Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0016
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how ...
More
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).Less
This chapter shows how the firm should design sales force compensation plans to maximize its performance. It distinguishes whether or not the firm can observe the salesperson's effort. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows the firm to design compensation plans based on such factors as the firm's cost structure, cost and demand uncertainty, consumer satisfaction, the firm's cost of capital, and whether or not the firm delegates price-setting or sales call policy to the salesperson. It shows how the sales force compensation plan should allow for multiperiod effects and the impact of Internet advertising. In particular, it distinguishes different scenarios (e.g., whether Internet advertising and conventional advertising are substitutes or complements).
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter explores the consequence of taking Rawls' concerns about the strains of commitment to their logical extreme. If there is no external enforcement at all, so that all agreements must be ...
More
This chapter explores the consequence of taking Rawls' concerns about the strains of commitment to their logical extreme. If there is no external enforcement at all, so that all agreements must be self-policing, it is shown that deals reached in the original position will generate an egalitarian outcome, as Rawls would wish. The conclusions are broadly consistent with the class of laboratory results that psychologists refer to as “modern equity theory”. The concept of an empathy equilibrium is used to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate an egalitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run. The manner in which this standard should be expected to respond to need, effort, ability, and status is then explored.Less
This chapter explores the consequence of taking Rawls' concerns about the strains of commitment to their logical extreme. If there is no external enforcement at all, so that all agreements must be self-policing, it is shown that deals reached in the original position will generate an egalitarian outcome, as Rawls would wish. The conclusions are broadly consistent with the class of laboratory results that psychologists refer to as “modern equity theory”. The concept of an empathy equilibrium is used to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate an egalitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run. The manner in which this standard should be expected to respond to need, effort, ability, and status is then explored.
Duane Swank
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The first of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Swank first provides an overview of two key domestic and ...
More
The first of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Swank first provides an overview of two key domestic and international pressures on developed welfare states: domestic fiscal stress and international capital mobility. He then outlines the theoretical argument that democratic institutions fundamentally determine government responses to domestic and international structural change, focusing on formal and informal institutions and drawing on and fusing insights from ‘power resources’ theory, the new institutionalism, and new cultural arguments about the determinants of social policy in advanced capitalist democracies. The next two sections utilize new data on social welfare effort, national political institutions, and internationalization to provide an econometric assessment of the social policy impacts of domestic fiscal stress and capital mobility during the period 1965 to 1995, looking first at the direct impacts of rises in public sector debt and in international capital mobility on social welfare provision, and second at the welfare state effects of fiscal stress and global capital flows across nationally and temporally divergent democratic institutional contexts; the initial focus is on total social welfare effort and then the analysis is shifted to changes in cash income maintenance and social services. The conclusion assesses the implications of the arguments and findings for the future course of social policy in developed democracies, and potentially bolsters the evidence for the central assertion that domestic institutions systematically determine the direction of welfare state restructuring.Less
The first of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Swank first provides an overview of two key domestic and international pressures on developed welfare states: domestic fiscal stress and international capital mobility. He then outlines the theoretical argument that democratic institutions fundamentally determine government responses to domestic and international structural change, focusing on formal and informal institutions and drawing on and fusing insights from ‘power resources’ theory, the new institutionalism, and new cultural arguments about the determinants of social policy in advanced capitalist democracies. The next two sections utilize new data on social welfare effort, national political institutions, and internationalization to provide an econometric assessment of the social policy impacts of domestic fiscal stress and capital mobility during the period 1965 to 1995, looking first at the direct impacts of rises in public sector debt and in international capital mobility on social welfare provision, and second at the welfare state effects of fiscal stress and global capital flows across nationally and temporally divergent democratic institutional contexts; the initial focus is on total social welfare effort and then the analysis is shifted to changes in cash income maintenance and social services. The conclusion assesses the implications of the arguments and findings for the future course of social policy in developed democracies, and potentially bolsters the evidence for the central assertion that domestic institutions systematically determine the direction of welfare state restructuring.
