 29, the speaker of the House of Representatives named 70 members (chosen to represent the parties proportionally) to serve as an ad hoc committee on [constitutional] revision. This chapter shows that, from the outset, members displayed considerable anguish about the draft's language (was it a mere translation of a foreign proposal?), and particularly its rude restrictions on the emperor's role. It examines the mounting tensions led, in mid‐July, to a dramatic quarrel between Colonel Kades and the cabinet minister in charge of the revision project, Kanamori Tokujirō, focusing on whether kokutai (Japan's unique polity) had survived in the revision.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical ...
More
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.Less
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Shows how General MacArthur, early in February 1946, seized on a “scoop” by the newspaper Mainichi that convinced him that the Japanese cabinet was making little headway toward revising the ...
More
Shows how General MacArthur, early in February 1946, seized on a “scoop” by the newspaper Mainichi that convinced him that the Japanese cabinet was making little headway toward revising the Constitution. It recounts how a small group of officers at Government Section, under the leadership of General Whitney, Colonel Kades and Commander Hussey, drafted a model constitution for Japan in a week's time. Built on the parliamentary model, it placed sovereignty in the people, kept the emperor as a “symbol” of the nation, banned war and armed forces, and set forth a new bill of rights. The chapter concludes with the dramatic presentation of the draft to stunned representatives of the Japanese cabinet on Wednesday, February 13.Less
Shows how General MacArthur, early in February 1946, seized on a “scoop” by the newspaper Mainichi that convinced him that the Japanese cabinet was making little headway toward revising the Constitution. It recounts how a small group of officers at Government Section, under the leadership of General Whitney, Colonel Kades and Commander Hussey, drafted a model constitution for Japan in a week's time. Built on the parliamentary model, it placed sovereignty in the people, kept the emperor as a “symbol” of the nation, banned war and armed forces, and set forth a new bill of rights. The chapter concludes with the dramatic presentation of the draft to stunned representatives of the Japanese cabinet on Wednesday, February 13.
Dominic J. O’Meara
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199285532
- eISBN:
- 9780191717819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285532.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter concerns the political importance of religion. Plato’s views on this theme are briefly sketched, as is the Neoplatonic interpretation of these views, with particular reference to Julian ...
More
This chapter concerns the political importance of religion. Plato’s views on this theme are briefly sketched, as is the Neoplatonic interpretation of these views, with particular reference to Julian the Emperor’s political programme, Iamblichus’ views on religious cults, the place of public and private cult, and of theurgy in the divinization of the soul.Less
This chapter concerns the political importance of religion. Plato’s views on this theme are briefly sketched, as is the Neoplatonic interpretation of these views, with particular reference to Julian the Emperor’s political programme, Iamblichus’ views on religious cults, the place of public and private cult, and of theurgy in the divinization of the soul.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal ...
More
For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal vital for the economic and political survival of the empire. This book aims to provide a detailed survey of the organizational measures devised for the extraction of metals and marbles and is restricted to mines and quarries under imperial control. Following the description of geological and topographical constraints and organizational challenges, the book focuses on the legal definition of mining and quarrying districts, the hierarchical structures and administrative responsibilities of the imperial officials (procuratores) and their staff, as well as the role of the Roman army, of private contractors and the workforce in these extractive operations. Finally, it addresses the position of mining and quarrying operations within the wider framework of the imperial administration and explores the role of the emperor vis-à-vis the mines and quarries within his empire. Although the emperor can play a vital part in allocating people and resources to quarries and mines, much of the organizational burden is placed on the men on the spot — a result of varying organizational constraints faced by procurators, Roman officers, or private contractors charged with running mining and quarrying operationsLess
For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal vital for the economic and political survival of the empire. This book aims to provide a detailed survey of the organizational measures devised for the extraction of metals and marbles and is restricted to mines and quarries under imperial control. Following the description of geological and topographical constraints and organizational challenges, the book focuses on the legal definition of mining and quarrying districts, the hierarchical structures and administrative responsibilities of the imperial officials (procuratores) and their staff, as well as the role of the Roman army, of private contractors and the workforce in these extractive operations. Finally, it addresses the position of mining and quarrying operations within the wider framework of the imperial administration and explores the role of the emperor vis-à-vis the mines and quarries within his empire. Although the emperor can play a vital part in allocating people and resources to quarries and mines, much of the organizational burden is placed on the men on the spot — a result of varying organizational constraints faced by procurators, Roman officers, or private contractors charged with running mining and quarrying operations
Colin Latimer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the ...
