Joseph Epes Brown
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195138757
- eISBN:
- 9780199871759
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138757.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This book offers a thematic approach to looking at Native American religious traditions. Within the great multiplicity of Native American cultures, the book observes certain common themes that ...
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This book offers a thematic approach to looking at Native American religious traditions. Within the great multiplicity of Native American cultures, the book observes certain common themes that resonate within many Native traditions. It demonstrates how themes within native traditions connect with each other, at the same time upholding the integrity of individual traditions. The book illustrates each of these themes with explorations of specific native cultures including Lakota, Navajo, Apache, Koyukon, and Ojibwe. It demonstrates how Native American values provide an alternative metaphysics that stand opposed to modern materialism. It also shows how these spiritual values provide material for a serious rethinking of modern attitudes—especially toward the environment—as well as how they may help non-native peoples develop a more sensitive response to native concerns. Throughout, the book draws on the author's extensive personal experience with Black Elk, who came to symbolize for many the greatness of the imperiled native cultures.Less
This book offers a thematic approach to looking at Native American religious traditions. Within the great multiplicity of Native American cultures, the book observes certain common themes that resonate within many Native traditions. It demonstrates how themes within native traditions connect with each other, at the same time upholding the integrity of individual traditions. The book illustrates each of these themes with explorations of specific native cultures including Lakota, Navajo, Apache, Koyukon, and Ojibwe. It demonstrates how Native American values provide an alternative metaphysics that stand opposed to modern materialism. It also shows how these spiritual values provide material for a serious rethinking of modern attitudes—especially toward the environment—as well as how they may help non-native peoples develop a more sensitive response to native concerns. Throughout, the book draws on the author's extensive personal experience with Black Elk, who came to symbolize for many the greatness of the imperiled native cultures.
Betty Booth Donohue
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037370
- eISBN:
- 9780813042336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037370.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This preface states the book's thesis that American Indians influenced American literature, and delineates the author's methodologies employed to support this claim. To illustrate Of Plimoth ...
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This preface states the book's thesis that American Indians influenced American literature, and delineates the author's methodologies employed to support this claim. To illustrate Of Plimoth Plantation's Native influence, the author reads the history from a Native point of view; analyzes the impact of Indianization upon the colonists; and uses close reading and theories of narratology to shed light upon Bradford's text. She also compares Bradford's text to extant works in the American Indian oral tradition, such as Navajo healing chants and Black Elk's vision recitation. The author evaluates Native–colonial social contact, explains pan-tribal metaphysics and intellectual systems operating in the seventeenth-century New World, and utilizes Native interpretative techniques in reaching her conclusions. In addition to Of Plimoth Plantation, she also discusses Mourt's Relation and Edward Winslow's Good Newes from New England.Less
This preface states the book's thesis that American Indians influenced American literature, and delineates the author's methodologies employed to support this claim. To illustrate Of Plimoth Plantation's Native influence, the author reads the history from a Native point of view; analyzes the impact of Indianization upon the colonists; and uses close reading and theories of narratology to shed light upon Bradford's text. She also compares Bradford's text to extant works in the American Indian oral tradition, such as Navajo healing chants and Black Elk's vision recitation. The author evaluates Native–colonial social contact, explains pan-tribal metaphysics and intellectual systems operating in the seventeenth-century New World, and utilizes Native interpretative techniques in reaching her conclusions. In addition to Of Plimoth Plantation, she also discusses Mourt's Relation and Edward Winslow's Good Newes from New England.
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Historical accounts, park records, and biologists' observations indicated that wintering elk in Yellowstone's northern range were present in low numbers prior to and at park establishment in 1872; ...
