Search Results

This chapter summarizes the main finding of the book, that is the fact that the impact of highly skilled emigration on sending countries need not be detrimental. The chapter argues that the optimal skilled emigration rate is certainly positive. However, the optimal brain drain rate is likely to be extremely heterogeneous across countries, depending on their size, economic and institutional development, and on whether the brain drain is concentrated in certain sectors that are essential to TFP growth and human capital formation.

This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.

Despite the effort to deconstruct the Black Sea region in the twentieth century, there are still vestiges of the sea as a unified space. Since the end of the cold war, politicians have promoted regionalism as a way of building a cooperative economic zone, but poverty and interstate rivalries have remained as obstacles. The legacy of cultural interaction over the centuries is evident, however, and emigration from the region has produced communities abroad with some sense of common identity and a connection to the sea.

The Single Power Principle specifies that there must exist, somewhere in society, a coercive monopoly of power. Adherence to this principle leads to serious risks of enforcement abuse because of problems of selection, corruption capture, and the halo effect. Various institutional features to deal with the problem of enforcement abuse by a coercive monopoly of power have been tried including elections, federalism, and free emigration. Each attempts to combat the ‘top‐down’ or hierarchical relationship between ruler and subject that is inherent to a coercive monopoly of power by establishing a more ‘bottom‐up’ or horizontal relationship. Though these three practices have largely failed in keeping a coercive monopoly of power within the constraints defined by the liberal conception of justice and the rule of law, each reflects a more fundamental principle that needs to be more robustly incorporated into institutional arrangements: reciprocity, checks and balances, and the power of secession.

This chapter discusses Priestley's life in America. Priestley, who was implicated in more than one way in the activities of the English radicals, departed for America in April 1794. Priestley received an enthusiastic welcome upon arriving in New York in June 1794 because he was a long-standing friend of the Americans and their experiment in republican government, and he received much sympathy for his persecution in England as a result of his outspoken support for France. Priestley's early years in Pennsylvania, his identification with the social and political trials facing America, and his final years under Jefferson are discussed.

This chapter discusses the main features of British immigration and emigration in the 20th century and their effect on the labour market. It is shown that for a long time, there were strict rules governing who could enter the country and work, but this policy was never related to the needs of the labour market, as the government saw it. Immigration has not worsened the skills shortages in the UK labour market.

War cut off migration into America except for those British and German soldiers who elected to stay there. After the war, there were few effective restrictions on moving from Britain to the United States of America. To the dismay of most British opinion, emigration quickly began again on its pre‐war scale. Irish people mostly looking to improve their lot rather than the victims of impoverishment or persecution, were by far the largest element. Emigration from Scotland was slower to resume and initially tended to be to British colonies. The ending of the war enabled Americans to visit Britain as before and loyalists fled from from America to Britain, including some of African origin who later went on to Sierra Leone.

This chapter places the exodus of Russian scholars in the context of the country's turbulent twentieth-century experience of ‘three revolutions, two world wars, civil strife, and several changes of political regime’. It presents an account of the plight of Russian academics in German occupied territories who were caught ‘in the dead space between two tyrannies’. For some the price of survival in the 1940s involved temporary collaboration with the Nazi invaders, which is illustrated in the morally ambiguous wartime experiences of Nikolas Poppe, Professor of Oriental Studies in Leningrad University, a leading expert of the languages and literatures of northern inner Asia; and of Ivan Malinin, professor and head of the department of pathology in the Krasnodar Medical Institute. Both found a way of resisting the communist state through temporary ‘collaboration’, and thus, reaffirmed ‘the right of the individual to make choices’. The chapter concludes by noting the change in Soviet policy towards the emigration of scientists after perestroika and its double-edged effect: ‘On the one hand, emigration impoverishes home institutions, but, on the other, the free migration of scientists has become one of the most effective mechanisms for integrating the country into the global scientific community’.

Often seen as the summation of Schenker's work but in fact an extreme development of its tendencies towards abstraction, Free Composition (1935) can be understood as a form of “inner emigration”, a withdrawal from an increasingly tolerable sociopolitical situation; this is illustrated by a comparison between Free Composition and Adalbert Stifter's novel, The Indian Summer. It is this tendency towards abstraction, as well as the emigration during the 1930s of many of Schenker's (predominantly Jewish) pupils to North America, that enabled Schenker's theory to take root in the positivist atmosphere of post-war American academia. In its Americanized form, Schenkerian theory lost contact with the social and arguably even the musical values that had originally informed it. The purpose of this book is to recapture these dimensions of Schenker's thought and so argue for more broadly conceived Schenkerian practice.

