Trevor Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262885
- eISBN:
- 9780191719004
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262885.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
The most important surviving encyclopaedia from the ancient world, Pliny the Elder's Natural History is unparalleled as a guide to the cultural meanings of everyday things in 1st-century Rome. As ...
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The most important surviving encyclopaedia from the ancient world, Pliny the Elder's Natural History is unparalleled as a guide to the cultural meanings of everyday things in 1st-century Rome. As part of a new direction in classical scholarship, this book reads the work not just for the information it contains, but to understand how and why Pliny collects and presents information as he does. Concentrating on the geographic and ethnographic information in Pliny, the book demonstrates the work's political importance. The selection and arrangement of the encyclopaedia's material show that it is more than an instrument of reference: it is a monument to the power of Roman imperial society.Less
The most important surviving encyclopaedia from the ancient world, Pliny the Elder's Natural History is unparalleled as a guide to the cultural meanings of everyday things in 1st-century Rome. As part of a new direction in classical scholarship, this book reads the work not just for the information it contains, but to understand how and why Pliny collects and presents information as he does. Concentrating on the geographic and ethnographic information in Pliny, the book demonstrates the work's political importance. The selection and arrangement of the encyclopaedia's material show that it is more than an instrument of reference: it is a monument to the power of Roman imperial society.
Daniel Engster
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214358
- eISBN:
- 9780191706684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214358.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Care theorists have described a number of elements of a political theory of caring, but have not fully elaborated the basic political institutions and policies of a caring society. This chapter takes ...
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Care theorists have described a number of elements of a political theory of caring, but have not fully elaborated the basic political institutions and policies of a caring society. This chapter takes up the task of outlining a caring theory of justice for domestic politics. This chapter begins by addressing a question that care theorists have not satisfactorily answered: Why should government assume responsibility for supporting caring activities at all? The chapter then outlines six guiding principles of a caring government, and describe in detail the specific institutions and policies necessary for supporting personal caring activities and providing individuals with adequate care. Since any discussion of minimally adequate care will inevitably raise questions about cultural bias, the chapter next discusses the relation between care theory and multiculturalism. In the final section, the chapter addresses a number of possible objections to a caring government, including concerns about its costs and moral hazards.Less
Care theorists have described a number of elements of a political theory of caring, but have not fully elaborated the basic political institutions and policies of a caring society. This chapter takes up the task of outlining a caring theory of justice for domestic politics. This chapter begins by addressing a question that care theorists have not satisfactorily answered: Why should government assume responsibility for supporting caring activities at all? The chapter then outlines six guiding principles of a caring government, and describe in detail the specific institutions and policies necessary for supporting personal caring activities and providing individuals with adequate care. Since any discussion of minimally adequate care will inevitably raise questions about cultural bias, the chapter next discusses the relation between care theory and multiculturalism. In the final section, the chapter addresses a number of possible objections to a caring government, including concerns about its costs and moral hazards.
Joanna L. Grossman and Lawrence M. Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149820
- eISBN:
- 9781400839773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149820.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members ...
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This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members also inherit money from dead relatives, or get gifts from living ones. Other members give money away, during their lifetimes, or after death. Parents obviously have to pay for everything their children need, and grown children sometimes support old, sick, and destitute parents. When a family member dies, typically they leave whatever money or assets remain to members of the family. And while books, law school curricula, and legal practice treat family law and the law of succession as entirely different subjects, this chapter deals away with those distinctions in order to reveal how these subjects impact family life and family law.Less
This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members also inherit money from dead relatives, or get gifts from living ones. Other members give money away, during their lifetimes, or after death. Parents obviously have to pay for everything their children need, and grown children sometimes support old, sick, and destitute parents. When a family member dies, typically they leave whatever money or assets remain to members of the family. And while books, law school curricula, and legal practice treat family law and the law of succession as entirely different subjects, this chapter deals away with those distinctions in order to reveal how these subjects impact family life and family law.
Andrew R. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288656
- eISBN:
- 9780191710759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288656.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter begins by outlining how catechizing and visitation was conducted, and the impact evangelicalism had upon pastoral efficiency in the Synod of Ulster. Section two examines the provision of ...
