Ned Kock
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586073
- eISBN:
- 9780191731358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0023
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter provides a discussion of what has become known as media naturalness theory, a theory of communication media with a special focus on electronic communication, and developed based on human ...
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This chapter provides a discussion of what has become known as media naturalness theory, a theory of communication media with a special focus on electronic communication, and developed based on human evolutionary principles. The theory is centered on the media naturalness hypothesis, which argues that, other things being equal, a decrease in the degree of naturalness of a communication medium (or its degree of similarity to the face-to-face medium) leads to the following effects in connection with a communication interaction: (a) increased cognitive effort, (b) increased communication ambiguity, and (c) decreased physiological arousal. It is argued here that the media naturalness hypothesis has important implications for the selection, use and deployment of e-communication tools in organizations. Unlike some previously proposed technology-centric theories, the media naturalness theory is compatible with social theories of behaviour toward electronic communication tools. Among other things, this chapter shows that the media naturalness theory is compatible with the notion that, regardless of the obstacles posed by low naturalness media, individuals using those media to perform collabourative tasks may achieve the same or better task-related outcomes than individuals using media with higher degrees of naturalness.Less
This chapter provides a discussion of what has become known as media naturalness theory, a theory of communication media with a special focus on electronic communication, and developed based on human evolutionary principles. The theory is centered on the media naturalness hypothesis, which argues that, other things being equal, a decrease in the degree of naturalness of a communication medium (or its degree of similarity to the face-to-face medium) leads to the following effects in connection with a communication interaction: (a) increased cognitive effort, (b) increased communication ambiguity, and (c) decreased physiological arousal. It is argued here that the media naturalness hypothesis has important implications for the selection, use and deployment of e-communication tools in organizations. Unlike some previously proposed technology-centric theories, the media naturalness theory is compatible with social theories of behaviour toward electronic communication tools. Among other things, this chapter shows that the media naturalness theory is compatible with the notion that, regardless of the obstacles posed by low naturalness media, individuals using those media to perform collabourative tasks may achieve the same or better task-related outcomes than individuals using media with higher degrees of naturalness.
Wolf Sauter
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198749158
- eISBN:
- 9780191813368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749158.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Competition Law
Electronic communications and energy are two sectors that are subject to detailed regulatory regimes set out at the European Union (EU) level. They are applied by sectoral national regulatory ...
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Electronic communications and energy are two sectors that are subject to detailed regulatory regimes set out at the European Union (EU) level. They are applied by sectoral national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and coordinated by sectoral network agencies (the Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications (BEREC) and the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) respectively). These NRAs apply rules with regard to third party access that are based on competition law principles. Simultaneously, general competition law applies in parallel and has been used especially by the EU Commission to promote a liberalization agenda. This chapter looks at the relationship, similarities and differences between the two types of regime (general and specific).Less
Electronic communications and energy are two sectors that are subject to detailed regulatory regimes set out at the European Union (EU) level. They are applied by sectoral national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and coordinated by sectoral network agencies (the Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications (BEREC) and the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) respectively). These NRAs apply rules with regard to third party access that are based on competition law principles. Simultaneously, general competition law applies in parallel and has been used especially by the EU Commission to promote a liberalization agenda. This chapter looks at the relationship, similarities and differences between the two types of regime (general and specific).
Iris Benöhr
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199651979
- eISBN:
- 9780191747885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651979.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter explores consumer protection in the telecommunications sector, taking a participatory and fundamental rights perspective. An introductory section describes how the EU policy in this area ...