This chapter examines the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem function and stability. This subject is currently one of the most intensely studied topics in ecology. It is also of paramount importance in the study of the ecological consequences of climate change, most probably because of its obvious relevance to ecosystem goods and services. More classically, however, the subject of biodiversity response to climate change relates to what factors set limits to the upper and lower bounds of species diversity and how those factors might be altered by rapid climate change. Of the two processes generating diversity—speciation and immigration—the latter obviously operates at shorter time scales and is likely to respond more immediately to climate change. Of the processes reducing local diversity—extinction and emigration—the latter is, again, likely to operate at shorter time scales, but both processes are likely to be influenced by climate change, although at potentially different timescales.

Beginning in the late 18th century and accelerating in the first half of the 19th century thousands of Highlanders were pushed off their lands to make way for commercial sheep farming. Many migrated to North America. About the same time, in the first half of the 19th century, the United States moved toward and then implemented a policy of Indian Removals, forcing thousands of Indian peoples from their homelands in the East to new lands in the West. With particular emphasis on the Sutherland Clearances in the north of Scotland and the Cherokee removal from Georgia, this chapter considers both phenomena as products of economic change affecting the Atlantic world, and notes that some of the Creeks, Cherokees and other Indians who were forced west were sons and daughters of Highlanders who had experienced similar dispossession.

This chapter examines how and why states regulate their diasporas, and considers whether and how they should do so. The chapter begins by noting that the extra-territorial components of state policies are relatively overlooked aspects of global migration governance—which tends to be conceived in terms of international relations between migrant-receiving and -sending countries. Drawing on a large comparative study, the first section of the chapter highlights that many states dedicate a portion of the state apparatus—referred to as ‘the emigration state’—to emigration and the diaspora. It identifies four different types of emigration state (engaged, disengaged, paper-only, and incoherent) and describes the main features of each, noting that only ‘engaged’ states exhibit a coherent range of mechanisms relating to the diaspora. The second section of the chapter begins to develop explanatory hypotheses for each type, outlining an agenda for further research. The final section of the chapter evaluates arguments for and against ‘engaging diasporas’ in terms of interests, norms, and global cooperation. Based on this evaluation, it concludes there is a need for more coherence in this area of global migration governance.

This chapter first details W. H. Auden's arrival in New York in January 1939. His emigration from England, and his arrival in America marked a crucial moment in twentieth-century literary history, when the heir apparent to T. S. Eliot as the dominant presence in British poetry abandoned his English career and retraced Eliot's own path back across the Atlantic to start anew. The impact of that moment, and Auden's subsequent American career, are still being felt in American poetry seven decades later. The chapter then discusses his poem “Atlantis,” where he invokes the myth of the lost utopia, to illustrate what he calls “a poetic vision” of art's capacity for moral instruction, even as it recognizes its limitations.

The idea of Brazil as a ‘racial democracy’ and a mixture of peoples and cultures became a central part of its national identity following the publication of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-grande e senzala in 1933. This chapter argues that the idea of racial democracy cannot be understood without taking into account the dialogue, dating from much earlier than 1933, between Brazilians and North Americans, based (in the former case) on an emphasis on the mixture of black and white, and (in the latter) on the ‘one drop rule’ and the segregation that came with it.

The Sonso community numbers 62 individuals. Like all chimpanzee communities so far described, it has a fission-fusion social organization. Parties form at feeding sites, or for social interaction, or when travelling. The mean size of these parties is five when scan sampled, or seven when counted over the whole life of the party. Parties can be as large as 31, if for example feeding on a ripe fig tree. Party composition changes, on average, once every 19 minutes as individuals arrive or leave. This chapter analyzes party composition, the effect of oestrous females on party size, nesting parties, and the relationship between party size and the abundance and distribution of food. Many (but not all) females emigrate from their natal community at adolescence, but males do not, remaining in their natal community throughout their lives and defending their range from encroachment by the males of neighbouring communities.