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This chapter begins by outlining how catechizing and visitation was conducted, and the impact evangelicalism had upon pastoral efficiency in the Synod of Ulster. Section two examines the provision of education through Sunday and day schools, noting the symbiotic relationship between the supply of opportunities for education on the part of voluntary societies and the demands of the laity. The chapter concludes by examining in general terms the reading practices of Presbyterians, what and how they read, and the impact evangelicalism had upon the demand for, and supply of, certain types of reading material.Less
This chapter begins by outlining how catechizing and visitation was conducted, and the impact evangelicalism had upon pastoral efficiency in the Synod of Ulster. Section two examines the provision of education through Sunday and day schools, noting the symbiotic relationship between the supply of opportunities for education on the part of voluntary societies and the demands of the laity. The chapter concludes by examining in general terms the reading practices of Presbyterians, what and how they read, and the impact evangelicalism had upon the demand for, and supply of, certain types of reading material.
ROBERT HARRIS
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203780
- eISBN:
- 9780191675973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203780.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The press was a crucial intermediary between various levels and aspects of mid-century politics. The most significant thing to emerge in the politics of the 1740s is the press reflection of the ...
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The press was a crucial intermediary between various levels and aspects of mid-century politics. The most significant thing to emerge in the politics of the 1740s is the press reflection of the importance and influence of patriot or ‘country’ ideology. It is by recognizing patriotism that the progress of press debate during the 1740s becomes at all intelligible. The support that patriot papers and writers gave to the Hanoverian succession during its darkest moments is impressive when viewed against the remarkable degree of alienation from the personnel and politics of the Hanoverian regime expressed in the patriot press, between 1742 and 1744. In so many other areas, the press activity and debate of the 1740s looks forward to the rise of the Elder Pitt and the Seven Years War.Less
The press was a crucial intermediary between various levels and aspects of mid-century politics. The most significant thing to emerge in the politics of the 1740s is the press reflection of the importance and influence of patriot or ‘country’ ideology. It is by recognizing patriotism that the progress of press debate during the 1740s becomes at all intelligible. The support that patriot papers and writers gave to the Hanoverian succession during its darkest moments is impressive when viewed against the remarkable degree of alienation from the personnel and politics of the Hanoverian regime expressed in the patriot press, between 1742 and 1744. In so many other areas, the press activity and debate of the 1740s looks forward to the rise of the Elder Pitt and the Seven Years War.
Sarah Harper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199251162
- eISBN:
- 9780191602740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251169.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the situation of caregivers in the European Union who combine eldercare with employment, and EU policy responses. Among the unique aspects of eldercare are: more men and older ...
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This chapter examines the situation of caregivers in the European Union who combine eldercare with employment, and EU policy responses. Among the unique aspects of eldercare are: more men and older workers are involved in eldercare, most working carers live away from the older person, care needs are unpredictable, and carers may feel that they have little choice about their responsibilities. The lack of attention given to working carers in debates on employment, social protection, equal opportunities, and reconciliation of work and family life is emphasised.Less
This chapter examines the situation of caregivers in the European Union who combine eldercare with employment, and EU policy responses. Among the unique aspects of eldercare are: more men and older workers are involved in eldercare, most working carers live away from the older person, care needs are unpredictable, and carers may feel that they have little choice about their responsibilities. The lack of attention given to working carers in debates on employment, social protection, equal opportunities, and reconciliation of work and family life is emphasised.
Sarah Harper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199251162
- eISBN:
- 9780191602740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251169.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the relationship between labour supply, time help to parents, and financial assistance to parents for a sample of American women aged 53 to 63. Women who helped their parents ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between labour supply, time help to parents, and financial assistance to parents for a sample of American women aged 53 to 63. Women who helped their parents with personal care assistance worked fewer hours than those who did not. Women who provided financial assistance worked longer hours.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between labour supply, time help to parents, and financial assistance to parents for a sample of American women aged 53 to 63. Women who helped their parents with personal care assistance worked fewer hours than those who did not. Women who provided financial assistance worked longer hours.
Sarah Harper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199251162
- eISBN:
- 9780191602740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251169.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the growth of independent sector provision of eldercare in the UK. It discusses the Labour and Conservative government policies that shaped the provider side of care markets. It ...
