Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.003.intro
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The introduction provides an overview of the themes of the book. It describes the visit of the Roman Catholic bishop John Carroll to Boston in 1791 in order to indicate an 18th-century perspective on ...
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The introduction provides an overview of the themes of the book. It describes the visit of the Roman Catholic bishop John Carroll to Boston in 1791 in order to indicate an 18th-century perspective on religious toleration, comparing this to issues surrounding political and ethnic diversity today. It explains how the controversial emergence of religious inclusion, equality, and cooperation is the history of America’s first great attempt to accommodate diversity and its first experiment with pluralism. It makes some caveats as to the nature of its study and suggets how the rest of the book is an introduction to the kinds of problems that arise when a culture premised upon uniformity gives way to a culture premised upon diversity.Less
The introduction provides an overview of the themes of the book. It describes the visit of the Roman Catholic bishop John Carroll to Boston in 1791 in order to indicate an 18th-century perspective on religious toleration, comparing this to issues surrounding political and ethnic diversity today. It explains how the controversial emergence of religious inclusion, equality, and cooperation is the history of America’s first great attempt to accommodate diversity and its first experiment with pluralism. It makes some caveats as to the nature of its study and suggets how the rest of the book is an introduction to the kinds of problems that arise when a culture premised upon uniformity gives way to a culture premised upon diversity.
Jane Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263051
- eISBN:
- 9780191734090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263051.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter discusses the eighteenth-century Church of England. It examines the changes in how people thought about the place of religion in eighteenth-century Britain by first looking at the ...
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This chapter discusses the eighteenth-century Church of England. It examines the changes in how people thought about the place of religion in eighteenth-century Britain by first looking at the histories of the eighteenth-century Church of England. The chapter studies the changing views of the Enlightenment's relationship to religious thought and practice in Britain. It ends with a discussion of the newer fields of study that have emerged, most especially during the latter part of the twentieth century.Less
This chapter discusses the eighteenth-century Church of England. It examines the changes in how people thought about the place of religion in eighteenth-century Britain by first looking at the histories of the eighteenth-century Church of England. The chapter studies the changing views of the Enlightenment's relationship to religious thought and practice in Britain. It ends with a discussion of the newer fields of study that have emerged, most especially during the latter part of the twentieth century.
Richard Greene
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119883
- eISBN:
- 9780191671234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119883.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 18th-century Literature
Mary Leapor, of all the submerged poets, has been the one most warmly received by scholars and reviewers in the past few years. Accordingly, an examination of her work has implications for the study ...
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Mary Leapor, of all the submerged poets, has been the one most warmly received by scholars and reviewers in the past few years. Accordingly, an examination of her work has implications for the study of eighteenth-century poetry. She may be seen as a test case for poets outside the canon. This book argues that Leapor's poetry reveals a deep intelligence exercised especially upon issues of gender and class. She is accustomed to reading and is conscious of participating within a literary tradition. She is also a religious poet whose treatment of imminent death is at times distinguished. Her poetry achieves a remarkable range of feeling; it is at times a vehicle of comedy, of pathos, or of rage. Although she is not inventive in terms of technique, she brings to poetry a perspective and a tone of voice that are truly individual. In all of this, it is possible to recognize a poet of substance.Less
Mary Leapor, of all the submerged poets, has been the one most warmly received by scholars and reviewers in the past few years. Accordingly, an examination of her work has implications for the study of eighteenth-century poetry. She may be seen as a test case for poets outside the canon. This book argues that Leapor's poetry reveals a deep intelligence exercised especially upon issues of gender and class. She is accustomed to reading and is conscious of participating within a literary tradition. She is also a religious poet whose treatment of imminent death is at times distinguished. Her poetry achieves a remarkable range of feeling; it is at times a vehicle of comedy, of pathos, or of rage. Although she is not inventive in terms of technique, she brings to poetry a perspective and a tone of voice that are truly individual. In all of this, it is possible to recognize a poet of substance.