Philippe Van Parijs
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293576
- eISBN:
- 9780191600074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293577.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
By giving to all as high an unconditional income as possible, is one not violating liberal neutrality by favouring leisure and sanctioning consumption? One would be if the taxation needed to fund the ...
More
By giving to all as high an unconditional income as possible, is one not violating liberal neutrality by favouring leisure and sanctioning consumption? One would be if the taxation needed to fund the basic income could legitimately be seen as the extraction of part of the outcome of nothing but the workers’ effort. But it cannot. Reflecting on the message of efficiency‐wage theories of unemployment leads one to view it instead as a fee on the appropriation of assets very unequally divided between us: jobs.Less
By giving to all as high an unconditional income as possible, is one not violating liberal neutrality by favouring leisure and sanctioning consumption? One would be if the taxation needed to fund the basic income could legitimately be seen as the extraction of part of the outcome of nothing but the workers’ effort. But it cannot. Reflecting on the message of efficiency‐wage theories of unemployment leads one to view it instead as a fee on the appropriation of assets very unequally divided between us: jobs.
Philippe Van Parijs
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293576
- eISBN:
- 9780191600074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293577.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
By providing a modest income even to those who do not want to work, is one not institutionalizing the exploitation of hard workers by free riders? There would definitely be ‘Lockean exploitation’, ...
More
By providing a modest income even to those who do not want to work, is one not institutionalizing the exploitation of hard workers by free riders? There would definitely be ‘Lockean exploitation’, and hence violation of the ‘Creators Keepers’ principle, and there would be ‘Lutheran exploitation’ and hence lack of proportionality between effort and reward. But neither of these conceptions of exploitation makes normative sense. By contrast, ‘Roemerian exploitation’, or asset‐based inequality, does make normative sense. But it does not endorse an ethical indictment of an unconditional income. Quite the contrary.Less
By providing a modest income even to those who do not want to work, is one not institutionalizing the exploitation of hard workers by free riders? There would definitely be ‘Lockean exploitation’, and hence violation of the ‘Creators Keepers’ principle, and there would be ‘Lutheran exploitation’ and hence lack of proportionality between effort and reward. But neither of these conceptions of exploitation makes normative sense. By contrast, ‘Roemerian exploitation’, or asset‐based inequality, does make normative sense. But it does not endorse an ethical indictment of an unconditional income. Quite the contrary.
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243093.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Presents the main findings of the report. It outlines the nature of the armed conflict in Kosovo, the early diplomatic efforts, the NATO intervention, the ensuing humanitarian crisis and the ...
More
Presents the main findings of the report. It outlines the nature of the armed conflict in Kosovo, the early diplomatic efforts, the NATO intervention, the ensuing humanitarian crisis and the establishment of UNMIK as an interim administration. The importance of early prevention measures is emphasized.Less
Presents the main findings of the report. It outlines the nature of the armed conflict in Kosovo, the early diplomatic efforts, the NATO intervention, the ensuing humanitarian crisis and the establishment of UNMIK as an interim administration. The importance of early prevention measures is emphasized.
Colin M. Macleod
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293972
- eISBN:
- 9780191599798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293976.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Examines Dworkin's use of the market to track how considerations of individual responsibility should affect entitlement to resources over time. Liberals should favour a responsibility sensitive ...
More
Examines Dworkin's use of the market to track how considerations of individual responsibility should affect entitlement to resources over time. Liberals should favour a responsibility sensitive theory of income and resource distribution, but the account offered by Dworkin's theory of equality of resources does accurately track the relationship between entitlement and choice.Less
Examines Dworkin's use of the market to track how considerations of individual responsibility should affect entitlement to resources over time. Liberals should favour a responsibility sensitive theory of income and resource distribution, but the account offered by Dworkin's theory of equality of resources does accurately track the relationship between entitlement and choice.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter examines the evolving features of management-worker relations and employee working lives at two large, sectorally dominant Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Telford, and assesses ...
