Ilkka Ruostetsaari
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199260362
- eISBN:
- 9780191601873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260362.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In historical perspective, the history of Finland's political class is one of gradual growth. Parliamentary salaries and public party financing were established before 1967, thus laying the ...
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In historical perspective, the history of Finland's political class is one of gradual growth. Parliamentary salaries and public party financing were established before 1967, thus laying the foundations for an increasing professionalization – qualitatively and quantitatively. It is now possible to distinguish an inner core of professional politicians, consisting of about 1,000 elected politicians, their assistants, party functionaries, and journalists, and a much more sizable outer fringe. Thus, despite an unfavourable preferential voting system, improving the individual candidates standing vis-\'e0-vis the party, a Finnish political class acting for itself has been firmly established – at the cost of a deepening chasm between this political class and its constituency.Less
In historical perspective, the history of Finland's political class is one of gradual growth. Parliamentary salaries and public party financing were established before 1967, thus laying the foundations for an increasing professionalization – qualitatively and quantitatively. It is now possible to distinguish an inner core of professional politicians, consisting of about 1,000 elected politicians, their assistants, party functionaries, and journalists, and a much more sizable outer fringe. Thus, despite an unfavourable preferential voting system, improving the individual candidates standing vis-\'e0-vis the party, a Finnish political class acting for itself has been firmly established – at the cost of a deepening chasm between this political class and its constituency.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter suggests that in Mexico, the organizational networking approach grossly undermeasures the extent to which power elite circles are linked across policy arenas. Three broad networking ...
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This chapter suggests that in Mexico, the organizational networking approach grossly undermeasures the extent to which power elite circles are linked across policy arenas. Three broad networking sources are significant to establishing influential personal relationships across all Mexican power elite boundaries: educational, career, and family. Mexico's geographic pattern is typical of most countries other than the United States: a centralized capital city where most of the intellectual, political, and economic resources are concentrated. Wealth is an important variable in the family networking process. Educational settings are the most important source for networking among Mexican power elites, but only politicians and intellectuals establish extensive friendships with one another through education. A new type of politician at the end of the twentieth century, the hybrid politico, is increasingly characterized by provincial roots and experiences outside the three urban centers.Less
This chapter suggests that in Mexico, the organizational networking approach grossly undermeasures the extent to which power elite circles are linked across policy arenas. Three broad networking sources are significant to establishing influential personal relationships across all Mexican power elite boundaries: educational, career, and family. Mexico's geographic pattern is typical of most countries other than the United States: a centralized capital city where most of the intellectual, political, and economic resources are concentrated. Wealth is an important variable in the family networking process. Educational settings are the most important source for networking among Mexican power elites, but only politicians and intellectuals establish extensive friendships with one another through education. A new type of politician at the end of the twentieth century, the hybrid politico, is increasingly characterized by provincial roots and experiences outside the three urban centers.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This study marks the culmination of over twenty years of research by one of America's most prominent Mexico scholars. The book provides a detailed examination of Mexico's power elite—their political ...
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This study marks the culmination of over twenty years of research by one of America's most prominent Mexico scholars. The book provides a detailed examination of Mexico's power elite—their political power, societal influence, and the crucial yet often overlooked role mentoring plays in their rise to the top. In the course of this book, the text traces the careers of approximately four hundred of the country's most notable politicians, military officers, clergy, intellectuals, and capitalists. Thoroughly researched and drawn from in-depth interviews with some of Mexico's most powerful players, this book provides insight into the machinations of Mexican leadership and an important glimpse into the country's future as it steps onto the global stage.Less
This study marks the culmination of over twenty years of research by one of America's most prominent Mexico scholars. The book provides a detailed examination of Mexico's power elite—their political power, societal influence, and the crucial yet often overlooked role mentoring plays in their rise to the top. In the course of this book, the text traces the careers of approximately four hundred of the country's most notable politicians, military officers, clergy, intellectuals, and capitalists. Thoroughly researched and drawn from in-depth interviews with some of Mexico's most powerful players, this book provides insight into the machinations of Mexican leadership and an important glimpse into the country's future as it steps onto the global stage.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter presents striking evidence that supports the belief that mentors are crucial actors in determining many characteristics of the power elite. The general literature on mentoring in ...