Helena Sanson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264836
- eISBN:
- 9780191754043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264836.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter discusses the complex linguistic situation of Italy in the eighteenth century, taking into account its broader implications as well as, specifically, women's relationship with spoken and ...
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This chapter discusses the complex linguistic situation of Italy in the eighteenth century, taking into account its broader implications as well as, specifically, women's relationship with spoken and written language. Throughout the century, Italian continued to be above all a written tool and still had to withstand competition from the dialects and from Latin, both in terms of writing and in the context of schooling. A new front of rivalry opened up with French, which, especially in the highest classes, occupied a privileged role at the expense of Italian, with women in particular often being attacked for indulging in its use. The debates on the education of women that enlivened the Settecento did not overlook the question of language: the Enlightenment re-evaluation of women's role in society, as educators and as citizens, explains the frequent pleas by educationalists and men of letters that the female sex should learn Italian. If, on the one hand, female periodicals and novels allowed women access to written Italian to an unprecedented degree, on the other a large number of female writers, journalists, and translators were able to offer their own direct contribution to language and the literary world.Less
This chapter discusses the complex linguistic situation of Italy in the eighteenth century, taking into account its broader implications as well as, specifically, women's relationship with spoken and written language. Throughout the century, Italian continued to be above all a written tool and still had to withstand competition from the dialects and from Latin, both in terms of writing and in the context of schooling. A new front of rivalry opened up with French, which, especially in the highest classes, occupied a privileged role at the expense of Italian, with women in particular often being attacked for indulging in its use. The debates on the education of women that enlivened the Settecento did not overlook the question of language: the Enlightenment re-evaluation of women's role in society, as educators and as citizens, explains the frequent pleas by educationalists and men of letters that the female sex should learn Italian. If, on the one hand, female periodicals and novels allowed women access to written Italian to an unprecedented degree, on the other a large number of female writers, journalists, and translators were able to offer their own direct contribution to language and the literary world.
Constanze Guthenke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231850
- eISBN:
- 9780191716188
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231850.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of ...
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This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.Less
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.
James Noggle
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199642434
- eISBN:
- 9780191738579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642434.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
The introduction describes the tension between two ways eighteenth‐century writing described the temporal dimensions of the taste for beauty. First, there is taste as such, an immediate, momentary ...
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The introduction describes the tension between two ways eighteenth‐century writing described the temporal dimensions of the taste for beauty. First, there is taste as such, an immediate, momentary sensory response of the mind. Second, there are tastes, slowly evolved predilections and outcomes of historical processes (e.g. modern taste, British taste, Gothic or Chinese taste). The first of three sections, ‘Times Upon the Mind’, shows both how the two temporal modes may be pleasingly harmonized in individual subjects and how in some they may produce cognitive dissonance. The second, ‘The Two Presents’, shows how taste joins the historical present—British modernity—with the intensely present experience of individual minds; even as taste’s temporal divide makes a critique of modernity possible. The final section, ‘The Composite Fantasy’, demonstrates how taste’s two temporalities combine to create aesthetic ideology in embryonic form, while also suggesting how that ideology may be dismantled.Less
The introduction describes the tension between two ways eighteenth‐century writing described the temporal dimensions of the taste for beauty. First, there is taste as such, an immediate, momentary sensory response of the mind. Second, there are tastes, slowly evolved predilections and outcomes of historical processes (e.g. modern taste, British taste, Gothic or Chinese taste). The first of three sections, ‘Times Upon the Mind’, shows both how the two temporal modes may be pleasingly harmonized in individual subjects and how in some they may produce cognitive dissonance. The second, ‘The Two Presents’, shows how taste joins the historical present—British modernity—with the intensely present experience of individual minds; even as taste’s temporal divide makes a critique of modernity possible. The final section, ‘The Composite Fantasy’, demonstrates how taste’s two temporalities combine to create aesthetic ideology in embryonic form, while also suggesting how that ideology may be dismantled.
B. W. Young
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269427
- eISBN:
- 9780191683640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269427.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
The author describes and analyses the intellectual culture of the eighteenth-century Church of England, particularly in relation to those developments traditionally described as constituting the ...