More
This chapter examines the evolving features of management-worker relations and employee working lives at two large, sectorally dominant Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Telford, and assesses whether these conform to new models of commitment, participation, and unitarism. It documents the persistence of instrumental bases of worker involvement, the mixture of consent, accommodation, and dissent which characterizes work relations, and the scope for individual and collective manifestations of conflict within a constrained industrial relations environment. The chapter rejects idealized accounts of a strategic shift in worker-manager relations, and seeks to document and explain similarities and differences in the contemporary patterns of acceptance and resistance, of survival tactics, and opposition in the two workplaces. Particular attention is given to informal understandings, effort bargains and expectations of promotion, and to labour turnover and absenteeism as expressions of dissatisfaction, which appear closely tied to these modern forms of work and employment.Less
This chapter examines the evolving features of management-worker relations and employee working lives at two large, sectorally dominant Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Telford, and assesses whether these conform to new models of commitment, participation, and unitarism. It documents the persistence of instrumental bases of worker involvement, the mixture of consent, accommodation, and dissent which characterizes work relations, and the scope for individual and collective manifestations of conflict within a constrained industrial relations environment. The chapter rejects idealized accounts of a strategic shift in worker-manager relations, and seeks to document and explain similarities and differences in the contemporary patterns of acceptance and resistance, of survival tactics, and opposition in the two workplaces. Particular attention is given to informal understandings, effort bargains and expectations of promotion, and to labour turnover and absenteeism as expressions of dissatisfaction, which appear closely tied to these modern forms of work and employment.
Peter van der Veer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128146
- eISBN:
- 9781400848553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128146.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter looks at conversion to Christianity and the impact of missionary movements in India and China. Christian missionaries have played a major role in the creation of modern vocabularies and ...
More
This chapter looks at conversion to Christianity and the impact of missionary movements in India and China. Christian missionaries have played a major role in the creation of modern vocabularies and modern attitudes in India and China. Reform movements, but also popular resistance movements, derive much of their discourse from Christianity. The chapter traces the missionary project in India and China in the nineteenth century, and emphasizes the imperial and anti-imperial aspects of it in contrast to the earlier Jesuit efforts in China and India. The main argument is that Christian missionaries played an extraordinary role in setting things in motion in education and medicine, but most importantly in anti-imperialist protonationalism within a range of non-Christian reform movements.Less
This chapter looks at conversion to Christianity and the impact of missionary movements in India and China. Christian missionaries have played a major role in the creation of modern vocabularies and modern attitudes in India and China. Reform movements, but also popular resistance movements, derive much of their discourse from Christianity. The chapter traces the missionary project in India and China in the nineteenth century, and emphasizes the imperial and anti-imperial aspects of it in contrast to the earlier Jesuit efforts in China and India. The main argument is that Christian missionaries played an extraordinary role in setting things in motion in education and medicine, but most importantly in anti-imperialist protonationalism within a range of non-Christian reform movements.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the ...
More
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.Less
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.
John D. Salamone
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the behavioral activation functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), and in particular, emphasizes how these functions appear to be engaged in such a way as to promote the ...
More
This chapter focuses on the behavioral activation functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), and in particular, emphasizes how these functions appear to be engaged in such a way as to promote the exertion of effort in motivated behavior. It discusses the role of accumbens DA in enabling animals to overcome work-related constraints that separate them from significant stimuli, and the involvement of DA in effort-related choice behavior that is based upon the allocation of responses to various alternatives. Finally, the role of accumbens DA will be placed in an overall anatomical and neurochemical context by discussing other brain areas and neurotransmitters as well.Less
This chapter focuses on the behavioral activation functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), and in particular, emphasizes how these functions appear to be engaged in such a way as to promote the exertion of effort in motivated behavior. It discusses the role of accumbens DA in enabling animals to overcome work-related constraints that separate them from significant stimuli, and the involvement of DA in effort-related choice behavior that is based upon the allocation of responses to various alternatives. Finally, the role of accumbens DA will be placed in an overall anatomical and neurochemical context by discussing other brain areas and neurotransmitters as well.
Matthew F. S. Rushworth, Paula L. Croxson, Mark J. Buckley, and Mark E. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314274
- eISBN:
- 9780199786695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Recent research on action selection suggests that a useful distinction may be drawn between two systems centered on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFv) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The ...