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This chapter examines the growth of independent sector provision of eldercare in the UK. It discusses the Labour and Conservative government policies that shaped the provider side of care markets. It highlights some implications of the growth of independent sector provision for the family.Less
This chapter examines the growth of independent sector provision of eldercare in the UK. It discusses the Labour and Conservative government policies that shaped the provider side of care markets. It highlights some implications of the growth of independent sector provision for the family.
Amie L. Thomasson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195319910
- eISBN:
- 9780199869602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319910.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The hybrid theory of reference developed in Chapter 2 has important consequences for our understanding of metaphysical claims about identity, persistence, and modality, which are drawn out in this ...
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The hybrid theory of reference developed in Chapter 2 has important consequences for our understanding of metaphysical claims about identity, persistence, and modality, which are drawn out in this chapter. Specifically, it leads to the view that the most basic conditions of existence, identity, and persistence for the objects we refer to are discoverable by a kind of conceptual analysis, and the most basic claims about these conditions are analytic. This in turn leads to the conceptualist view that the most basic modal claims are likewise analytic. Conventionalist views are often said (e.g., by Michael Rea and Crawford Elder) to lead to objectual anti-realism, but it is argued that modal conceptualism clearly does not. Moreover, modal conceptualism is independently appealing, since it can help soften epistemic and ontological worries about modality.Less
The hybrid theory of reference developed in Chapter 2 has important consequences for our understanding of metaphysical claims about identity, persistence, and modality, which are drawn out in this chapter. Specifically, it leads to the view that the most basic conditions of existence, identity, and persistence for the objects we refer to are discoverable by a kind of conceptual analysis, and the most basic claims about these conditions are analytic. This in turn leads to the conceptualist view that the most basic modal claims are likewise analytic. Conventionalist views are often said (e.g., by Michael Rea and Crawford Elder) to lead to objectual anti-realism, but it is argued that modal conceptualism clearly does not. Moreover, modal conceptualism is independently appealing, since it can help soften epistemic and ontological worries about modality.
Andrew Moutu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197264454
- eISBN:
- 9780191760501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264454.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the Iatmul notion of nyamun shambu — the elder brother and younger brother — to articulate an Iatmul version of the ‘fractal person’. Situating this idea of personhood in an ...
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This chapter focuses on the Iatmul notion of nyamun shambu — the elder brother and younger brother — to articulate an Iatmul version of the ‘fractal person’. Situating this idea of personhood in an Iatmul context provides an analytical perspective to compare the nature of the naming system in Iatmul with that of its immediate neighbours, the Manambu.Less
This chapter focuses on the Iatmul notion of nyamun shambu — the elder brother and younger brother — to articulate an Iatmul version of the ‘fractal person’. Situating this idea of personhood in an Iatmul context provides an analytical perspective to compare the nature of the naming system in Iatmul with that of its immediate neighbours, the Manambu.
Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199281695
- eISBN:
- 9780191713101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281695.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
In the Israelite tradition as it has come down to us, the political community was based on strict monotheism: a belief that theirs was the one and only god (Yahweh), and that he, not the king, had ...
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In the Israelite tradition as it has come down to us, the political community was based on strict monotheism: a belief that theirs was the one and only god (Yahweh), and that he, not the king, had personally dictated their laws. There was a unique relationship between Yahweh and the people of Israel, based on the covenant he had made with them. This gave them an exclusive claim to ‘the promised land’, provided they obeyed god's law. The principal agent of Yahweh was the people, not the king. Both elders and people had political roles. The Israelites developed a strong sense of their uniqueness as a nation. After the Exile some held that a kinglike Messiah would come and establish a universal rule of justice.Less
In the Israelite tradition as it has come down to us, the political community was based on strict monotheism: a belief that theirs was the one and only god (Yahweh), and that he, not the king, had personally dictated their laws. There was a unique relationship between Yahweh and the people of Israel, based on the covenant he had made with them. This gave them an exclusive claim to ‘the promised land’, provided they obeyed god's law. The principal agent of Yahweh was the people, not the king. Both elders and people had political roles. The Israelites developed a strong sense of their uniqueness as a nation. After the Exile some held that a kinglike Messiah would come and establish a universal rule of justice.
Colin S. Gray
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579662
- eISBN:
- 9780191594458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579662.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve ...