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Historical accounts, park records, and biologists' observations indicated that wintering elk in Yellowstone's northern range were present in low numbers prior to and at park establishment in 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 by the early 1900s when they heavily impacted the northern-range ecosystem; and declined to 3,172 censused animals in 1968 due to park control efforts. In 1967, the park announced a politically coerced natural-regulation policy terminating park control; and in 1971 posed a natural-regulation ecological hypothesis stating that northern-range elk had been numerous prior to 1872, had not risen to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, and would stabilize at moderate numbers following recovery from control efforts without significantly affecting the northern-range ecosystem. Archaeological and historic evidence, park records, and censuses begun in the 1920s indicate a northern herd of ~5,000-6,000 in 1872, increasing to ~20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, declining to a censused number of 3,172 in 1968 in response to control efforts, increasing to a census-based number of 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s and 1990s, then declining somewhat after 2000. This book reviews critically the published and unpublished records to test the natural-regulation hypothesis and propose a conceptual model of the northern-range ecosystem with inferences from system changes associated with the four stages of elk abundance, inside-outside exclosure comparisons, and system comparisons inside and outside park boundaries.Less
Historical accounts, park records, and biologists' observations indicated that wintering elk in Yellowstone's northern range were present in low numbers prior to and at park establishment in 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 by the early 1900s when they heavily impacted the northern-range ecosystem; and declined to 3,172 censused animals in 1968 due to park control efforts. In 1967, the park announced a politically coerced natural-regulation policy terminating park control; and in 1971 posed a natural-regulation ecological hypothesis stating that northern-range elk had been numerous prior to 1872, had not risen to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, and would stabilize at moderate numbers following recovery from control efforts without significantly affecting the northern-range ecosystem. Archaeological and historic evidence, park records, and censuses begun in the 1920s indicate a northern herd of ~5,000-6,000 in 1872, increasing to ~20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, declining to a censused number of 3,172 in 1968 in response to control efforts, increasing to a census-based number of 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s and 1990s, then declining somewhat after 2000. This book reviews critically the published and unpublished records to test the natural-regulation hypothesis and propose a conceptual model of the northern-range ecosystem with inferences from system changes associated with the four stages of elk abundance, inside-outside exclosure comparisons, and system comparisons inside and outside park boundaries.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then ...
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Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.Less
Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Northern-range elk numbers have changed through four successive population phases over time: low numbers in prehistory up to ~1883; censuses of >6,000 up to 20,000-35,000 from 1884-1958; <6,000 from ...
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Northern-range elk numbers have changed through four successive population phases over time: low numbers in prehistory up to ~1883; censuses of >6,000 up to 20,000-35,000 from 1884-1958; <6,000 from 1959-1970 during park reductions; and >6,000 from 1971 to the low 2,000s after reductions stopped. Varying sources of evidence indicate alternating responses to each of these phases by all measured components of the northern-range biota. The pre-1872 northern-range ecosystem can be characterized by a hierarchical model constrained at the top by human and large-carnivore predators that limited elk numbers, prevented heavy herbivory, and allowed development of a vegetation that provided ample food for other herbivores, habitat for other faunal components, and constraints on hydrology. Removing the predatory constraints allowed elk increase that altered the structure of the system and progressively reduced biodiversity. These changes have disproved the ecological-effect tenets of the natural-regulation hypothesis. Expansion of the northern range since 1988 and the reestablishment of wolves could return the system structure back to its 1872 state, although it is too early to ascertain whether this will occur. Meanwhile, climate warming could alter system structure to conditions not previously experienced.Less
Northern-range elk numbers have changed through four successive population phases over time: low numbers in prehistory up to ~1883; censuses of >6,000 up to 20,000-35,000 from 1884-1958; <6,000 from 1959-1970 during park reductions; and >6,000 from 1971 to the low 2,000s after reductions stopped. Varying sources of evidence indicate alternating responses to each of these phases by all measured components of the northern-range biota. The pre-1872 northern-range ecosystem can be characterized by a hierarchical model constrained at the top by human and large-carnivore predators that limited elk numbers, prevented heavy herbivory, and allowed development of a vegetation that provided ample food for other herbivores, habitat for other faunal components, and constraints on hydrology. Removing the predatory constraints allowed elk increase that altered the structure of the system and progressively reduced biodiversity. These changes have disproved the ecological-effect tenets of the natural-regulation hypothesis. Expansion of the northern range since 1988 and the reestablishment of wolves could return the system structure back to its 1872 state, although it is too early to ascertain whether this will occur. Meanwhile, climate warming could alter system structure to conditions not previously experienced.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
To manage a large elk herd that winters on a low-elevation, a 152,663 ha area along the northern border of Yellowstone National Park has gone through four phases since before park establishment in ...