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The author describes and analyses the intellectual culture of the eighteenth-century Church of England, particularly in relation to those developments traditionally described as constituting the Enlightenment. It challenges conventional perceptions of an intellectually moribund institution by contextualising the polemical and scholarly debates in which churchmen engaged. In particular, it delineates the vigorous clerical culture in which much eighteenth-century thought evolved. The book traces the creation of a self-consciously enlightened tradition within Anglicanism, which drew on Erasmianism, seventeenth-century eirenicism and the legacy of Locke. By emphasising the variety of its intellectual life, the book challenges those notions of Enlightenment which advance predominantly political interpretations of this period. Thus, eighteenth-century critics of the Enlightenment, notably those who contributed to a burgeoning interest in mysticism, are equally integral to this study.Less
The author describes and analyses the intellectual culture of the eighteenth-century Church of England, particularly in relation to those developments traditionally described as constituting the Enlightenment. It challenges conventional perceptions of an intellectually moribund institution by contextualising the polemical and scholarly debates in which churchmen engaged. In particular, it delineates the vigorous clerical culture in which much eighteenth-century thought evolved. The book traces the creation of a self-consciously enlightened tradition within Anglicanism, which drew on Erasmianism, seventeenth-century eirenicism and the legacy of Locke. By emphasising the variety of its intellectual life, the book challenges those notions of Enlightenment which advance predominantly political interpretations of this period. Thus, eighteenth-century critics of the Enlightenment, notably those who contributed to a burgeoning interest in mysticism, are equally integral to this study.
Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Drawing on pamphlets and broadsides, newspaper exchanges, document collections, personal diaries, church records, and legislative journals, this book engages the question of how early Americans ...
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Drawing on pamphlets and broadsides, newspaper exchanges, document collections, personal diaries, church records, and legislative journals, this book engages the question of how early Americans learned to live amid a great diversity of beliefs and modes of worship. It begins by explaining how the right of private judgment gained the status of an unquestioned assumption, and then recounts how the print trade expanded the meaning of this right, and a series of religious revivals transformed it. Beyond Toleration chronicles the subtle changes in public language and social behavior that occurred as official persecution ceased and social institutions became integrated. It shows how toleration first became law and then became irrelevant as religious establishments crumbled and an ambiguous concept called religious liberty triumphed. It demonstrates how the assumption that dissenting faiths were merely permissible gave way to the conviction that a variety of faiths deserved equal treatment. In the end, Beyond Toleration explains how Americans learned to live with differences in matters of the highest importance to them-and how they found a way to articulate these differences civilly.Less
Drawing on pamphlets and broadsides, newspaper exchanges, document collections, personal diaries, church records, and legislative journals, this book engages the question of how early Americans learned to live amid a great diversity of beliefs and modes of worship. It begins by explaining how the right of private judgment gained the status of an unquestioned assumption, and then recounts how the print trade expanded the meaning of this right, and a series of religious revivals transformed it. Beyond Toleration chronicles the subtle changes in public language and social behavior that occurred as official persecution ceased and social institutions became integrated. It shows how toleration first became law and then became irrelevant as religious establishments crumbled and an ambiguous concept called religious liberty triumphed. It demonstrates how the assumption that dissenting faiths were merely permissible gave way to the conviction that a variety of faiths deserved equal treatment. In the end, Beyond Toleration explains how Americans learned to live with differences in matters of the highest importance to them-and how they found a way to articulate these differences civilly.
Giovanna Ceserani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744275
- eISBN:
- 9780199932139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744275.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
This chapter complicates the received notion of the Magna Graecia's modern discovery during the 'Hellenic turn’ of eighteenth-century Europe. The historical geography of Leandro Alberti and others ...