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This chapter presents striking evidence that supports the belief that mentors are crucial actors in determining many characteristics of the power elite. The general literature on mentoring in postmodern societies concludes that collectivist cultures like Mexico give stronger support to mentoring than individualistic, organizational cultures, and that mentoring is a “key resource for the development of power in organizations,” affecting a protégé's rank, career track, and position of power. Mentors play multiple roles among power elites. In Mexico, the mentor has functioned as a recruiter, as a networker, and as a socializer. Family is the dominant locale for mentor-disciple relationships among capitalists; consequently a kinship connection produces this linkage. There is a powerful linkage in Mexico between influential leadership and mentors.Less
This chapter presents striking evidence that supports the belief that mentors are crucial actors in determining many characteristics of the power elite. The general literature on mentoring in postmodern societies concludes that collectivist cultures like Mexico give stronger support to mentoring than individualistic, organizational cultures, and that mentoring is a “key resource for the development of power in organizations,” affecting a protégé's rank, career track, and position of power. Mentors play multiple roles among power elites. In Mexico, the mentor has functioned as a recruiter, as a networker, and as a socializer. Family is the dominant locale for mentor-disciple relationships among capitalists; consequently a kinship connection produces this linkage. There is a powerful linkage in Mexico between influential leadership and mentors.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter divides Mexico's power elite into two major generations, those born between 1910 and 1940, and those born after 1940. The most striking variable across Mexican power elite groups is a ...
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This chapter divides Mexico's power elite into two major generations, those born between 1910 and 1940, and those born after 1940. The most striking variable across Mexican power elite groups is a leader's age. A generational portrait of Mexico's power elite reveals how overall recruitment patterns are changing. The most pronounced generational division within Mexico's power elite is the dramatic difference between power elites born before or after 1940. The dramatic change in the socioeconomic background of Mexico's top leadership is paralleled by an equally dramatic regional shift in elite residence. Three types of Mexican intellectuals appeared in the second half of the twentieth century: public intellectual, private intellectual, and international intellectual. The older generation of power elites was exposed to historical experiences incorporating civil violence, political instability, and economic nationalism. The younger generation of leaders lost sight of a fundamental issue in Mexico: social and economic inequality.Less
This chapter divides Mexico's power elite into two major generations, those born between 1910 and 1940, and those born after 1940. The most striking variable across Mexican power elite groups is a leader's age. A generational portrait of Mexico's power elite reveals how overall recruitment patterns are changing. The most pronounced generational division within Mexico's power elite is the dramatic difference between power elites born before or after 1940. The dramatic change in the socioeconomic background of Mexico's top leadership is paralleled by an equally dramatic regional shift in elite residence. Three types of Mexican intellectuals appeared in the second half of the twentieth century: public intellectual, private intellectual, and international intellectual. The older generation of power elites was exposed to historical experiences incorporating civil violence, political instability, and economic nationalism. The younger generation of leaders lost sight of a fundamental issue in Mexico: social and economic inequality.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter addresses the importance of networking within Mexican power elites. Networking through kinship ties occurs more commonly among Mexican capitalists than among any of the four other power ...
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This chapter addresses the importance of networking within Mexican power elites. Networking through kinship ties occurs more commonly among Mexican capitalists than among any of the four other power elite groups. The two groups among Mexico's power elite who operate within the most institutionalized structured setting are military officers and the clergy. Organizational positions do not account for the majority of identifiable networking sources among elites. Organizational networking theorists imply that formal positions are the only source of personal networks. Comparative analysis of corporate board membership does reveal significant similarities among Mexican, North American, and other countries' corporate leaders. The peculiar structures of each group strongly flavor the nature of the networking source. Mexicans who exercised the most influence within their respective areas of responsibility in the last third of the twentieth century have close ties to one another, ties which affect their personal and professional relationships.Less
This chapter addresses the importance of networking within Mexican power elites. Networking through kinship ties occurs more commonly among Mexican capitalists than among any of the four other power elite groups. The two groups among Mexico's power elite who operate within the most institutionalized structured setting are military officers and the clergy. Organizational positions do not account for the majority of identifiable networking sources among elites. Organizational networking theorists imply that formal positions are the only source of personal networks. Comparative analysis of corporate board membership does reveal significant similarities among Mexican, North American, and other countries' corporate leaders. The peculiar structures of each group strongly flavor the nature of the networking source. Mexicans who exercised the most influence within their respective areas of responsibility in the last third of the twentieth century have close ties to one another, ties which affect their personal and professional relationships.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the significance of family and career, as well as several experiential social processes that have an impact on socialization (e.g., residence and major societal events). Mexican ...