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To manage a large elk herd that winters on a low-elevation, a 152,663 ha area along the northern border of Yellowstone National Park has gone through four phases since before park establishment in 1872: (1) no management except aboriginal hunting before 1872; (2) protection from hunting, predator control, and winter feeding between 1872 and the 1920s; (3) population reduction through trapping and shooting by park rangers from the 1920s through 1968; (4) no population control from 1969 to the present (the natural-regulation policy). Park officials' reports and 1914-1968 scientific observations agreed that the northern herd occurred at low numbers and migrated out of the park area in winter before 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 wintering animals by the early 1900s; and was heavily impacting the northern-range biota. New research posed the 1971 natural-regulation ecological hypothesis and reinterpreted evidence to infer that elk in prehistory were abundant and wintered outside the park area; had not increased to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s; without control, the herd would stabilize at moderate numbers, and would do so without significant impact on the northern-range ecosystem as it had not in the 1914-1982 period. The purpose of this book is to review the entire documentary and scientific record to evaluate the effects of management phases on the size of the northern herd and, in turn, its effects on the northern range, thereby testing the natural-regulation hypothesis. The park may be entering a fifth management phase, depending on what effect the reestablishment of wolves in 1995 has on the herd, an effect that was not yet evident when this book was written.Less
To manage a large elk herd that winters on a low-elevation, a 152,663 ha area along the northern border of Yellowstone National Park has gone through four phases since before park establishment in 1872: (1) no management except aboriginal hunting before 1872; (2) protection from hunting, predator control, and winter feeding between 1872 and the 1920s; (3) population reduction through trapping and shooting by park rangers from the 1920s through 1968; (4) no population control from 1969 to the present (the natural-regulation policy). Park officials' reports and 1914-1968 scientific observations agreed that the northern herd occurred at low numbers and migrated out of the park area in winter before 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 wintering animals by the early 1900s; and was heavily impacting the northern-range biota. New research posed the 1971 natural-regulation ecological hypothesis and reinterpreted evidence to infer that elk in prehistory were abundant and wintered outside the park area; had not increased to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s; without control, the herd would stabilize at moderate numbers, and would do so without significant impact on the northern-range ecosystem as it had not in the 1914-1982 period. The purpose of this book is to review the entire documentary and scientific record to evaluate the effects of management phases on the size of the northern herd and, in turn, its effects on the northern range, thereby testing the natural-regulation hypothesis. The park may be entering a fifth management phase, depending on what effect the reestablishment of wolves in 1995 has on the herd, an effect that was not yet evident when this book was written.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Aspen in western North America grows in clones, and reproduces from root shoots (ramets) that replace short-lived (100-130 year) trees. Elk browse leaves and low branches producing browse lines, peel ...