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This chapter complicates the received notion of the Magna Graecia's modern discovery during the 'Hellenic turn’ of eighteenth-century Europe. The historical geography of Leandro Alberti and others shows earlier Renaissance antiquarianism's perceptions of Greek South Italy as a place of picturesque natural beauty and lost antiquity, seemingly irreconcilable with the wider Italian classical past. The eighteenth-century rediscovery of Paestum is examined within its Neapolitan intellectual context, which includes the figures of Giambattista Vico, Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi and even J.J. Winckelmann, and in relation to the emergence of vase studies analysis that reveals the differential investment of Italian and foreign scholars in Magna Graecia, with latter bent on a search for an ideal conception of classical Greece that would effectively relegate Magna Graecia to the margins of classical study.Less
This chapter complicates the received notion of the Magna Graecia's modern discovery during the 'Hellenic turn’ of eighteenth-century Europe. The historical geography of Leandro Alberti and others shows earlier Renaissance antiquarianism's perceptions of Greek South Italy as a place of picturesque natural beauty and lost antiquity, seemingly irreconcilable with the wider Italian classical past. The eighteenth-century rediscovery of Paestum is examined within its Neapolitan intellectual context, which includes the figures of Giambattista Vico, Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi and even J.J. Winckelmann, and in relation to the emergence of vase studies analysis that reveals the differential investment of Italian and foreign scholars in Magna Graecia, with latter bent on a search for an ideal conception of classical Greece that would effectively relegate Magna Graecia to the margins of classical study.
Jeremy Black
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608638
- eISBN:
- 9780191731754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608638.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Jeremy Black focuses on British policy and strategy in the so‐called ‘long’ eighteenth century, beginning with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and ending with the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Chapter ...
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Jeremy Black focuses on British policy and strategy in the so‐called ‘long’ eighteenth century, beginning with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and ending with the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Chapter 7 provides a contextual debate on the relationship between policy and strategy, discussing the dynamics between strategy and dynasticism, the complexity of strategic culture, the character of British imperialism, and the concept of power, with the associated challenges of reach and overreach. These factors collectively explain what the author refers to as the limitations to strategic planning. Black next describes the dynamics between strategy and policy in three case studies—the Seven Years War (1756–63), the American War of Independence (1775–83), and the French Revolution (1789–99)—and briefly analyses the Napoleonic Wars. Each conflict exhibited important geopolitical and strategic continuities as well as important political differences, and was shaped by Britain's domestic conditions and priorities.Less
Jeremy Black focuses on British policy and strategy in the so‐called ‘long’ eighteenth century, beginning with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and ending with the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Chapter 7 provides a contextual debate on the relationship between policy and strategy, discussing the dynamics between strategy and dynasticism, the complexity of strategic culture, the character of British imperialism, and the concept of power, with the associated challenges of reach and overreach. These factors collectively explain what the author refers to as the limitations to strategic planning. Black next describes the dynamics between strategy and policy in three case studies—the Seven Years War (1756–63), the American War of Independence (1775–83), and the French Revolution (1789–99)—and briefly analyses the Napoleonic Wars. Each conflict exhibited important geopolitical and strategic continuities as well as important political differences, and was shaped by Britain's domestic conditions and priorities.
Hannah Barker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207412
- eISBN:
- 9780191677663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207412.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
For many contemporaries in late eighteenth-century England, the influence which the press exerted over politics and public opinion was a blessing which ...
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For many contemporaries in late eighteenth-century England, the influence which the press exerted over politics and public opinion was a blessing which both prevented politicians from misusing their power and gave the people a voice. Others felt that newspapers were capable of misleading the public and creating unrest. Yet most are united in their belief that the press had a particularly powerful position in society. By stressing the commercial concerns of newspaper editors and proprietors, and by examining the links between newspapers and their readers, this book has challenged the existing historiography of the press, and emphasised the role of public opinion in determining newspaper contents.Less
For many contemporaries in late eighteenth-century England, the influence which the press exerted over politics and public opinion was a blessing which both prevented politicians from misusing their power and gave the people a voice. Others felt that newspapers were capable of misleading the public and creating unrest. Yet most are united in their belief that the press had a particularly powerful position in society. By stressing the commercial concerns of newspaper editors and proprietors, and by examining the links between newspapers and their readers, this book has challenged the existing historiography of the press, and emphasised the role of public opinion in determining newspaper contents.