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Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve not itself, but political purposes which typically will evolve under the pressure of events. Although strategy is possible, it is always difficult. Among the major sources of difficulty, which tend to manifest themselves synergistically, one must recognize the challenge that is strategy itself, the problem many people have understanding its nature and demands; that lies in the inconvenient, but for strategy essential, fact of an enemy with an independent will; of converting military effect into strategic effect, and then into political effect—which is the whole point of the project; of devising and running a strategy‐making process that is fit for purpose; of peopling the process with competent players; of sheer complexity; of friction, of the things, typically unforeseeable in detail, that go wrong; of productive civil–military relations. Remarkably, strategy is feasible, despite its myriad difficulties. Complexity of subject can translate as alternative options, while the self‐willed enemy must face a generically like large basket of challenges to his strategic effectiveness.Less
Strategy is the art of the possible, as Helmuth von Moltke (the Elder) insisted, and what is possible is revealed by net tactical performance. And the whole military (and other) endeavour must serve not itself, but political purposes which typically will evolve under the pressure of events. Although strategy is possible, it is always difficult. Among the major sources of difficulty, which tend to manifest themselves synergistically, one must recognize the challenge that is strategy itself, the problem many people have understanding its nature and demands; that lies in the inconvenient, but for strategy essential, fact of an enemy with an independent will; of converting military effect into strategic effect, and then into political effect—which is the whole point of the project; of devising and running a strategy‐making process that is fit for purpose; of peopling the process with competent players; of sheer complexity; of friction, of the things, typically unforeseeable in detail, that go wrong; of productive civil–military relations. Remarkably, strategy is feasible, despite its myriad difficulties. Complexity of subject can translate as alternative options, while the self‐willed enemy must face a generically like large basket of challenges to his strategic effectiveness.
T. D. Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262120
- eISBN:
- 9780191718533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262120.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Comparing Josephus’ and Tacitus’ (lost) account of the sack of the Temple in Jerusalem from Histories Book 5, this chapter underlines the importance of the Jewish War as a central defining event (or ...
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Comparing Josephus’ and Tacitus’ (lost) account of the sack of the Temple in Jerusalem from Histories Book 5, this chapter underlines the importance of the Jewish War as a central defining event (or even a ‘foundation myth’) for the Flavian dynasty. There was not one, but in fact three successive versions of this foundation myth; the first, developed in the 70s, glorified Vespasian, the second gave much greater prominence to Titus, while the third integrated Domitian into the story. Josephus may well have used as a source the (lost) histories of Pliny the Elder, which probably ended by describing the triumphal procession of 71. As a result, there is some evidence for Josephus using a Latin historian and, more generally, for his conscious reworking of such material to suit the particular situation in which he found himself while writing the Jewish War.Less
Comparing Josephus’ and Tacitus’ (lost) account of the sack of the Temple in Jerusalem from Histories Book 5, this chapter underlines the importance of the Jewish War as a central defining event (or even a ‘foundation myth’) for the Flavian dynasty. There was not one, but in fact three successive versions of this foundation myth; the first, developed in the 70s, glorified Vespasian, the second gave much greater prominence to Titus, while the third integrated Domitian into the story. Josephus may well have used as a source the (lost) histories of Pliny the Elder, which probably ended by describing the triumphal procession of 71. As a result, there is some evidence for Josephus using a Latin historian and, more generally, for his conscious reworking of such material to suit the particular situation in which he found himself while writing the Jewish War.
Robert Sallares
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248506
- eISBN:
- 9780191714634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter briefly discusses the history of malaria in the Maremma, the coastal region of Tuscany, in antiquity, with particular reference to Graviscae, the port of Tarquinia — the first locality ...
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This chapter briefly discusses the history of malaria in the Maremma, the coastal region of Tuscany, in antiquity, with particular reference to Graviscae, the port of Tarquinia — the first locality in respect of which a contemporary ancient source (Cato the Elder) provides evidence for the presence of endemic malaria in the 2nd century BC. Tiberius Gracchus’ observations of depopulation and the replacement of the original population by imported slave labour are related to the spread of malaria.Less
This chapter briefly discusses the history of malaria in the Maremma, the coastal region of Tuscany, in antiquity, with particular reference to Graviscae, the port of Tarquinia — the first locality in respect of which a contemporary ancient source (Cato the Elder) provides evidence for the presence of endemic malaria in the 2nd century BC. Tiberius Gracchus’ observations of depopulation and the replacement of the original population by imported slave labour are related to the spread of malaria.