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Aspen in western North America grows in clones, and reproduces from root shoots (ramets) that replace short-lived (100-130 year) trees. Elk browse leaves and low branches producing browse lines, peel the bark of medium-age and young trees, browse off young ramets preventing reestablishment, and convert understories to low-diversity stands of grasses and annuals. Clones outside the park in the absence of ungulates, inside park exclosures, and in early park photographs, have mixed-age ramets, no highlines, and diverse understories of shrubs and perennial forbs. Contrary to natural-regulation advocates, photographic and dencrochronological evidence shows that aspens were a significant component of the vegetation before 1872 and in early park years. There has been no tree recruitment in the northern range since the 1920s, one-third of clones in early photographs have disappeared, the area of surviving clones has declined 80%, and associated biota of browsed clones has declined, all attributed primarily to elk browsing rather than other factors proposed by natural-regulation advocates.Less
Aspen in western North America grows in clones, and reproduces from root shoots (ramets) that replace short-lived (100-130 year) trees. Elk browse leaves and low branches producing browse lines, peel the bark of medium-age and young trees, browse off young ramets preventing reestablishment, and convert understories to low-diversity stands of grasses and annuals. Clones outside the park in the absence of ungulates, inside park exclosures, and in early park photographs, have mixed-age ramets, no highlines, and diverse understories of shrubs and perennial forbs. Contrary to natural-regulation advocates, photographic and dencrochronological evidence shows that aspens were a significant component of the vegetation before 1872 and in early park years. There has been no tree recruitment in the northern range since the 1920s, one-third of clones in early photographs have disappeared, the area of surviving clones has declined 80%, and associated biota of browsed clones has declined, all attributed primarily to elk browsing rather than other factors proposed by natural-regulation advocates.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Nutritional research on northern-range elk and park-wide bison shows catabolic decline and mortality increase through winters, and as functions of population size and winter severity, collectively ...
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Nutritional research on northern-range elk and park-wide bison shows catabolic decline and mortality increase through winters, and as functions of population size and winter severity, collectively indicating usurpation of the range resource and intraspecific competition. Bighorn sheep numbers declined from the 1920s until about the 1960s, increased during and immediately after the elk population low, and then declined again in the 1980s and 1990s when they occurred at low population viability. Contrary to one hypothesis, the bison population increased steadily from the 1960s, except for slight population reductions in the 1980s and 1990s, until it reached ~3,000 when animals began leaving the park. Mule deer declined from the early 1900s to 1958-1970, and increased substantially by the 1980s and 1990s when they began wintering outside the park. Pronghorns, numbering in the thousands in early park years, now exist at low population viability. With speculative estimates, elk numbers and biomass increased 3.2x between park establishment and the 1990s; the other four species together declined 67% in numbers and 40% in biomass.Less
Nutritional research on northern-range elk and park-wide bison shows catabolic decline and mortality increase through winters, and as functions of population size and winter severity, collectively indicating usurpation of the range resource and intraspecific competition. Bighorn sheep numbers declined from the 1920s until about the 1960s, increased during and immediately after the elk population low, and then declined again in the 1980s and 1990s when they occurred at low population viability. Contrary to one hypothesis, the bison population increased steadily from the 1960s, except for slight population reductions in the 1980s and 1990s, until it reached ~3,000 when animals began leaving the park. Mule deer declined from the early 1900s to 1958-1970, and increased substantially by the 1980s and 1990s when they began wintering outside the park. Pronghorns, numbering in the thousands in early park years, now exist at low population viability. With speculative estimates, elk numbers and biomass increased 3.2x between park establishment and the 1990s; the other four species together declined 67% in numbers and 40% in biomass.
John Gatta
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195165050
- eISBN:
- 9780199835140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195165055.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Beginning in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Darwinism had a varied impact on American sensibilities. John Muir, for example, studied science and accepted the transmutative premise of ...