More
Recent research on action selection suggests that a useful distinction may be drawn between two systems centered on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFv) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The PFv is concerned with the selection of actions in response to visual stimuli (stimulus‐response mappings) and according to learned arbitrary rules. The ACC is more concerned with reward‐guided action selection. This is especially the case when a judgment must be made about whether a reward is worth pursuing, given the probability that the reward will follow the action, or given the effort that will have to be exerted before the reward is obtained. Three lines of evidence supporting this contention are reviewed.Less
Recent research on action selection suggests that a useful distinction may be drawn between two systems centered on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFv) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The PFv is concerned with the selection of actions in response to visual stimuli (stimulus‐response mappings) and according to learned arbitrary rules. The ACC is more concerned with reward‐guided action selection. This is especially the case when a judgment must be made about whether a reward is worth pursuing, given the probability that the reward will follow the action, or given the effort that will have to be exerted before the reward is obtained. Three lines of evidence supporting this contention are reviewed.
Lisa Garcia Bedolla and Melissa R. Michelson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300166781
- eISBN:
- 9780300167399
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300166781.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Which get-out-the-vote efforts actually succeed in ethnoracial communities and why? Analyzing the results from hundreds of original experiments, this book offers a new theory to explain why some ...
More
Which get-out-the-vote efforts actually succeed in ethnoracial communities and why? Analyzing the results from hundreds of original experiments, this book offers a new theory to explain why some methods work while others do not. Exploring and comparing a wide variety of efforts targeting ethnoracial voters, the authors present a new theoretical frame—the Social Cognition Model of voting, based on an individual's sense of civic identity—for understanding get-out-the-vote effectiveness. This book will serve as a useful guide for political practitioners, for it offers concrete strategies to employ in developing future mobilization efforts.Less
Which get-out-the-vote efforts actually succeed in ethnoracial communities and why? Analyzing the results from hundreds of original experiments, this book offers a new theory to explain why some methods work while others do not. Exploring and comparing a wide variety of efforts targeting ethnoracial voters, the authors present a new theoretical frame—the Social Cognition Model of voting, based on an individual's sense of civic identity—for understanding get-out-the-vote effectiveness. This book will serve as a useful guide for political practitioners, for it offers concrete strategies to employ in developing future mobilization efforts.
Harriet P. Lefley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340495
- eISBN:
- 9780199863792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340495.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This chapter discusses the implementation of family psychoeducation (FPE) in mental health services in the United States and in Europe. It presents research findings on implementation and application ...
More
This chapter discusses the implementation of family psychoeducation (FPE) in mental health services in the United States and in Europe. It presents research findings on implementation and application and fidelity issues. Barriers to implementation may come from families and consumers, with time, distance, and confidentiality issues, as well as from clinicians and administrators reluctant to commit staff effort and funding. Major issues identified in research included reimbursement and financial incentives, commitment of stakeholders, and training and appropriate administration. Various solutions are offered by seasoned FPE researchers and clinicians, such as establishing an agency position for family-friendly services, staff training, and funding commitments from county or state mental health administrators.Less
This chapter discusses the implementation of family psychoeducation (FPE) in mental health services in the United States and in Europe. It presents research findings on implementation and application and fidelity issues. Barriers to implementation may come from families and consumers, with time, distance, and confidentiality issues, as well as from clinicians and administrators reluctant to commit staff effort and funding. Major issues identified in research included reimbursement and financial incentives, commitment of stakeholders, and training and appropriate administration. Various solutions are offered by seasoned FPE researchers and clinicians, such as establishing an agency position for family-friendly services, staff training, and funding commitments from county or state mental health administrators.
Dale S. Wright
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382013
- eISBN:
- 9780199870332
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382013.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 4 is divided into two sections. The first section presents an overview of the Mahayana Buddhist teachings on the perfection of energy, viryapāramitā, sometimes translated as the perfection of ...