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This chapter examines the significance of family and career, as well as several experiential social processes that have an impact on socialization (e.g., residence and major societal events). Mexican power elites, not surprisingly, have identified family as their most important source of values. The socializing influence of elite family backgrounds originates from the fact that privileged backgrounds occur disproportionately among power elites as compared to the general population. An institutional environment not only influences the values and attitudes of those who have sought initially to make an institution their career, but it can prompt a person established in one career to shift laterally to another. Major social, economic, and political events influence power elite values. The revolution's impact is largely indirect, having formed the most important generation of mentors to Mexico's power elite, rather than the power elite itself.Less
This chapter examines the significance of family and career, as well as several experiential social processes that have an impact on socialization (e.g., residence and major societal events). Mexican power elites, not surprisingly, have identified family as their most important source of values. The socializing influence of elite family backgrounds originates from the fact that privileged backgrounds occur disproportionately among power elites as compared to the general population. An institutional environment not only influences the values and attitudes of those who have sought initially to make an institution their career, but it can prompt a person established in one career to shift laterally to another. Major social, economic, and political events influence power elite values. The revolution's impact is largely indirect, having formed the most important generation of mentors to Mexico's power elite, rather than the power elite itself.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter emphasizes those representative prototypes of the power elite who will dominate in the immediate future and who will mentor the next generation. It discusses what they represent and ...
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This chapter emphasizes those representative prototypes of the power elite who will dominate in the immediate future and who will mentor the next generation. It discusses what they represent and suggest their consequences for Mexico's future. Drawing comparisons across each of the power elite groups indicates that some groups represent a well-defined shift in elite leadership, while others can claim only modest differences from their predecessors. Intellectuals—both public and private—share some qualities with a third type of cultural power elite, the international intellectual. Demographic patterns favoring urbanization are not likely to change in the twenty-first century. The most dramatic structural shift in the experiences of Mexico's power elite corresponds with the most influential ideological shift in the last three decades, an emphasis on political and economic liberalization. As Mexican leadership marches into the next millennium, networking and mentoring will continue to be vibrant features of power elite circles.Less
This chapter emphasizes those representative prototypes of the power elite who will dominate in the immediate future and who will mentor the next generation. It discusses what they represent and suggest their consequences for Mexico's future. Drawing comparisons across each of the power elite groups indicates that some groups represent a well-defined shift in elite leadership, while others can claim only modest differences from their predecessors. Intellectuals—both public and private—share some qualities with a third type of cultural power elite, the international intellectual. Demographic patterns favoring urbanization are not likely to change in the twenty-first century. The most dramatic structural shift in the experiences of Mexico's power elite corresponds with the most influential ideological shift in the last three decades, an emphasis on political and economic liberalization. As Mexican leadership marches into the next millennium, networking and mentoring will continue to be vibrant features of power elite circles.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book addresses the existence and importance of power elite in Mexico. It determines the extent of and the means by which power elites are linked to each other within and across their respective ...
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This book addresses the existence and importance of power elite in Mexico. It determines the extent of and the means by which power elites are linked to each other within and across their respective groups. Evidence of mentors and their influence on the formation of power elite circles are given. It also explores the sources of socialization in the formation of elite ideas and attitudes. Today, Mexico is deeply engaged in the process of a democratic transformation. The most examined theories interlock empirically, based on highly developed theoretical arguments, involving the exchange between leading capitalists. The existence of a Mexican power elite affects the importance of elite decision making in Mexican society. Elite decisions contribute heavily in determining the success and legitimacy of a political model. Five power elite groups, politicians, intellectuals, clergy, military officers, and capitalists, were the most influential elite actors in Mexico during the last three decades.Less
This book addresses the existence and importance of power elite in Mexico. It determines the extent of and the means by which power elites are linked to each other within and across their respective groups. Evidence of mentors and their influence on the formation of power elite circles are given. It also explores the sources of socialization in the formation of elite ideas and attitudes. Today, Mexico is deeply engaged in the process of a democratic transformation. The most examined theories interlock empirically, based on highly developed theoretical arguments, involving the exchange between leading capitalists. The existence of a Mexican power elite affects the importance of elite decision making in Mexican society. Elite decisions contribute heavily in determining the success and legitimacy of a political model. Five power elite groups, politicians, intellectuals, clergy, military officers, and capitalists, were the most influential elite actors in Mexico during the last three decades.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter describes the role of mentors in national education and education's important influence on power elite values and attitudes. In Mexico, there are substantial differences in the ...