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Beginning in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Darwinism had a varied impact on American sensibilities. John Muir, for example, studied science and accepted the transmutative premise of evolutionary theory--but retained a biblically colored piety that saw God’s presence inscribed “in magnificent capitals” at places like Yosemite. During this extended period, writings by Mary Austin and Black Elk reflect their encounters with versions of naturalistic piety lying outside Euro-American ethnic traditions. Still, the written form in which Black Elk expressed his ecological vision of holiness, as imaged in the great hoop of the Lakota nation, was decidedly influenced by his contact with non-Indian culture. Although Rachel Carson was a committed scientist whose work presupposed belief in organic evolution, her writing also reflects a robust spirituality founded upon reverence for life and for the mystery of things unseen.Less
Beginning in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Darwinism had a varied impact on American sensibilities. John Muir, for example, studied science and accepted the transmutative premise of evolutionary theory--but retained a biblically colored piety that saw God’s presence inscribed “in magnificent capitals” at places like Yosemite. During this extended period, writings by Mary Austin and Black Elk reflect their encounters with versions of naturalistic piety lying outside Euro-American ethnic traditions. Still, the written form in which Black Elk expressed his ecological vision of holiness, as imaged in the great hoop of the Lakota nation, was decidedly influenced by his contact with non-Indian culture. Although Rachel Carson was a committed scientist whose work presupposed belief in organic evolution, her writing also reflects a robust spirituality founded upon reverence for life and for the mystery of things unseen.
Arnold Krupat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451386
- eISBN:
- 9780801465857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451386.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter examines a variety of written expressions that may be read in the context of elegy and are attributed to Native American authors. It begins by considering Black Hawk's autobiography ...
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This chapter examines a variety of written expressions that may be read in the context of elegy and are attributed to Native American authors. It begins by considering Black Hawk's autobiography Life, published in 1833 by John Barton Patterson. Life was long read as elegiac in the Western sense, mourning what was irrevocably gone, and Black Hawk's narration is more nearly elegiac in the Native American sense; it is not Western mourning but indigenous “melancholic mourning” of a particularly creative kind. The chapter also analyzes Black Elk Speaks (1932), Reverend William Apess's Eulogy on King Philip (1836), and the elegiac poetry of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, John Rollin Ridge, and others.Less
This chapter examines a variety of written expressions that may be read in the context of elegy and are attributed to Native American authors. It begins by considering Black Hawk's autobiography Life, published in 1833 by John Barton Patterson. Life was long read as elegiac in the Western sense, mourning what was irrevocably gone, and Black Hawk's narration is more nearly elegiac in the Native American sense; it is not Western mourning but indigenous “melancholic mourning” of a particularly creative kind. The chapter also analyzes Black Elk Speaks (1932), Reverend William Apess's Eulogy on King Philip (1836), and the elegiac poetry of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, John Rollin Ridge, and others.
George C. Frison
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231900
- eISBN:
- 9780520927964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231900.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter investigates the hunting of deer, elk, and other creatures in Rocky Mountains during the prehistoric period. It describes the remains of mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk in ...
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This chapter investigates the hunting of deer, elk, and other creatures in Rocky Mountains during the prehistoric period. It describes the remains of mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk in archaeological remains and discusses the behavioral patterns of other animals including small mammals, birds, and black and grizzly bears. It also explains the hunting strategies for these animals.Less
This chapter investigates the hunting of deer, elk, and other creatures in Rocky Mountains during the prehistoric period. It describes the remains of mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk in archaeological remains and discusses the behavioral patterns of other animals including small mammals, birds, and black and grizzly bears. It also explains the hunting strategies for these animals.
James K. Agee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520251250
- eISBN:
- 9780520933798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520251250.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter focuses on the restoration of the rivers of the Klamath region. The Trinity River Restoration Program proposed four river-building processes: water flow, vegetation, channel morphology, ...
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This chapter focuses on the restoration of the rivers of the Klamath region. The Trinity River Restoration Program proposed four river-building processes: water flow, vegetation, channel morphology, and sediment management. Efforts to restore the Klamath River's anandromous fish populations are ongoing, but have made less progress than was originally hoped for. Along the Klamath River, watershed restoration is under way, at Bluff Creek, at Elk Creek, in the Scott River, and in the upper basin.Less
This chapter focuses on the restoration of the rivers of the Klamath region. The Trinity River Restoration Program proposed four river-building processes: water flow, vegetation, channel morphology, and sediment management. Efforts to restore the Klamath River's anandromous fish populations are ongoing, but have made less progress than was originally hoped for. Along the Klamath River, watershed restoration is under way, at Bluff Creek, at Elk Creek, in the Scott River, and in the upper basin.