Giovanna Ceserani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744275
- eISBN:
- 9780199932139
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744275.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
This book tells the story of the modern engagement with the area of South Italy where ancient Greeks established settlements starting in the 8th century BCE–a region known since antiquity as Magna ...
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This book tells the story of the modern engagement with the area of South Italy where ancient Greeks established settlements starting in the 8th century BCE–a region known since antiquity as Magna Graecia. This ‘Great Greece’, at once Greek and Italian, and continuously perceived as a region in decline since its archaic golden age, has long been relegated to the margins of classical studies. The present analysis recovers its significance within the history of classical archaeology. It was in South Italy that the Renaissance first encountered an ancient Greek landscape, and in the ‘Hellenic turn’ of eighteenth-century Europe the temples of Paestum and the painted vases excavated in South Italy played major roles, but since then, Magna Graecia–lying outside the national boundaries of modern Greece, and sharing in the complicated regional dynamic of the Italian Mezzogiorno in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries-has fitted awkwardly into the commonly accepted paradigms of Hellenism. Drawing on antiquarian and archaeological writings, travelogues and modern historiography, and recent rewritings of the history and imagining of South Italy, this study identifies and elaborates the crucial place of Magna Graecia within the creation of modern archaeology. It is an Italian story with European resonance, which offers a unique perspective on the Humanist investment in the ancient past, while it transforms our understanding of the transition from antiquarianism to archaeology; of the relationship between nation-making and institution-building in the study of the ancient past; and of the reconstruction of classical Greece in the modern world.Less
This book tells the story of the modern engagement with the area of South Italy where ancient Greeks established settlements starting in the 8th century BCE–a region known since antiquity as Magna Graecia. This ‘Great Greece’, at once Greek and Italian, and continuously perceived as a region in decline since its archaic golden age, has long been relegated to the margins of classical studies. The present analysis recovers its significance within the history of classical archaeology. It was in South Italy that the Renaissance first encountered an ancient Greek landscape, and in the ‘Hellenic turn’ of eighteenth-century Europe the temples of Paestum and the painted vases excavated in South Italy played major roles, but since then, Magna Graecia–lying outside the national boundaries of modern Greece, and sharing in the complicated regional dynamic of the Italian Mezzogiorno in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries-has fitted awkwardly into the commonly accepted paradigms of Hellenism. Drawing on antiquarian and archaeological writings, travelogues and modern historiography, and recent rewritings of the history and imagining of South Italy, this study identifies and elaborates the crucial place of Magna Graecia within the creation of modern archaeology. It is an Italian story with European resonance, which offers a unique perspective on the Humanist investment in the ancient past, while it transforms our understanding of the transition from antiquarianism to archaeology; of the relationship between nation-making and institution-building in the study of the ancient past; and of the reconstruction of classical Greece in the modern world.
Giovanna Ceserani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744275
- eISBN:
- 9780199932139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744275.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
This chapter explores the differentiation and marginalization of Magna Graecia within an emerging Hellenism increasingly focused on classical, mainland Greece, by looking at late eighteenth-century ...
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This chapter explores the differentiation and marginalization of Magna Graecia within an emerging Hellenism increasingly focused on classical, mainland Greece, by looking at late eighteenth-century travel narratives and historiographies. Disappointment at the paucity of classical monuments in Magna Graecia, as expressed by Winckelmann's German pupil Riedesel, is shown to give way to later French and British travelers’ interest in the region's exotic and antique quality. Magna Graecia's central role in the origins of modern narratives of ancient Greece is examined alongside the region's marginalization, in these same narratives, as a mere site of ancient Greek colonization, overlooking its place as a center of Greek culture. A distinctly different take is revealed in the historical works of the Neapolitan Enlightenment, which sought to harmonize Magna Graecia's past with the Italic past, a trend that signals a growing divide between Italian and non-Italian approaches to Magna Graecia.Less
This chapter explores the differentiation and marginalization of Magna Graecia within an emerging Hellenism increasingly focused on classical, mainland Greece, by looking at late eighteenth-century travel narratives and historiographies. Disappointment at the paucity of classical monuments in Magna Graecia, as expressed by Winckelmann's German pupil Riedesel, is shown to give way to later French and British travelers’ interest in the region's exotic and antique quality. Magna Graecia's central role in the origins of modern narratives of ancient Greece is examined alongside the region's marginalization, in these same narratives, as a mere site of ancient Greek colonization, overlooking its place as a center of Greek culture. A distinctly different take is revealed in the historical works of the Neapolitan Enlightenment, which sought to harmonize Magna Graecia's past with the Italic past, a trend that signals a growing divide between Italian and non-Italian approaches to Magna Graecia.