More
Chapter 4 is divided into two sections. The first section presents an overview of the Mahayana Buddhist teachings on the perfection of energy, viryapāramitā, sometimes translated as the perfection of effort, striving, or courage. The second section raises questions about how today we might conceive of the virtue of energy. It asks how to understand the role of energy, endurance, and spiritedness in human life, and how to cultivate them.Less
Chapter 4 is divided into two sections. The first section presents an overview of the Mahayana Buddhist teachings on the perfection of energy, viryapāramitā, sometimes translated as the perfection of effort, striving, or courage. The second section raises questions about how today we might conceive of the virtue of energy. It asks how to understand the role of energy, endurance, and spiritedness in human life, and how to cultivate them.
Anne E. Magurran
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527855
- eISBN:
- 9780191713576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527855.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The guppy raises three different classes of conservation issues. First, the species is a useful model for freshwater fish species — one of the most endangered vertebrate groups. Second, although ...
More
The guppy raises three different classes of conservation issues. First, the species is a useful model for freshwater fish species — one of the most endangered vertebrate groups. Second, although guppy populations are generally large and the species is widely distributed across Trinidad, some of the diversity that has provided such rich material for evolutionary biology is under threat from pollution, habitat loss, exotic introductions, and so on. Guppy populations are also potentially at risk from scientists who observe, collect, and manipulate guppy populations. Artificial introductions have proved very informative but may lead to irreversible changes in a river. Finally, introductions of guppies to countries outside their range, either for the control of malaria vectors, or through escapes of ornamental fish, can adversely affect vulnerable faunas. This chapter discusses these issues.Less
The guppy raises three different classes of conservation issues. First, the species is a useful model for freshwater fish species — one of the most endangered vertebrate groups. Second, although guppy populations are generally large and the species is widely distributed across Trinidad, some of the diversity that has provided such rich material for evolutionary biology is under threat from pollution, habitat loss, exotic introductions, and so on. Guppy populations are also potentially at risk from scientists who observe, collect, and manipulate guppy populations. Artificial introductions have proved very informative but may lead to irreversible changes in a river. Finally, introductions of guppies to countries outside their range, either for the control of malaria vectors, or through escapes of ornamental fish, can adversely affect vulnerable faunas. This chapter discusses these issues.
Anne E. Russon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0023
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. ...
More
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.Less
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Argues that the parable of the Servant's Reward, which may seem harsh and may offend modern Western sensibilities, is corrective, rather than expository: the image of a master and his “unprofitable ...
More
Argues that the parable of the Servant's Reward, which may seem harsh and may offend modern Western sensibilities, is corrective, rather than expository: the image of a master and his “unprofitable servants” complements that of a father and his beloved children. While highlighting the value of human effort in God's eyes, the parable warns against thinking that one can earn one's reward from God, that is, against a way of thinking that can be represented as follows:I have done some good thingsGod has to do some good things for me because of thisBypassing complex and culture‐specific concepts like “reward,” “merit,” “claim,” and “good works,” the chapter articulates the parable's message about God as follows:God wants to do good things for menot because I have done some good thingsnot because I can do some good thingsLess
Argues that the parable of the Servant's Reward, which may seem harsh and may offend modern Western sensibilities, is corrective, rather than expository: the image of a master and his “unprofitable servants” complements that of a father and his beloved children. While highlighting the value of human effort in God's eyes, the parable warns against thinking that one can earn one's reward from God, that is, against a way of thinking that can be represented as follows:
I have done some good things
God has to do some good things for me because of this
Bypassing complex and culture‐specific concepts like “reward,” “merit,” “claim,” and “good works,” the chapter articulates the parable's message about God as follows:
God wants to do good things for me
not because I have done some good things
not because I can do some good things
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144024
- eISBN:
- 9780199870998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144023.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Presents four different tests to use on standardly equalized kill and let‐die cases to determine the truth of Thesis E (Thesis of the Moral Equivalence of Killing and Letting Die). The first is the ...