Randall D. Jackson and James W. Bartolome
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252202
- eISBN:
- 9780520933972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252202.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter examines the effects of grazing in California's grasslands, oak savanna understory vegetation, and associated herbaceous riparian areas, providing a brief history of grazing in ...
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This chapter examines the effects of grazing in California's grasslands, oak savanna understory vegetation, and associated herbaceous riparian areas, providing a brief history of grazing in California grasslands and examining the grazing effects on California grassland wildlife. It also describes the ways in which grazing by nondomestic large mammals such as elk differs from grazing by livestock.Less
This chapter examines the effects of grazing in California's grasslands, oak savanna understory vegetation, and associated herbaceous riparian areas, providing a brief history of grazing in California grasslands and examining the grazing effects on California grassland wildlife. It also describes the ways in which grazing by nondomestic large mammals such as elk differs from grazing by livestock.
Matthew Desmond
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226144085
- eISBN:
- 9780226144078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226144078.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
What compels people to accept the burdens of firefighting? Why do they choose to take part in such a demanding and dangerous enterprise? This chapter demonstrates that the answers are to be found in ...
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What compels people to accept the burdens of firefighting? Why do they choose to take part in such a demanding and dangerous enterprise? This chapter demonstrates that the answers are to be found in the least likely place: downtime. Many sociologists have suggested that risk takers understand downtime as meaningless and dull. It is argued that, at Elk River, periods of waiting are saturated with meaning. Far from being “killed time” or “wasted time,” downtime is primetime. Elk River offers something more alluring than rushes or riches—something having to do with their country-masculine habitus.Less
What compels people to accept the burdens of firefighting? Why do they choose to take part in such a demanding and dangerous enterprise? This chapter demonstrates that the answers are to be found in the least likely place: downtime. Many sociologists have suggested that risk takers understand downtime as meaningless and dull. It is argued that, at Elk River, periods of waiting are saturated with meaning. Far from being “killed time” or “wasted time,” downtime is primetime. Elk River offers something more alluring than rushes or riches—something having to do with their country-masculine habitus.
Matthew Desmond
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226144085
- eISBN:
- 9780226144078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226144078.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter explores the brotherly bonds forged between firefighters at Elk River by focusing on the sometimes unbrotherly practices of repartee and aggressive teasing. It also highlights how ...
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This chapter explores the brotherly bonds forged between firefighters at Elk River by focusing on the sometimes unbrotherly practices of repartee and aggressive teasing. It also highlights how crewmembers discipline one another, and how they espouse and act on key principles of the Forest Service through ostensibly innocent everyday practices.Less
This chapter explores the brotherly bonds forged between firefighters at Elk River by focusing on the sometimes unbrotherly practices of repartee and aggressive teasing. It also highlights how crewmembers discipline one another, and how they espouse and act on key principles of the Forest Service through ostensibly innocent everyday practices.
Linda L. Wallace (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100488
- eISBN:
- 9780300127751
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100488.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This book presents the history and aftereffects of the fires of 1988 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) describes the chronology of the fires, the areas burned, and the extent ...