More
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.Less
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.
Jane Marie Law
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380040
- eISBN:
- 9780199869077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380040.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, World Religions
This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three ...
More
This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three examples provide a map for locating a certain kind of fetal imagination: the fetus that is unusual, out of place, or somehow violated. This chapter demonstrates how these examples offer a typology of sorts for imagination of the fetus. The fetus that garners attention is the fetus that does not turn out right, somehow does not follow the norms of reproduction, or explodes an essential counter-memory dominating collective memory of the past.Less
This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three examples provide a map for locating a certain kind of fetal imagination: the fetus that is unusual, out of place, or somehow violated. This chapter demonstrates how these examples offer a typology of sorts for imagination of the fetus. The fetus that garners attention is the fetus that does not turn out right, somehow does not follow the norms of reproduction, or explodes an essential counter-memory dominating collective memory of the past.
Michel Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195304671
- eISBN:
- 9780199866861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304671.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 7 describes the history and contemporary standing of a political ritual practiced in most Japanese Zen monasteries and temples today. This hour long ritual—Shukushin (Invoking the Sage)—is ...
More
Chapter 7 describes the history and contemporary standing of a political ritual practiced in most Japanese Zen monasteries and temples today. This hour long ritual—Shukushin (Invoking the Sage)—is performed at least twenty‐six times each year throughout Japan. The concept of the sage can be traced back from classical Daoism and the practice of rituals on behalf of the well‐being and long life of the emperor through early Chinese Buddhist sources up through the Sung dynasty Ch'an school. Describing the ritual as it is performed today in Japan, the essay shows how continuity of ritual tradition is maintained in Zen even into the postwar era in which the emperor's role in maintaining the prosperity and well‐being of the nation is minimal.Less
Chapter 7 describes the history and contemporary standing of a political ritual practiced in most Japanese Zen monasteries and temples today. This hour long ritual—Shukushin (Invoking the Sage)—is performed at least twenty‐six times each year throughout Japan. The concept of the sage can be traced back from classical Daoism and the practice of rituals on behalf of the well‐being and long life of the emperor through early Chinese Buddhist sources up through the Sung dynasty Ch'an school. Describing the ritual as it is performed today in Japan, the essay shows how continuity of ritual tradition is maintained in Zen even into the postwar era in which the emperor's role in maintaining the prosperity and well‐being of the nation is minimal.
D. Dennis Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195369229
- eISBN:
- 9780199871162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter translates and briefly discusses each of the ten stanzas of Tirumangai's poem about the temple. The two‐part structure of each stanza, divided between God in the first two lines and ...
More
This chapter translates and briefly discusses each of the ten stanzas of Tirumangai's poem about the temple. The two‐part structure of each stanza, divided between God in the first two lines and emperor in the second two, and the complementary unique division in the temple between God as the vimana and king in the dynastic history on the surrounding wall form the germ of this extended project.Less
This chapter translates and briefly discusses each of the ten stanzas of Tirumangai's poem about the temple. The two‐part structure of each stanza, divided between God in the first two lines and emperor in the second two, and the complementary unique division in the temple between God as the vimana and king in the dynastic history on the surrounding wall form the germ of this extended project.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place ...
More
By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place in any study of the filioque debates, for during the Florentine debates all the evidence and all the historic arguments—biblical, patristic, scholastic—either proving or disproving the orthodoxy of the doctrine were brought forward. It was, in many ways, the history of the debate in miniature. Unwilling to bend or compromise, and convinced that the other was in error, Latins and Greeks argued back and forth for months without result. Although the Byzantines (with the notable exception of Mark of Ephesus) finally relented, essentially embracing the Latin teaching as their own, the Latin victory was too great ever to be accepted in the East, leading to the council’s ultimate rejection by the Eastern Church.Less
By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place in any study of the filioque debates, for during the Florentine debates all the evidence and all the historic arguments—biblical, patristic, scholastic—either proving or disproving the orthodoxy of the doctrine were brought forward. It was, in many ways, the history of the debate in miniature. Unwilling to bend or compromise, and convinced that the other was in error, Latins and Greeks argued back and forth for months without result. Although the Byzantines (with the notable exception of Mark of Ephesus) finally relented, essentially embracing the Latin teaching as their own, the Latin victory was too great ever to be accepted in the East, leading to the council’s ultimate rejection by the Eastern Church.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Mining and quarrying operations under imperial control appear to have taken place within a strictly defined territorial entity distinct from the colonial, municipal and ‘tribal’ territories within a ...