Richard Greene
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119883
- eISBN:
- 9780191671234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119883.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 18th-century Literature
That women writers all suffered the same disadvantages, entertained approximately the same ambitions, and approached their writing out of basically the same experiences, is manifestly untrue. While ...
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That women writers all suffered the same disadvantages, entertained approximately the same ambitions, and approached their writing out of basically the same experiences, is manifestly untrue. While many concerns are shared, their lives are often as different as those of the Countess of Winchilsea and Mary Leapor. Although most scholars are aware of this problem with respect to women's writing, some prefer simpler terms. Some critics of women's writing in the eighteenth century approach their material with a narrowly ideological set of criteria. While it is certainly necessary to chart shifts in women's position in literature and society through history, it is crudely ahistorical to judge writers of the past exclusively through terms arrived at in the late twentieth century. The crucial issue in relation to women writers of the eighteenth century is marriage. Another problem concerns moral standards. This chapter focuses on Leapor's views on marriage, family, and sexuality as reflected in her poetry.Less
That women writers all suffered the same disadvantages, entertained approximately the same ambitions, and approached their writing out of basically the same experiences, is manifestly untrue. While many concerns are shared, their lives are often as different as those of the Countess of Winchilsea and Mary Leapor. Although most scholars are aware of this problem with respect to women's writing, some prefer simpler terms. Some critics of women's writing in the eighteenth century approach their material with a narrowly ideological set of criteria. While it is certainly necessary to chart shifts in women's position in literature and society through history, it is crudely ahistorical to judge writers of the past exclusively through terms arrived at in the late twentieth century. The crucial issue in relation to women writers of the eighteenth century is marriage. Another problem concerns moral standards. This chapter focuses on Leapor's views on marriage, family, and sexuality as reflected in her poetry.
Boris Mironov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
From 1700-1704 to 1795-1799 the average stature of Russian recruits decreased from 164.7 to 159.5 cm. It means that the eighteenth century is noted for the fall in the biological status of the ...
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From 1700-1704 to 1795-1799 the average stature of Russian recruits decreased from 164.7 to 159.5 cm. It means that the eighteenth century is noted for the fall in the biological status of the Russian population. The decrease occurred against the background of a considerable economic growth and was caused not by economic depression but by the rise in taxes and obligations. Increase in payments to the state was linked with the wars Russia waged for outlets to the Baltic and Black seas, and for the status of a great power, and with reforms carried out by the supreme power catching up with the West European countries.Less
From 1700-1704 to 1795-1799 the average stature of Russian recruits decreased from 164.7 to 159.5 cm. It means that the eighteenth century is noted for the fall in the biological status of the Russian population. The decrease occurred against the background of a considerable economic growth and was caused not by economic depression but by the rise in taxes and obligations. Increase in payments to the state was linked with the wars Russia waged for outlets to the Baltic and Black seas, and for the status of a great power, and with reforms carried out by the supreme power catching up with the West European countries.
Susan E. Whyman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199532445
- eISBN:
- 9780191714535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532445.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, British and Irish Modern History
The 18th-century Post Office is usually portrayed as mired in inefficiency. New private and public sources tell a different earlier story. Post office records and 34 letter collections show how ...