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This chapter explores consumer protection in the telecommunications sector, taking a participatory and fundamental rights perspective. An introductory section describes how the EU policy in this area is slowly shifting from a competition-centred approach, to a stronger consumer-citizen focus, giving increasing importance to consumers’ access to universal services and to empowerment. The second section explores the role played by fundamental rights in this evolution, as for example the rights to information and to privacy are strengthened. ECJ case studies are then applied to exemplify the conflicts that may emerge between the consumers’ fundamental rights and other fundamental rights (such as the right to property), suggesting that a delicate balance will need to be drawn between these equally important rights. The third and final section analyses new tools to strengthen the regulatory involvement of consumers; for example, regulatory consultation mechanisms and the European Citizens’ Initiative.Less
This chapter explores consumer protection in the telecommunications sector, taking a participatory and fundamental rights perspective. An introductory section describes how the EU policy in this area is slowly shifting from a competition-centred approach, to a stronger consumer-citizen focus, giving increasing importance to consumers’ access to universal services and to empowerment. The second section explores the role played by fundamental rights in this evolution, as for example the rights to information and to privacy are strengthened. ECJ case studies are then applied to exemplify the conflicts that may emerge between the consumers’ fundamental rights and other fundamental rights (such as the right to property), suggesting that a delicate balance will need to be drawn between these equally important rights. The third and final section analyses new tools to strengthen the regulatory involvement of consumers; for example, regulatory consultation mechanisms and the European Citizens’ Initiative.
Stephen B. Wicker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199915354
- eISBN:
- 9780199366736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915354.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines the legal protections provided to the user by the U.S. Constitution and recent legislation. It discusses the evolution of Fourth Amendment protection, with an emphasis on the ...
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This chapter examines the legal protections provided to the user by the U.S. Constitution and recent legislation. It discusses the evolution of Fourth Amendment protection, with an emphasis on the increasingly problematic distinction between content and context. It also covers the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), and the PATRIOT Act.Less
This chapter examines the legal protections provided to the user by the U.S. Constitution and recent legislation. It discusses the evolution of Fourth Amendment protection, with an emphasis on the increasingly problematic distinction between content and context. It also covers the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), and the PATRIOT Act.
Hugues Kone
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102017
- eISBN:
- 9780199854936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102017.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The Ivory Coast's electronic communications system is very strong. This is manifested through the early introduction of a telecommunications industry; the practical application of that industry; and ...
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The Ivory Coast's electronic communications system is very strong. This is manifested through the early introduction of a telecommunications industry; the practical application of that industry; and the dominance of regional and local radio stations, telegraphs, and national television channels. All of this was eventually followed by the establishment of a sound international connections infrastructure. In the advent of technological penetration, equipment was installed in locations where raw materials were readily available. To date, most of the supplies have come from Western countries, especially France. Just after the colonial period, the telecommunications facilities of the Ivory Coast spread out, and became diversified and modernized. However, its management has always been under state monopoly and state administration rules. Policy modifications are suggested in this chapter in order to enhance the quality of domestic access, minimize invoicing errors, eradicate fraud and nonpayment of bills, and encourage effective transmission of information.Less
The Ivory Coast's electronic communications system is very strong. This is manifested through the early introduction of a telecommunications industry; the practical application of that industry; and the dominance of regional and local radio stations, telegraphs, and national television channels. All of this was eventually followed by the establishment of a sound international connections infrastructure. In the advent of technological penetration, equipment was installed in locations where raw materials were readily available. To date, most of the supplies have come from Western countries, especially France. Just after the colonial period, the telecommunications facilities of the Ivory Coast spread out, and became diversified and modernized. However, its management has always been under state monopoly and state administration rules. Policy modifications are suggested in this chapter in order to enhance the quality of domestic access, minimize invoicing errors, eradicate fraud and nonpayment of bills, and encourage effective transmission of information.
James Schwoch
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041778
- eISBN:
- 9780252050459
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041778.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book is a study of the telegraph in western North America, concentrating on the latter half of the nineteenth century. A number of distinguished books and articles have been written about the ...