More
Presents four different tests to use on standardly equalized kill and let‐die cases to determine the truth of Thesis E (Thesis of the Moral Equivalence of Killing and Letting Die). The first is the Post‐Efforts Test, (which is contrasted with the defeasibility test); results obtained from this test are considered on varied cases, including cases where there are no wrong acts (this is related to issues of strict liability and agent regret); objections to the test are also examined. Second is the Pre‐Efforts Test, which requires foregoing benefit, making sacrifices, or being imposed on to prevent behaviour; after showing how this test might distinguish morally between killing and letting die, objections raised to it by Bruce Russell and Joel Feinberg are considered; consideration is also given to what moral difference is being measured by both the Post‐Efforts and the Pre‐Efforts tests — a difference in moral objectionableness or in some other moral property — and to the significance of not imposing losses on someone when he is dependent on some people but independent relative to others. The Choice Test comes third; this is in some ways more sensitive than the first two tests and may also yield different results; it gives the first indication that there are (at least) two different measures for the stringency of prohibitions on acts — an efforts measure and a precedence measure (this issue is also addressed in Ch. 12); again, the question arises as to whether the tests measure differences in moral objectionableness of killing and letting die or some other morally significant property (i.e. one related to how much we may require people to do). The final test presented is the Good Motive Test; this considers killing and letting‐die cases in which we act either for greater good or for paternalistic reasons (e.g. in euthanasia); Philippa Foot's views on the contrasting virtues of justice and charity are also considered here.Less
Presents four different tests to use on standardly equalized kill and let‐die cases to determine the truth of Thesis E (Thesis of the Moral Equivalence of Killing and Letting Die). The first is the Post‐Efforts Test, (which is contrasted with the defeasibility test); results obtained from this test are considered on varied cases, including cases where there are no wrong acts (this is related to issues of strict liability and agent regret); objections to the test are also examined. Second is the Pre‐Efforts Test, which requires foregoing benefit, making sacrifices, or being imposed on to prevent behaviour; after showing how this test might distinguish morally between killing and letting die, objections raised to it by Bruce Russell and Joel Feinberg are considered; consideration is also given to what moral difference is being measured by both the Post‐Efforts and the Pre‐Efforts tests — a difference in moral objectionableness or in some other moral property — and to the significance of not imposing losses on someone when he is dependent on some people but independent relative to others. The Choice Test comes third; this is in some ways more sensitive than the first two tests and may also yield different results; it gives the first indication that there are (at least) two different measures for the stringency of prohibitions on acts — an efforts measure and a precedence measure (this issue is also addressed in Ch. 12); again, the question arises as to whether the tests measure differences in moral objectionableness of killing and letting die or some other morally significant property (i.e. one related to how much we may require people to do). The final test presented is the Good Motive Test; this considers killing and letting‐die cases in which we act either for greater good or for paternalistic reasons (e.g. in euthanasia); Philippa Foot's views on the contrasting virtues of justice and charity are also considered here.
David P. Auerswald and Stephen M. Saideman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159386
- eISBN:
- 9781400848676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159386.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter demonstrates that operating in a multilateral military effort is challenging. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would be more effective if every contingent had no ...
More
This introductory chapter demonstrates that operating in a multilateral military effort is challenging. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would be more effective if every contingent had no politically imposed restrictions, but that is not to say that the alliance or any multilateral effort is utterly ineffective and doomed to fail. Caveats, red cards, intrusive oversight, selection of officers, and incentives all matter in shaping how the contingents operate. These are political impediments to countries operating together on the battlefield. Countries will vary systematically in how much they can contribute to the fight, wherever the fight happens to be. These dynamics will become increasingly problematic over the next several years, as most NATO countries (and many others) will be cutting defense spending due to various fiscal crises and associated budget constraints.Less
This introductory chapter demonstrates that operating in a multilateral military effort is challenging. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would be more effective if every contingent had no politically imposed restrictions, but that is not to say that the alliance or any multilateral effort is utterly ineffective and doomed to fail. Caveats, red cards, intrusive oversight, selection of officers, and incentives all matter in shaping how the contingents operate. These are political impediments to countries operating together on the battlefield. Countries will vary systematically in how much they can contribute to the fight, wherever the fight happens to be. These dynamics will become increasingly problematic over the next several years, as most NATO countries (and many others) will be cutting defense spending due to various fiscal crises and associated budget constraints.