John Wigger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387803
- eISBN:
- 9780199866410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387803.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
While Methodism grew vigorously in New York, its growth was slower in New England, in part because Methodists refused to seek government support. Asbury frequently had strep throat, which can damage ...
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While Methodism grew vigorously in New York, its growth was slower in New England, in part because Methodists refused to seek government support. Asbury frequently had strep throat, which can damage the heart valves and lead to congestive heart failure. At the New England conference in 1793 Asbury managed to replace Jesse Lee as presiding elder with Ezekiel Cooper, despite stubborn resistance from Lee. Asbury escaped yellow fever in Philadelphia, but arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, in December desperately ill nonetheless. Since he could not travel, he delegated authority to presiding elders, including John Kobler and Francis Poythress in Kentucky and Tennessee. As he traveled less, Asbury returned to more basic pastoral duties. Such responsibilities often exhausted young preachers, who frequently left the ministry for marriage, as was nearly the case with Ezekiel Cooper.Less
While Methodism grew vigorously in New York, its growth was slower in New England, in part because Methodists refused to seek government support. Asbury frequently had strep throat, which can damage the heart valves and lead to congestive heart failure. At the New England conference in 1793 Asbury managed to replace Jesse Lee as presiding elder with Ezekiel Cooper, despite stubborn resistance from Lee. Asbury escaped yellow fever in Philadelphia, but arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, in December desperately ill nonetheless. Since he could not travel, he delegated authority to presiding elders, including John Kobler and Francis Poythress in Kentucky and Tennessee. As he traveled less, Asbury returned to more basic pastoral duties. Such responsibilities often exhausted young preachers, who frequently left the ministry for marriage, as was nearly the case with Ezekiel Cooper.
Trevor Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262885
- eISBN:
- 9780191719004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262885.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This introductory chapter argues for a reading of Pliny's encyclopaedia as a political document, a cultural artefact of the Roman empire just as much as the Encyclopaedia Britannica was an artefact ...
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This introductory chapter argues for a reading of Pliny's encyclopaedia as a political document, a cultural artefact of the Roman empire just as much as the Encyclopaedia Britannica was an artefact of the British empire. It then discusses the life of Pliny the Elder, and Natural History as an extremely important artefact of Roman culture. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter argues for a reading of Pliny's encyclopaedia as a political document, a cultural artefact of the Roman empire just as much as the Encyclopaedia Britannica was an artefact of the British empire. It then discusses the life of Pliny the Elder, and Natural History as an extremely important artefact of Roman culture. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Karen B. Westerfield Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195126983
- eISBN:
- 9780199834754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512698X.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained ...
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The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained preachers served Methodism from its beginnings, and laity has always had roles as class leaders, exhorters, stewards, stewardesses, and song leaders. Deaconesses assisted or led in worship to the extent that any layperson could. The principal liturgical ministers were the elders and, to a much more limited extent in terms of sacramental presidency, the deacons. The only distinct liturgical role of the general superintendent or bishop came at services of ordination.Less
The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained preachers served Methodism from its beginnings, and laity has always had roles as class leaders, exhorters, stewards, stewardesses, and song leaders. Deaconesses assisted or led in worship to the extent that any layperson could. The principal liturgical ministers were the elders and, to a much more limited extent in terms of sacramental presidency, the deacons. The only distinct liturgical role of the general superintendent or bishop came at services of ordination.
Simon Swain
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264827
- eISBN:
- 9780191718403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264827.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Having considered the Romans' relationship with Greek culture from Cicero by way of the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, the Younger Pliny, and Suetonius down to Apuleius, in particular, the implications of ...