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This book is a study of the telegraph in western North America, concentrating on the latter half of the nineteenth century. A number of distinguished books and articles have been written about the telegraph and the nineteenth-century American experience. For the most part, however, this scholarly work is geographically partial. The standard histories of the American telegraph are stories of the East Coast and the Atlantic Seaboard, the growing Midwest, and service to urban areas. This book looks toward the West. The narrative includes landscapes and ecosystems, meteorology, surveillance, and containment and conflict with Native Americans. Major themes include the high ground, the signal flow, the state secret, and the secure command. Opening with discussion of the first attempts to bring the telegraph to the Trans-Mississippi West, the book concludes with the consolidation of the secure command of electronic communication networks in the White House during the Spanish-American War, detailing the transformation of electronic communication networks from continentalism to globalism. The terrain of the narrative incudes the Great Plains, the Southwest, the Pacific Coast, the Rocky Mountains, the border with Mexico, and the subarctic and arctic areas of North America. This book presents an interpretive approach that centers on environmental, climatological, military, and surveillance issues as key factors in the history of electronic communication networks.Less
This book is a study of the telegraph in western North America, concentrating on the latter half of the nineteenth century. A number of distinguished books and articles have been written about the telegraph and the nineteenth-century American experience. For the most part, however, this scholarly work is geographically partial. The standard histories of the American telegraph are stories of the East Coast and the Atlantic Seaboard, the growing Midwest, and service to urban areas. This book looks toward the West. The narrative includes landscapes and ecosystems, meteorology, surveillance, and containment and conflict with Native Americans. Major themes include the high ground, the signal flow, the state secret, and the secure command. Opening with discussion of the first attempts to bring the telegraph to the Trans-Mississippi West, the book concludes with the consolidation of the secure command of electronic communication networks in the White House during the Spanish-American War, detailing the transformation of electronic communication networks from continentalism to globalism. The terrain of the narrative incudes the Great Plains, the Southwest, the Pacific Coast, the Rocky Mountains, the border with Mexico, and the subarctic and arctic areas of North America. This book presents an interpretive approach that centers on environmental, climatological, military, and surveillance issues as key factors in the history of electronic communication networks.
Elizabeth Yardley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447328001
- eISBN:
- 9781447328025
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447328001.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
As our interactions with others become ever more mediated by various forms of electronic communication, the relationship between crime and technology is becoming an increasingly important topic for ...
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As our interactions with others become ever more mediated by various forms of electronic communication, the relationship between crime and technology is becoming an increasingly important topic for both theoretical and practical studies of criminology. This book analyses digital communications as they play a part in contemporary homicide, drawing on a range of cases from the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world — cases where killers confessed on social media, for example, or where their actions were traced using their digital communications. Offering a groundbreaking conceptual framework for people studying this issue, the book will be of great value to criminologists, students, and police officers.Less
As our interactions with others become ever more mediated by various forms of electronic communication, the relationship between crime and technology is becoming an increasingly important topic for both theoretical and practical studies of criminology. This book analyses digital communications as they play a part in contemporary homicide, drawing on a range of cases from the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world — cases where killers confessed on social media, for example, or where their actions were traced using their digital communications. Offering a groundbreaking conceptual framework for people studying this issue, the book will be of great value to criminologists, students, and police officers.
Lee A Bygrave
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199687343
- eISBN:
- 9780191767494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687343.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
The chapter examines the impact of statute on Internet governance by contract. It first provides examples of Internet-related matters that have been the subject of intensive statutory regulation, ...
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The chapter examines the impact of statute on Internet governance by contract. It first provides examples of Internet-related matters that have been the subject of intensive statutory regulation, focusing upon relevant international agreements. It then examines several areas in which statutory norms are in tension with the ability of contracting parties to determine freely the terms and conditions of their contractual arrangement. In doing so, it highlights possible shifts in power between contractual freedom and statute. Finally, the chapter considers the prospects for introducing a new international statutory overlay that dramatically reduces the role of contract in the field.Less
The chapter examines the impact of statute on Internet governance by contract. It first provides examples of Internet-related matters that have been the subject of intensive statutory regulation, focusing upon relevant international agreements. It then examines several areas in which statutory norms are in tension with the ability of contracting parties to determine freely the terms and conditions of their contractual arrangement. In doing so, it highlights possible shifts in power between contractual freedom and statute. Finally, the chapter considers the prospects for introducing a new international statutory overlay that dramatically reduces the role of contract in the field.
Paul J. Nahin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691176000
- eISBN:
- 9781400844654
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691176000.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
Boolean algebra, also called Boolean logic, is at the heart of the electronic circuitry in everything we use—from our computers and cars, to home appliances. How did a system of mathematics ...