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This chapter describes the role of mentors in national education and education's important influence on power elite values and attitudes. In Mexico, there are substantial differences in the curricular content and ideological setting of private and public universities, and even within specific institutions, regardless of funding sources. Two public institutions have educated the largest and most diverse group of Mexican power elites, the National Preparatory School and the National University. Two kinds of professional schools are responsible for educating a large portion (more than a third) of Mexico's leaders: military academies and religious seminaries. Education provides a source of many future military mentors, career officers who themselves offer the vast majority of instruction in the armed forces. The most notable Mexican seminary in the power elite is the Palafoxian Seminary in Puebla.Less
This chapter describes the role of mentors in national education and education's important influence on power elite values and attitudes. In Mexico, there are substantial differences in the curricular content and ideological setting of private and public universities, and even within specific institutions, regardless of funding sources. Two public institutions have educated the largest and most diverse group of Mexican power elites, the National Preparatory School and the National University. Two kinds of professional schools are responsible for educating a large portion (more than a third) of Mexico's leaders: military academies and religious seminaries. Education provides a source of many future military mentors, career officers who themselves offer the vast majority of instruction in the armed forces. The most notable Mexican seminary in the power elite is the Palafoxian Seminary in Puebla.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter addresses the importance of education abroad to Mexican power elites. Mexico conforms with global educational patterns, both in the increasing percentage of elites who study abroad and ...
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This chapter addresses the importance of education abroad to Mexican power elites. Mexico conforms with global educational patterns, both in the increasing percentage of elites who study abroad and in their choice of the United States as the site for those studies. Mexicans shifted from a European to a United States-based educational experience in the 1970s. It is apparent that educational experiences abroad potentially influence the attitudes of Mexico's power elite, regardless of whether they occurred in a regular university setting or in a controlled professional environment. The importance of higher education as a power elite credential increased the likelihood that greater numbers of Mexican power elites would obtain graduate training.Less
This chapter addresses the importance of education abroad to Mexican power elites. Mexico conforms with global educational patterns, both in the increasing percentage of elites who study abroad and in their choice of the United States as the site for those studies. Mexicans shifted from a European to a United States-based educational experience in the 1970s. It is apparent that educational experiences abroad potentially influence the attitudes of Mexico's power elite, regardless of whether they occurred in a regular university setting or in a controlled professional environment. The importance of higher education as a power elite credential increased the likelihood that greater numbers of Mexican power elites would obtain graduate training.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter concentrates on the foreign educational experiences of elite clergy, politicians, and military officers. The experiences of future bishops who played a critical supporting role in ...
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This chapter concentrates on the foreign educational experiences of elite clergy, politicians, and military officers. The experiences of future bishops who played a critical supporting role in persuading ordinary Mexicans to demand fair elections and political accountability are explained. The chapter also examines the officer corps, who studied in the United States. The only impact shared by Mexican power elites from military and nonmilitary backgrounds who study in the United States is their exposure to a different methodological approach which is typical of American graduate and higher education. The critical impact of education on the elite mentoring process and the impact of individual professors on specific students were nonexistent among priests at the Gregorian University. It is clearly shown that educational experiences abroad may enhance, moderate, or alter the differences in elite attitudes.Less
This chapter concentrates on the foreign educational experiences of elite clergy, politicians, and military officers. The experiences of future bishops who played a critical supporting role in persuading ordinary Mexicans to demand fair elections and political accountability are explained. The chapter also examines the officer corps, who studied in the United States. The only impact shared by Mexican power elites from military and nonmilitary backgrounds who study in the United States is their exposure to a different methodological approach which is typical of American graduate and higher education. The critical impact of education on the elite mentoring process and the impact of individual professors on specific students were nonexistent among priests at the Gregorian University. It is clearly shown that educational experiences abroad may enhance, moderate, or alter the differences in elite attitudes.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233430
- eISBN:
- 9780520936386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233430.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter explores the significance of a professional organizational milieu, where the policy consequences of interactions between networking and socialization are analyzed. It incorporates the ...