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This book presents the history and aftereffects of the fires of 1988 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) describes the chronology of the fires, the areas burned, and the extent of fire in those regions. One of the biggest concerns of the public was how individual plants and animals fared. Thinking hierarchically, we know that the patterns seen at the community and ecosystem levels are the result of mechanistic responses at the individual and population levels. It is important to know how forest trees and grass-land species responded. Some of the greatest public concern was for large animals, particularly Elk. Elk mortality and population responses after the fires took some surprising turns. The GYE is an extremely heterogeneous environment. Plant communities provide essential habitat for the megaherbivores of the GYE as well. Although we know numbers and how the populations of these animals have changed since the fires, it is difficult to determine the mechanisms behind these changes. Using simulation models and comparing their results with reality can yield important insights as to the mechanisms governing ungulate response to fire. The sediments of Yellowstone's lakes provide an opportunity to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history of the region back to the time of late-Pleistocene deglaciation.Less
This book presents the history and aftereffects of the fires of 1988 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) describes the chronology of the fires, the areas burned, and the extent of fire in those regions. One of the biggest concerns of the public was how individual plants and animals fared. Thinking hierarchically, we know that the patterns seen at the community and ecosystem levels are the result of mechanistic responses at the individual and population levels. It is important to know how forest trees and grass-land species responded. Some of the greatest public concern was for large animals, particularly Elk. Elk mortality and population responses after the fires took some surprising turns. The GYE is an extremely heterogeneous environment. Plant communities provide essential habitat for the megaherbivores of the GYE as well. Although we know numbers and how the populations of these animals have changed since the fires, it is difficult to determine the mechanisms behind these changes. Using simulation models and comparing their results with reality can yield important insights as to the mechanisms governing ungulate response to fire. The sediments of Yellowstone's lakes provide an opportunity to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history of the region back to the time of late-Pleistocene deglaciation.
Linda L. Wallace, Francis J. Singer, and Paul Schullery
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100488
- eISBN:
- 9780300127751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100488.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter looks at the large-scale fires of 1998 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, most notably in Yellowstone National Park. It resulted from a combination of drought, ...
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This chapter looks at the large-scale fires of 1998 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, most notably in Yellowstone National Park. It resulted from a combination of drought, above-average temperatures, and numerous dry thunderstorms with lightning strikes and high winds. One of the biggest concerns of the public during and after the fires of 1998 was how individual plants and animals fared. Some of the greatest public concerns were for large animals, particularly Elk. Elk mortality and population responses after the fires took some surprising turns. The public interest in how fires affect water availability and quality.Less
This chapter looks at the large-scale fires of 1998 that swept through the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, most notably in Yellowstone National Park. It resulted from a combination of drought, above-average temperatures, and numerous dry thunderstorms with lightning strikes and high winds. One of the biggest concerns of the public during and after the fires of 1998 was how individual plants and animals fared. Some of the greatest public concerns were for large animals, particularly Elk. Elk mortality and population responses after the fires took some surprising turns. The public interest in how fires affect water availability and quality.
Francis J. Singer, Michael B. Coughenour, and Jack E. Norland
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100488
- eISBN:
- 9780300127751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100488.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter describes Elk biology and ecology before and after the Yellowstone fires of 1988. Elk occupy an intermediate position in post-fire vegetal succession. The fires of 1988 in Yellowstone ...
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This chapter describes Elk biology and ecology before and after the Yellowstone fires of 1988. Elk occupy an intermediate position in post-fire vegetal succession. The fires of 1988 in Yellowstone National Park provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of large-scale wildfire on one of the largest migratory Elk populations in North America. Several large, hot, fall fires burned about one-third of the 590,000 ha summer range and about one-quarter of the 134,000 ha winter range for Elk. It was predicted that the 1988 fires would alter elk distribution and habitat preferences, due to these changes in forages and forest cover. Elk would possibly avoid burned forests in the winter because these burned forests accumulate more snow than unburned forests and the snow will be more crusted from wind and diurnal thawing.Less
This chapter describes Elk biology and ecology before and after the Yellowstone fires of 1988. Elk occupy an intermediate position in post-fire vegetal succession. The fires of 1988 in Yellowstone National Park provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of large-scale wildfire on one of the largest migratory Elk populations in North America. Several large, hot, fall fires burned about one-third of the 590,000 ha summer range and about one-quarter of the 134,000 ha winter range for Elk. It was predicted that the 1988 fires would alter elk distribution and habitat preferences, due to these changes in forages and forest cover. Elk would possibly avoid burned forests in the winter because these burned forests accumulate more snow than unburned forests and the snow will be more crusted from wind and diurnal thawing.