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The 18th-century Post Office is usually portrayed as mired in inefficiency. New private and public sources tell a different earlier story. Post office records and 34 letter collections show how people used the Royal Mail and how it affected their lives. In the 17th century, basic postal routines were established and the quantity of letters carried increased. In the 18th century, a national network served by coaches grew out of the old six roads. By 1800 the Royal Mail had become a commercial newsagent spreading papers throughout the nation. At the same time, it continued to open letters and censor mail. The newspaper, novel, and coffeehouse are often cited in regard to the rise of the public sphere, but the letter and the Post Office are rarely mentioned. Yet its arena of unrestricted discourse was as provocative to the state as any coffeehouse. By 1800, a service created to censor mail had become a private necessity and a public right.Less
The 18th-century Post Office is usually portrayed as mired in inefficiency. New private and public sources tell a different earlier story. Post office records and 34 letter collections show how people used the Royal Mail and how it affected their lives. In the 17th century, basic postal routines were established and the quantity of letters carried increased. In the 18th century, a national network served by coaches grew out of the old six roads. By 1800 the Royal Mail had become a commercial newsagent spreading papers throughout the nation. At the same time, it continued to open letters and censor mail. The newspaper, novel, and coffeehouse are often cited in regard to the rise of the public sphere, but the letter and the Post Office are rarely mentioned. Yet its arena of unrestricted discourse was as provocative to the state as any coffeehouse. By 1800, a service created to censor mail had become a private necessity and a public right.
Margreta De Grazia
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117780
- eISBN:
- 9780191671067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
This book challenges traditional Shakespeare scholarship through a study of its textual primacy in the late eighteenth century. The book's examination of earlier treatments demonstrates that concepts ...
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This book challenges traditional Shakespeare scholarship through a study of its textual primacy in the late eighteenth century. The book's examination of earlier treatments demonstrates that concepts now basic to Shakespeare studies were once largely irrelevant. Only with Edmond Malone's 1790 Shakespeare edition do such criteria as authenticity, historical periodisation, factual biography, chronological development, and in-depth readings become dominant. However, their emergence then must not be seen as the overdue installation of proper scholarly and literary procedures, but rather as a specific historical response to the problem the Shakespeare corpus has posed since its definition by the 1623 Folio. The remarkable efficacy of Malone's apparatus over the past two hundred years testifies not to its ‘truth’, but rather to its endorsement of a continuing Enlightenment epistemology irreconcilable with the past linguistic and mechanical practices it purports accurately to reproduce. This challenging book has both practical and theoretical implications for Shakespeare studies in the 1990s and beyond.Less
This book challenges traditional Shakespeare scholarship through a study of its textual primacy in the late eighteenth century. The book's examination of earlier treatments demonstrates that concepts now basic to Shakespeare studies were once largely irrelevant. Only with Edmond Malone's 1790 Shakespeare edition do such criteria as authenticity, historical periodisation, factual biography, chronological development, and in-depth readings become dominant. However, their emergence then must not be seen as the overdue installation of proper scholarly and literary procedures, but rather as a specific historical response to the problem the Shakespeare corpus has posed since its definition by the 1623 Folio. The remarkable efficacy of Malone's apparatus over the past two hundred years testifies not to its ‘truth’, but rather to its endorsement of a continuing Enlightenment epistemology irreconcilable with the past linguistic and mechanical practices it purports accurately to reproduce. This challenging book has both practical and theoretical implications for Shakespeare studies in the 1990s and beyond.
Regina Grafe
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144849
- eISBN:
- 9781400840533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144849.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter looks at how descriptions of Spain in the eighteenth century are intriguing for their accounts of perceived indolence, or more generally of a people who failed to take advantage “of ...