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This chapter explores the significance of a professional organizational milieu, where the policy consequences of interactions between networking and socialization are analyzed. It incorporates the special characteristics of power elite networking to demonstrate how influential Mexicans use their informal associations in formal institutional settings to influence major policy decisions. In the private sector, the most influential organizations are not company bureaucracies but corporate boards and the Mexican Council of Businessmen. Individual Mexican agencies evolved their own organizational cultures, and that these cultures contributed to a dramatic change in government macroeconomic policy and to producing the leadership which engineered those new directions. The networking sources of prominent political power elites in the three economic agencies are varied, reflecting the patterns found among all political power elites. The Mexican Council of Businessmen provides an opportunity for an intellectual exchange among capitalists and between capitalists and leading political figures, including the president.Less
This chapter explores the significance of a professional organizational milieu, where the policy consequences of interactions between networking and socialization are analyzed. It incorporates the special characteristics of power elite networking to demonstrate how influential Mexicans use their informal associations in formal institutional settings to influence major policy decisions. In the private sector, the most influential organizations are not company bureaucracies but corporate boards and the Mexican Council of Businessmen. Individual Mexican agencies evolved their own organizational cultures, and that these cultures contributed to a dramatic change in government macroeconomic policy and to producing the leadership which engineered those new directions. The networking sources of prominent political power elites in the three economic agencies are varied, reflecting the patterns found among all political power elites. The Mexican Council of Businessmen provides an opportunity for an intellectual exchange among capitalists and between capitalists and leading political figures, including the president.
Stanley Aronowitz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231135412
- eISBN:
- 9780231509503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231135412.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter details Mills's political radicalization during the last decade of his life. Although he had been an opponent of perhaps the most popular war in U.S. history and always harbored deep ...
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This chapter details Mills's political radicalization during the last decade of his life. Although he had been an opponent of perhaps the most popular war in U.S. history and always harbored deep suspicions of the powers that be, until the early 1950s it is fair to say that despite his adherence to a “third camp” politics he was far more tolerant of the United States as a liberal democracy than he was of Stalinist regimes. His main political ties were with labor progressives such as J. B. S. Hardman, social democrats such as Hans Gerth, and mildly dissident liberal academics such as Richard Hofstadter, Irving Howe, and Daniel Bell. However, from the publication of The Power Elite in 1956 to his last book, The Marxists, published posthumously in 1962, Mills' project looked forward to the creation of a new Left, one nestled deeply in the American grain of populism—a more egalitarian society marked by radical democracy—but not the American celebration to which many 1930s radicals had given their enthusiastic approbation.Less
This chapter details Mills's political radicalization during the last decade of his life. Although he had been an opponent of perhaps the most popular war in U.S. history and always harbored deep suspicions of the powers that be, until the early 1950s it is fair to say that despite his adherence to a “third camp” politics he was far more tolerant of the United States as a liberal democracy than he was of Stalinist regimes. His main political ties were with labor progressives such as J. B. S. Hardman, social democrats such as Hans Gerth, and mildly dissident liberal academics such as Richard Hofstadter, Irving Howe, and Daniel Bell. However, from the publication of The Power Elite in 1956 to his last book, The Marxists, published posthumously in 1962, Mills' project looked forward to the creation of a new Left, one nestled deeply in the American grain of populism—a more egalitarian society marked by radical democracy—but not the American celebration to which many 1930s radicals had given their enthusiastic approbation.
Rogelio Perez-Perdomo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804751261
- eISBN:
- 9780804767699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804751261.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This book provides a history of the intellectual training and social placement of lawyers in Latin America. The book examines the Roman legal roots of the Latin American tradition and traces the ...
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This book provides a history of the intellectual training and social placement of lawyers in Latin America. The book examines the Roman legal roots of the Latin American tradition and traces the development of legal education and practice in Latin America from the sixteenth century to the present. The main themes in the book are the relationship between lawyers and power, the place of lawyers in social stratification, the role of law and lawyers in building nations and maintaining elite power, the role of law schools, and the main intellectual trends in legal thought.Less
This book provides a history of the intellectual training and social placement of lawyers in Latin America. The book examines the Roman legal roots of the Latin American tradition and traces the development of legal education and practice in Latin America from the sixteenth century to the present. The main themes in the book are the relationship between lawyers and power, the place of lawyers in social stratification, the role of law and lawyers in building nations and maintaining elite power, the role of law schools, and the main intellectual trends in legal thought.