More
Mining and quarrying operations under imperial control appear to have taken place within a strictly defined territorial entity distinct from the colonial, municipal and ‘tribal’ territories within a province. The existence of such districts (termed metallum or territoria metallorum) is highlighted most prominently in the Vipasca tablets. Some scholars have tried to identify further imperial mining and quarrying districts (e.g. patrimonium regni Norici), their extent, and their setting within the ancient landscape of Roman provinces. The legal sources, coinage (nummi metallorum), and further written evidence is explored in order to verify or falsify the hypothesis of vast mining districts. The chapter then addresses the question of ownership of mining and quarrying ventures. Besides evidence for municipal or private ownership of extractive operations, it is argued that quarries and mines might have been owned publicly, yet were in fact controlled and run by the Roman emperor.Less
Mining and quarrying operations under imperial control appear to have taken place within a strictly defined territorial entity distinct from the colonial, municipal and ‘tribal’ territories within a province. The existence of such districts (termed metallum or territoria metallorum) is highlighted most prominently in the Vipasca tablets. Some scholars have tried to identify further imperial mining and quarrying districts (e.g. patrimonium regni Norici), their extent, and their setting within the ancient landscape of Roman provinces. The legal sources, coinage (nummi metallorum), and further written evidence is explored in order to verify or falsify the hypothesis of vast mining districts. The chapter then addresses the question of ownership of mining and quarrying ventures. Besides evidence for municipal or private ownership of extractive operations, it is argued that quarries and mines might have been owned publicly, yet were in fact controlled and run by the Roman emperor.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The emperor played a central role not only in assigning equestrian procurators, members of the familia Caesaris, military specialists, convicts or prisoners of war to imperial mining and quarrying ...
More
The emperor played a central role not only in assigning equestrian procurators, members of the familia Caesaris, military specialists, convicts or prisoners of war to imperial mining and quarrying ventures but also in defining the procuratorial areas of responsibility. This chapter discusses the fragmentary evidence for the emperors involvement in allocating human resources to extractive operations and the costs born by his treasury. Furthermore, the role of the Palatine bureaux and the ominous ‘marble bureau’ and their respective connection to mining and quarrying operations under imperial control are explored. The ‘marble bureau’ at Rome may not have been the central head office in charge of the production of marble throughout the Roman empire but was primarily concerned with the import of marble to the city on the Tiber.Less
The emperor played a central role not only in assigning equestrian procurators, members of the familia Caesaris, military specialists, convicts or prisoners of war to imperial mining and quarrying ventures but also in defining the procuratorial areas of responsibility. This chapter discusses the fragmentary evidence for the emperors involvement in allocating human resources to extractive operations and the costs born by his treasury. Furthermore, the role of the Palatine bureaux and the ominous ‘marble bureau’ and their respective connection to mining and quarrying operations under imperial control are explored. The ‘marble bureau’ at Rome may not have been the central head office in charge of the production of marble throughout the Roman empire but was primarily concerned with the import of marble to the city on the Tiber.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The concluding chapter unites the main observations made throughout the study: It traces the possible development and differentiation of procuratorial posts; the probable responsibilities of these ...
More
The concluding chapter unites the main observations made throughout the study: It traces the possible development and differentiation of procuratorial posts; the probable responsibilities of these officials regarding the management of marble and metal resources under imperial control; the function of the Roman army in accessing and opening mining and quarrying zones; the varying systems in organizing the exploitation of quarries and mines by contracting out individual plots, complete extractive ventures, or the collection of vectigalia from miners; and the function of subaltern officials in providing the backbone and continuity of administration in mining and quarrying operations. Regarding the organization of mining and quarrying ventures an overarching administration was probably never devised; much of the organizational measures probably were initiated by the men‐on‐the‐spot with the occasional intervention of the Roman emperor.Less
The concluding chapter unites the main observations made throughout the study: It traces the possible development and differentiation of procuratorial posts; the probable responsibilities of these officials regarding the management of marble and metal resources under imperial control; the function of the Roman army in accessing and opening mining and quarrying zones; the varying systems in organizing the exploitation of quarries and mines by contracting out individual plots, complete extractive ventures, or the collection of vectigalia from miners; and the function of subaltern officials in providing the backbone and continuity of administration in mining and quarrying operations. Regarding the organization of mining and quarrying ventures an overarching administration was probably never devised; much of the organizational measures probably were initiated by the men‐on‐the‐spot with the occasional intervention of the Roman emperor.