Joel Berger
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226043630
- eISBN:
- 9780226043647
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226043647.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
At dawn on a brutally cold January morning, the author crouched in the icy grandeur of the Teton Range. It had been three years since wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone after a sixty-year ...
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At dawn on a brutally cold January morning, the author crouched in the icy grandeur of the Teton Range. It had been three years since wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone after a sixty-year absence, and members of a wolf pack were approaching a herd of elk. To the author's utter shock, the elk ignored the wolves as they went in for the kill. The brutal attack that followed—swift and bloody—led him to hypothesize that after only six decades, the elk had forgotten to fear a species that had survived by eating them for hundreds of millennia. The author's fieldwork that frigid day raised important questions that would require years of travel and research to answer: Can naive animals avoid extinction when they encounter reintroduced carnivores? To what extent is fear culturally transmitted? And how can a better understanding of current predator-prey behavior help demystify past extinctions and inform future conservation? This book is the chronicle of the author's search for answers. From Yellowstone's elk and wolves to rhinos living with African lions and moose coexisting with tigers and bears in Asia, the author tracks cultures of fear in animals across continents and climates, engaging readers with a combination of natural history, personal experience, and conservation.Less
At dawn on a brutally cold January morning, the author crouched in the icy grandeur of the Teton Range. It had been three years since wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone after a sixty-year absence, and members of a wolf pack were approaching a herd of elk. To the author's utter shock, the elk ignored the wolves as they went in for the kill. The brutal attack that followed—swift and bloody—led him to hypothesize that after only six decades, the elk had forgotten to fear a species that had survived by eating them for hundreds of millennia. The author's fieldwork that frigid day raised important questions that would require years of travel and research to answer: Can naive animals avoid extinction when they encounter reintroduced carnivores? To what extent is fear culturally transmitted? And how can a better understanding of current predator-prey behavior help demystify past extinctions and inform future conservation? This book is the chronicle of the author's search for answers. From Yellowstone's elk and wolves to rhinos living with African lions and moose coexisting with tigers and bears in Asia, the author tracks cultures of fear in animals across continents and climates, engaging readers with a combination of natural history, personal experience, and conservation.
María Nieves Zedeño
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042428
- eISBN:
- 9780813043074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042428.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The decade of the 1880s marks the end of the Plains communal bison hunting. Taking Carole Crumley's “core values” in historical ecology as an organizing concept, this chapter examines the ecological, ...
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The decade of the 1880s marks the end of the Plains communal bison hunting. Taking Carole Crumley's “core values” in historical ecology as an organizing concept, this chapter examines the ecological, economic, social, political, and ritual conditions under which a Plains Indian society coped with sudden and devastating territorial circumscription, repression, and environmental change by modifying their relationship with the landscape within acceptable cultural parameters. Among the Montana Blackfeet, resilience was achieved largely through the development of a post-bison hunting complex that preserved ancient core values while allowing rapid shifts to intensive high-elevation hunting of ungulates, change in the size and composition of hunting groups and hunters’ social networks, and adjustment of traditional religious views and practices to new hunting conditions.Less
The decade of the 1880s marks the end of the Plains communal bison hunting. Taking Carole Crumley's “core values” in historical ecology as an organizing concept, this chapter examines the ecological, economic, social, political, and ritual conditions under which a Plains Indian society coped with sudden and devastating territorial circumscription, repression, and environmental change by modifying their relationship with the landscape within acceptable cultural parameters. Among the Montana Blackfeet, resilience was achieved largely through the development of a post-bison hunting complex that preserved ancient core values while allowing rapid shifts to intensive high-elevation hunting of ungulates, change in the size and composition of hunting groups and hunters’ social networks, and adjustment of traditional religious views and practices to new hunting conditions.