Caroline W. Lee, Michael McQuarrie, and Edward T. Walker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479847273
- eISBN:
- 9781479800223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479847273.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, ...
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Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, participatory politics increasingly seem like a revolutionary antidote to the decline of civic engagement and the thinning of the contemporary public sphere. Many argue that, with new technologies, flexible organizational cultures, and a supportive policymaking context, we now hold the keys to large-scale democratic revitalization. This book shows that the equation may not be so simple. Modern societies face a variety of structural problems that limit potentials for true democratization, as well as vast inequalities in political action and voice that are not easily resolved by participatory solutions. Popular participation may even reinforce elite power in unexpected ways. This book reveals surprising insights into how dilemmas of the new public participation play out in politics and organizations. Through investigations including fights over the authenticity of business-sponsored public participation, the surge of the Tea Party, the role of corporations in electoral campaigns, and participatory budgeting practices in Brazil, the book seeks to refresh our understanding of public participation and trace the reshaping of authority in today's political environment.Less
Opportunities to “have your say,” “get involved,” and “join the conversation” are everywhere in public life. From crowdsourcing and town hall meetings to government experiments with social media, participatory politics increasingly seem like a revolutionary antidote to the decline of civic engagement and the thinning of the contemporary public sphere. Many argue that, with new technologies, flexible organizational cultures, and a supportive policymaking context, we now hold the keys to large-scale democratic revitalization. This book shows that the equation may not be so simple. Modern societies face a variety of structural problems that limit potentials for true democratization, as well as vast inequalities in political action and voice that are not easily resolved by participatory solutions. Popular participation may even reinforce elite power in unexpected ways. This book reveals surprising insights into how dilemmas of the new public participation play out in politics and organizations. Through investigations including fights over the authenticity of business-sponsored public participation, the surge of the Tea Party, the role of corporations in electoral campaigns, and participatory budgeting practices in Brazil, the book seeks to refresh our understanding of public participation and trace the reshaping of authority in today's political environment.
Adam Mestyan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691172644
- eISBN:
- 9781400885312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691172644.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter discusses the legal background of theaters in late Ottoman Egypt, starting with a microhistory of the Comité des Théâtres. Its administrative history highlights the process by which ...
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This chapter discusses the legal background of theaters in late Ottoman Egypt, starting with a microhistory of the Comité des Théâtres. Its administrative history highlights the process by which khedivial theaters became state institutions overseen financially and administratively by the Comité des Théâtres. Financial experts expressed cultural preferences through indirect censorship of the program within the Opera House. The preferences of the khedives were also taken into consideration—when and if there was no cost involved—and some favored Arab impresarios could use the Opera House. In this way, patriotism in Arabic was staged in the stage of the symbolic Opera House within the colonial frames. As a consequence, “culture” attained a double function as both legitimizing and mirroring elite power. The chapter also considers private theaters and their legal environment.Less
This chapter discusses the legal background of theaters in late Ottoman Egypt, starting with a microhistory of the Comité des Théâtres. Its administrative history highlights the process by which khedivial theaters became state institutions overseen financially and administratively by the Comité des Théâtres. Financial experts expressed cultural preferences through indirect censorship of the program within the Opera House. The preferences of the khedives were also taken into consideration—when and if there was no cost involved—and some favored Arab impresarios could use the Opera House. In this way, patriotism in Arabic was staged in the stage of the symbolic Opera House within the colonial frames. As a consequence, “culture” attained a double function as both legitimizing and mirroring elite power. The chapter also considers private theaters and their legal environment.
Stanley Aronowitz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231135412
- eISBN:
- 9780231509503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231135412.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter first discusses early efforts to develop a social psychology based on psychoanalytic categories. It details how Wilhelm Reich, Otto Fenichel, and Siegfried Bernfeld, who were among ...