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Boolean algebra, also called Boolean logic, is at the heart of the electronic circuitry in everything we use—from our computers and cars, to home appliances. How did a system of mathematics established in the Victorian era become the basis for such incredible technological achievements a century later? This book combines engaging problems and a colorful historical narrative to tell the remarkable story of how two men in different eras—mathematician and philosopher George Boole and electrical engineer and pioneering information theorist Claude Shannon—advanced Boolean logic and became founding fathers of the electronic communications age. The book takes readers from fundamental concepts to a deeper and more sophisticated understanding of modern digital machines, in order to explore computing and its possible limitations in the twenty-first century and beyond.Less
Boolean algebra, also called Boolean logic, is at the heart of the electronic circuitry in everything we use—from our computers and cars, to home appliances. How did a system of mathematics established in the Victorian era become the basis for such incredible technological achievements a century later? This book combines engaging problems and a colorful historical narrative to tell the remarkable story of how two men in different eras—mathematician and philosopher George Boole and electrical engineer and pioneering information theorist Claude Shannon—advanced Boolean logic and became founding fathers of the electronic communications age. The book takes readers from fundamental concepts to a deeper and more sophisticated understanding of modern digital machines, in order to explore computing and its possible limitations in the twenty-first century and beyond.
Stephen B. Wicker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199915354
- eISBN:
- 9780199366736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915354.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter explores the nature of cellular convergence—the convergence of virtually all personal electronic communication onto a single device, the cellular platform. It begins with a brief history ...
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This chapter explores the nature of cellular convergence—the convergence of virtually all personal electronic communication onto a single device, the cellular platform. It begins with a brief history of the evolution of the handset from an extremely large and cumbersome device dedicated to (limited) voice communication to today's smartphones. It then discusses the increasing importance of smartphones in the world of politics, with an emphasis on the empowerment of the individual. Next, it briefly considers the issue of the cell phone as a surveillance technology.Less
This chapter explores the nature of cellular convergence—the convergence of virtually all personal electronic communication onto a single device, the cellular platform. It begins with a brief history of the evolution of the handset from an extremely large and cumbersome device dedicated to (limited) voice communication to today's smartphones. It then discusses the increasing importance of smartphones in the world of politics, with an emphasis on the empowerment of the individual. Next, it briefly considers the issue of the cell phone as a surveillance technology.
John Sloboda
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198530121
- eISBN:
- 9780191689741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530121.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter is intended to raise broad issues about the nature and purpose of general music education. Although it is grounded in an empirically observable phenomenon, it goes far beyond ...
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This chapter is intended to raise broad issues about the nature and purpose of general music education. Although it is grounded in an empirically observable phenomenon, it goes far beyond scientifically validated data in an attempt to locate the phenomenon it observes within a broad historical and cultural context. Music education in schools cannot function effectively without an implicit agreement between stakeholders about what it is for. The ‘meaning of music’ is a constantly shifting function of the discourses of these diverse groups, which may coalesce around a ‘dominant ideology’ which gains enough inter-group consensus to generate a stable educational agenda. It may be no longer possible to muster stakeholder consensus around any version of the educational enterprise which prioritises the classical canon. Strong cultural forces have been at work which account for the collapse of this consensus. This chapter identifies seven such forces: multiculturalism, youth culture, electronic communication, feminism, secularism, niche cultures, and postmodernism.Less
This chapter is intended to raise broad issues about the nature and purpose of general music education. Although it is grounded in an empirically observable phenomenon, it goes far beyond scientifically validated data in an attempt to locate the phenomenon it observes within a broad historical and cultural context. Music education in schools cannot function effectively without an implicit agreement between stakeholders about what it is for. The ‘meaning of music’ is a constantly shifting function of the discourses of these diverse groups, which may coalesce around a ‘dominant ideology’ which gains enough inter-group consensus to generate a stable educational agenda. It may be no longer possible to muster stakeholder consensus around any version of the educational enterprise which prioritises the classical canon. Strong cultural forces have been at work which account for the collapse of this consensus. This chapter identifies seven such forces: multiculturalism, youth culture, electronic communication, feminism, secularism, niche cultures, and postmodernism.