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This chapter looks at how descriptions of Spain in the eighteenth century are intriguing for their accounts of perceived indolence, or more generally of a people who failed to take advantage “of their Climate and Situation.” Taken at face value, these observations convinced contemporaries and historians that Spain was simply producing less than it could have. Alleged idleness was a well-rehearsed theme in Europe's Protestant north whenever the mores of southern European papists (or non-Europeans, for that matter) were described. Travel writer Henry Swinburne argued that Spaniards worked fewer hours and days than he thought they ought to, and intuitively provided one possible explanation for such behavior: Spaniards simply did not believe they could benefit from higher levels of “industry,” that is, effort.Less
This chapter looks at how descriptions of Spain in the eighteenth century are intriguing for their accounts of perceived indolence, or more generally of a people who failed to take advantage “of their Climate and Situation.” Taken at face value, these observations convinced contemporaries and historians that Spain was simply producing less than it could have. Alleged idleness was a well-rehearsed theme in Europe's Protestant north whenever the mores of southern European papists (or non-Europeans, for that matter) were described. Travel writer Henry Swinburne argued that Spaniards worked fewer hours and days than he thought they ought to, and intuitively provided one possible explanation for such behavior: Spaniards simply did not believe they could benefit from higher levels of “industry,” that is, effort.
Richard Greene
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119883
- eISBN:
- 9780191671234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119883.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 18th-century Literature
Despite the significant number of labouring poets who published throughout the century, Elizabeth Hands assumed that her social position would constitute an obstacle to the acceptance of her work. ...
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Despite the significant number of labouring poets who published throughout the century, Elizabeth Hands assumed that her social position would constitute an obstacle to the acceptance of her work. Indeed, while she produced some poems of distinct merit, she, like most labouring poets of her time, had been forgotten until the 1980s. Mary Leapor has, of course, fared somewhat better than Hands. Her presence in anthologies and her occasional mention in critical works have sustained a small reputation on the periphery of eighteenth-century literature. This chapter considers Leapor's work against the background of her economic conditions as a kitchen-maid and the daughter of an agricultural craftsman. It is argued that Leapor's work contributes to a fairly broad movement among labouring-class poets to provide an accurate account of work and social conditions in their time.Less
Despite the significant number of labouring poets who published throughout the century, Elizabeth Hands assumed that her social position would constitute an obstacle to the acceptance of her work. Indeed, while she produced some poems of distinct merit, she, like most labouring poets of her time, had been forgotten until the 1980s. Mary Leapor has, of course, fared somewhat better than Hands. Her presence in anthologies and her occasional mention in critical works have sustained a small reputation on the periphery of eighteenth-century literature. This chapter considers Leapor's work against the background of her economic conditions as a kitchen-maid and the daughter of an agricultural craftsman. It is argued that Leapor's work contributes to a fairly broad movement among labouring-class poets to provide an accurate account of work and social conditions in their time.
Hannah Barker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207412
- eISBN:
- 9780191677663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207412.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Historians have traditionally attributed great influence to newspapers in late eighteenth-century England. Yet in spite of the power they were supposed to wield, very ...
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Historians have traditionally attributed great influence to newspapers in late eighteenth-century England. Yet in spite of the power they were supposed to wield, very little is known about the newspaper press itself during this period. This book examines the ways in which both London and provincial newspapers operated, the fashioning of their politics, and their relationships with politicians, and, crucially, their readers. In particular, this book is concerned with the ways in which newspapers both represented and shaped public opinion. By concentrating on the late 1770s and early 1780s, and on events and debates surrounding the movement for political reform, these areas are brought into sharper focus, as are important and related issues such as the changing nature of popular political debate, the role of ‘the people’ in politics, and the composition of the political nation.Less
Historians have traditionally attributed great influence to newspapers in late eighteenth-century England. Yet in spite of the power they were supposed to wield, very little is known about the newspaper press itself during this period. This book examines the ways in which both London and provincial newspapers operated, the fashioning of their politics, and their relationships with politicians, and, crucially, their readers. In particular, this book is concerned with the ways in which newspapers both represented and shaped public opinion. By concentrating on the late 1770s and early 1780s, and on events and debates surrounding the movement for political reform, these areas are brought into sharper focus, as are important and related issues such as the changing nature of popular political debate, the role of ‘the people’ in politics, and the composition of the political nation.