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Having considered the Romans' relationship with Greek culture from Cicero by way of the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, the Younger Pliny, and Suetonius down to Apuleius, in particular, the implications of code-switching and the linguistic annexation that made Greek a resource for the improvement of Latin and a mark of superior Roman education, the chapter turns to the specific cases of Fronto, in whom Greek negotiates social complications (as in the correspondence with Marcus, does the language of love), particularly between superior and inferior, and of Gellius, who is far more relaxed about Greek discourse and ready to admit that Latin cannot always compete, but brings out cases where it does. Moreover, he expects a Roman to be master of the latter, his own language, as well as Greek. Finally, these authors' practice in respect of Greek is compared with those of Tertullian, Aelian, and Ulpian.Less
Having considered the Romans' relationship with Greek culture from Cicero by way of the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, the Younger Pliny, and Suetonius down to Apuleius, in particular, the implications of code-switching and the linguistic annexation that made Greek a resource for the improvement of Latin and a mark of superior Roman education, the chapter turns to the specific cases of Fronto, in whom Greek negotiates social complications (as in the correspondence with Marcus, does the language of love), particularly between superior and inferior, and of Gellius, who is far more relaxed about Greek discourse and ready to admit that Latin cannot always compete, but brings out cases where it does. Moreover, he expects a Roman to be master of the latter, his own language, as well as Greek. Finally, these authors' practice in respect of Greek is compared with those of Tertullian, Aelian, and Ulpian.
Charles E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199264582
- eISBN:
- 9780191602085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199264589.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The period prior to c. 150 is of critical importance to the OJP as it is reported to be the period of nearly complete silence about the Fourth Gospel among orthodox sources. Ten writers or documents ...
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The period prior to c. 150 is of critical importance to the OJP as it is reported to be the period of nearly complete silence about the Fourth Gospel among orthodox sources. Ten writers or documents that show some probability of the use of the Fourth Gospel are reviewed. Particularly important are the Epistula Apostolorum, Papias of Hierapolis, the Elder John and other elders mentioned by Papias, the apologist Aristides, and Ignatius of Antioch. It appears that the Fourth Gospel was functioning as a trusted source for the life and teachings of Jesus with these and other orthodox (non-docetic) Christians from early in the second century, before any known use by ‘gnostic’ Christians and long before the rise of Valentinianism.Less
The period prior to c. 150 is of critical importance to the OJP as it is reported to be the period of nearly complete silence about the Fourth Gospel among orthodox sources. Ten writers or documents that show some probability of the use of the Fourth Gospel are reviewed. Particularly important are the Epistula Apostolorum, Papias of Hierapolis, the Elder John and other elders mentioned by Papias, the apologist Aristides, and Ignatius of Antioch. It appears that the Fourth Gospel was functioning as a trusted source for the life and teachings of Jesus with these and other orthodox (non-docetic) Christians from early in the second century, before any known use by ‘gnostic’ Christians and long before the rise of Valentinianism.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0046
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter forty-six examines Hodge’s relationship with James Henley Thornwell, perhaps the most influential southern Presbyterian of his generation. The two men seldom agreed. As conservative as Hodge ...
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Chapter forty-six examines Hodge’s relationship with James Henley Thornwell, perhaps the most influential southern Presbyterian of his generation. The two men seldom agreed. As conservative as Hodge was in his theological views, Thornwell was even more conservative. Thornwell approached the Bible as a strict constructionist. If the Bible did not actually say it, then it could not be true. The effects of Thornwell’s approach included his opposition to voluntary societies and boards being used by the American Presbyterian Church. Hodge supported the use of such boards and societies. Thornwell also believed in a higher status for the Ruling Elder than did Hodge. Ultimately, Thornwell lost faith in his northern Old School brethren and became a founding member of the Presbyterian Church of the Confederate States of America. He also helped found The Southern Presbyterian Review. Less
Chapter forty-six examines Hodge’s relationship with James Henley Thornwell, perhaps the most influential southern Presbyterian of his generation. The two men seldom agreed. As conservative as Hodge was in his theological views, Thornwell was even more conservative. Thornwell approached the Bible as a strict constructionist. If the Bible did not actually say it, then it could not be true. The effects of Thornwell’s approach included his opposition to voluntary societies and boards being used by the American Presbyterian Church. Hodge supported the use of such boards and societies. Thornwell also believed in a higher status for the Ruling Elder than did Hodge. Ultimately, Thornwell lost faith in his northern Old School brethren and became a founding member of the Presbyterian Church of the Confederate States of America. He also helped found The Southern Presbyterian Review.