Lauren Frances Turek
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501748912
- eISBN:
- 9781501748936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501748912.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter explains the practical mechanisms by which evangelical organizations expanded their reach. It talks about many scholars of Christianity that have attributed the global expansion of ...
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This chapter explains the practical mechanisms by which evangelical organizations expanded their reach. It talks about many scholars of Christianity that have attributed the global expansion of evangelicalism to “new technology” without adequately demonstrating how technological innovations made evangelical Christianity appealing to its new adherents throughout the world. The chapter also illuminates the strategic approach of U.S. evangelical organizations in using electronic communications to spread the gospel. It shows how individuals and local communities abroad interacted with Christian media and details how evangelicals throughout the world came to view themselves as members of a transnational community of believers by the early 1980s. It examines the interplay of religious and political beliefs that underpinned the push for overseas evangelism, the technological mechanisms that fostered evangelical internationalism, and the scriptural interpretations that informed evangelical notions about human rights and the role that the United States should play in the world.Less
This chapter explains the practical mechanisms by which evangelical organizations expanded their reach. It talks about many scholars of Christianity that have attributed the global expansion of evangelicalism to “new technology” without adequately demonstrating how technological innovations made evangelical Christianity appealing to its new adherents throughout the world. The chapter also illuminates the strategic approach of U.S. evangelical organizations in using electronic communications to spread the gospel. It shows how individuals and local communities abroad interacted with Christian media and details how evangelicals throughout the world came to view themselves as members of a transnational community of believers by the early 1980s. It examines the interplay of religious and political beliefs that underpinned the push for overseas evangelism, the technological mechanisms that fostered evangelical internationalism, and the scriptural interpretations that informed evangelical notions about human rights and the role that the United States should play in the world.
Mario Polese
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226673158
- eISBN:
- 9780226673172
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more ...
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As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more than ever before in a world where distance is allegedly dead. This book surveys the globe, from London and Cape Town to New York and Beijing, contending that regions rise—or fall—due to their location, not only within nations but also on the world map. The book reveals how concentrations of industries and populations in specific locales often result in minor advantages that accumulate over time, resulting in reduced prices, improved transportation networks, increased diversity, and not least of all, “buzz”—the excitement and vitality that attracts ambitious people. The book maps out how a heady mix of size, infrastructure, proximity, and cost will determine which urban centers become the thriving metropolises of the future, and which become the deserted cities of the past.Less
As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more than ever before in a world where distance is allegedly dead. This book surveys the globe, from London and Cape Town to New York and Beijing, contending that regions rise—or fall—due to their location, not only within nations but also on the world map. The book reveals how concentrations of industries and populations in specific locales often result in minor advantages that accumulate over time, resulting in reduced prices, improved transportation networks, increased diversity, and not least of all, “buzz”—the excitement and vitality that attracts ambitious people. The book maps out how a heady mix of size, infrastructure, proximity, and cost will determine which urban centers become the thriving metropolises of the future, and which become the deserted cities of the past.
Andy Beckett
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262083775
- eISBN:
- 9780262256384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262083775.003.0009
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
This chapter tells the story of how in the early 1970s the Allende administration in Chile engaged Stafford Beer (1926–2002) to design and develop a revolutionary electronic communication system in ...
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This chapter tells the story of how in the early 1970s the Allende administration in Chile engaged Stafford Beer (1926–2002) to design and develop a revolutionary electronic communication system in which voters, workplaces, and the government were to be linked together by a kind of “socialist internet.” This was known as Project Cybersyn, and nothing like it had been tried before, or has been tried since.Less
This chapter tells the story of how in the early 1970s the Allende administration in Chile engaged Stafford Beer (1926–2002) to design and develop a revolutionary electronic communication system in which voters, workplaces, and the government were to be linked together by a kind of “socialist internet.” This was known as Project Cybersyn, and nothing like it had been tried before, or has been tried since.