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This chapter first discusses early efforts to develop a social psychology based on psychoanalytic categories. It details how Wilhelm Reich, Otto Fenichel, and Siegfried Bernfeld, who were among Freud's more politically minded students and followers, insisted that psychoanalysis, fused with Marxism, could yield a fruitful social psychology, especially of fascism and other authoritarian tendencies, such as anti-Semitism. But it was Reich's Character Analysis (1933) and his 1935 study The Mass Psychology of Fascism that developed most fully the key concept linking psychoanalytic categories with politics and especially political ideologies. The chapter then turns to the book Character and Social Structure (1953) written by Mills and his mentor and greatest influence, sociologist Hans Gerth. Gerth introduced Mills to European, especially German sociology, of which Weber was among the two or three leading figures. In Character and Social Structure they set out a pluralistic conception of social structure configured in terms of three domains: the economic, political, and military orders.Less
This chapter first discusses early efforts to develop a social psychology based on psychoanalytic categories. It details how Wilhelm Reich, Otto Fenichel, and Siegfried Bernfeld, who were among Freud's more politically minded students and followers, insisted that psychoanalysis, fused with Marxism, could yield a fruitful social psychology, especially of fascism and other authoritarian tendencies, such as anti-Semitism. But it was Reich's Character Analysis (1933) and his 1935 study The Mass Psychology of Fascism that developed most fully the key concept linking psychoanalytic categories with politics and especially political ideologies. The chapter then turns to the book Character and Social Structure (1953) written by Mills and his mentor and greatest influence, sociologist Hans Gerth. Gerth introduced Mills to European, especially German sociology, of which Weber was among the two or three leading figures. In Character and Social Structure they set out a pluralistic conception of social structure configured in terms of three domains: the economic, political, and military orders.
Nicholas Hildyard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784994266
- eISBN:
- 9781526108982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994266.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The push for greater private sector involvement in financing and operating infrastructure has sparked resistance from many quarters, including trade unions, environmental and human rights ...
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The push for greater private sector involvement in financing and operating infrastructure has sparked resistance from many quarters, including trade unions, environmental and human rights campaigners, and other social movements. But its trajectory remains largely unaffected. Does the problem lie is a failure of activists to shout loudly enough? Or in the ways that progressive activists are organising (at least in part)? What forms of resistance are failing? What ways of social and political organising are proving more promising in building and strengthening ways of living that respect the collective right of all (not just the few) to decent livelihoods? What oppositional strategies assist elite power? And what strategies unsettle it? To what extent has effective resistance been undermined by the hollowing out of many of the social institutions, such as trade unions, through which elite power has historically been challenged? Or by the often depoliticised organising that has emerged in many countries to fill the vacuum? Challenging the trajectory of contemporary infrastructure finance – and the inequalities and injustices to which it gives rise – is likely to be more fruitful where it is part of wider efforts to foster and support commons-focused resistance to accumulation.Less
The push for greater private sector involvement in financing and operating infrastructure has sparked resistance from many quarters, including trade unions, environmental and human rights campaigners, and other social movements. But its trajectory remains largely unaffected. Does the problem lie is a failure of activists to shout loudly enough? Or in the ways that progressive activists are organising (at least in part)? What forms of resistance are failing? What ways of social and political organising are proving more promising in building and strengthening ways of living that respect the collective right of all (not just the few) to decent livelihoods? What oppositional strategies assist elite power? And what strategies unsettle it? To what extent has effective resistance been undermined by the hollowing out of many of the social institutions, such as trade unions, through which elite power has historically been challenged? Or by the often depoliticised organising that has emerged in many countries to fill the vacuum? Challenging the trajectory of contemporary infrastructure finance – and the inequalities and injustices to which it gives rise – is likely to be more fruitful where it is part of wider efforts to foster and support commons-focused resistance to accumulation.
Andrzej Piotrowski
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816673049
- eISBN:
- 9781452945835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816673049.003.0006
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural Theory and Criticism
This chapter reflects more generally on the Western perspective against which the examples in this book have been analyzed. It discusses how the West, or rather the forces that shaped European power ...
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This chapter reflects more generally on the Western perspective against which the examples in this book have been analyzed. It discusses how the West, or rather the forces that shaped European power elites, silenced or dismissed other modalities of thought by rendering them unintelligible. The identity of the West has been framed by the accumulated memory of such processes and mechanisms of cultural expansion.Less
This chapter reflects more generally on the Western perspective against which the examples in this book have been analyzed. It discusses how the West, or rather the forces that shaped European power elites, silenced or dismissed other modalities of thought by rendering them unintelligible. The identity of the West has been framed by the accumulated memory of such processes and mechanisms of cultural expansion.
