Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
Since the middle of the last century, computing power has increased sufficiently that the direct numerical approximation of Maxwell’s equations is now an increasingly important tool in science and ...
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Since the middle of the last century, computing power has increased sufficiently that the direct numerical approximation of Maxwell’s equations is now an increasingly important tool in science and engineering. Parallel to the increasing use of numerical methods in computational electromagnetism, there has also been considerable progress in the mathematical understanding of the properties of Maxwell’s equations relevant to numerical analysis. The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date and sound theoretical foundation for finite element methods in computational electromagnetism. The emphasis is on finite element methods for scattering problems that involve the solution of Maxwell’s equations on infinite domains. Suitable variational formulations are developed and justified mathematically. An error analysis of edge finite element methods that are particularly well suited to Maxwell’s equations is the main focus of the book. The analysis involves a complete justification of the discrete de Rham diagram and discrete compactness of edge elements. The numerical methods are justified for Lipschitz polyhedral domains that can cause strong singularities in the solution. The book ends with a short introduction to inverse problems in electromagnetism.Less
Since the middle of the last century, computing power has increased sufficiently that the direct numerical approximation of Maxwell’s equations is now an increasingly important tool in science and engineering. Parallel to the increasing use of numerical methods in computational electromagnetism, there has also been considerable progress in the mathematical understanding of the properties of Maxwell’s equations relevant to numerical analysis. The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date and sound theoretical foundation for finite element methods in computational electromagnetism. The emphasis is on finite element methods for scattering problems that involve the solution of Maxwell’s equations on infinite domains. Suitable variational formulations are developed and justified mathematically. An error analysis of edge finite element methods that are particularly well suited to Maxwell’s equations is the main focus of the book. The analysis involves a complete justification of the discrete de Rham diagram and discrete compactness of edge elements. The numerical methods are justified for Lipschitz polyhedral domains that can cause strong singularities in the solution. The book ends with a short introduction to inverse problems in electromagnetism.
E. Phoevos Panagiotidis (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584352
- eISBN:
- 9780191594526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584352.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This book draws together nine original investigations by leading linguists and promising young scholars on the syntax of complementisers (eg that in She said that she would) and their phrases. The ...
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This book draws together nine original investigations by leading linguists and promising young scholars on the syntax of complementisers (eg that in She said that she would) and their phrases. The chapters are divided into two parts, each of which highlights aspects of the behaviour and function of complementisers. The first part looks at how and when subjects, or parts of subjects, can and cannot move outside their canonical position in a sentence. Each chapter examines and compares the relevance of a number of syntactic factors in languages such as English, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Brazilian Portuguese, and Bavarian. In the second part, the focus turns to the nature and function of complementisers themselves, with discussions drawing on evidence from Italian, Italian dialects, Hebrew, and Dutch.Less
This book draws together nine original investigations by leading linguists and promising young scholars on the syntax of complementisers (eg that in She said that she would) and their phrases. The chapters are divided into two parts, each of which highlights aspects of the behaviour and function of complementisers. The first part looks at how and when subjects, or parts of subjects, can and cannot move outside their canonical position in a sentence. Each chapter examines and compares the relevance of a number of syntactic factors in languages such as English, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Brazilian Portuguese, and Bavarian. In the second part, the focus turns to the nature and function of complementisers themselves, with discussions drawing on evidence from Italian, Italian dialects, Hebrew, and Dutch.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This concluding chapter synthesizes the benefits of treating the IP and antitrust laws together in seeking to foster innovation. It recounts the wide swath of the economy and expanse of cutting-edge ...
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This concluding chapter synthesizes the benefits of treating the IP and antitrust laws together in seeking to foster innovation. It recounts the wide swath of the economy and expanse of cutting-edge innovation topics covered by the proposals. It shows how the recommendations rescue Congress's intent, and recaps the nuance and practical nature of the proposals. It underscores the global appeal of the topics and analysis of the laws of Australia, China, the EU, India, Japan, and Korea. Finally it shows how the book seeks to carve out a greater role for innovation in copyright, patent, and antitrust law.Less
This concluding chapter synthesizes the benefits of treating the IP and antitrust laws together in seeking to foster innovation. It recounts the wide swath of the economy and expanse of cutting-edge innovation topics covered by the proposals. It shows how the recommendations rescue Congress's intent, and recaps the nuance and practical nature of the proposals. It underscores the global appeal of the topics and analysis of the laws of Australia, China, the EU, India, Japan, and Korea. Finally it shows how the book seeks to carve out a greater role for innovation in copyright, patent, and antitrust law.
Jeffrey S. Lantis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535019
- eISBN:
- 9780191715952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535019.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents an overview of the theoretical framework developed in the book along with a short history of ratification. International treaties are defined as public, legal mechanisms by ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the theoretical framework developed in the book along with a short history of ratification. International treaties are defined as public, legal mechanisms by which states demonstrate their commitment to address common problems. The study presents a post-commitment politics approach building on theories of two-level games and double-edged diplomacy. Research questions to be examined include: How do the political requirements for ratification of an international agreement compare across democratic systems? What conditions influence the likelihood of ratification success? What conditions lead to failure? Why would treaty ratification processes ever fail if the chief negotiators are fully aware of domestic political constraints?Less
This chapter presents an overview of the theoretical framework developed in the book along with a short history of ratification. International treaties are defined as public, legal mechanisms by which states demonstrate their commitment to address common problems. The study presents a post-commitment politics approach building on theories of two-level games and double-edged diplomacy. Research questions to be examined include: How do the political requirements for ratification of an international agreement compare across democratic systems? What conditions influence the likelihood of ratification success? What conditions lead to failure? Why would treaty ratification processes ever fail if the chief negotiators are fully aware of domestic political constraints?
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The ...
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The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The hand wing consists mainly of the primary feathers; its cross section is flat, and the leading edge and the trailing edge are both sharp. In most birds, the hand wing takes up more than half the total wing length. Movements of the wings with respect to the body depend on the freedom of movement of the joints at the shoulder and the wrist combined. The dynamics of folding and stretching are described. Dimensional scaling provides insight in differences among functional groups. Experiments show that the distal-most primaries are crucial for the ability to fly. The roles of the tail, the body, and hind limbs in flight are discussed.Less
The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The hand wing consists mainly of the primary feathers; its cross section is flat, and the leading edge and the trailing edge are both sharp. In most birds, the hand wing takes up more than half the total wing length. Movements of the wings with respect to the body depend on the freedom of movement of the joints at the shoulder and the wrist combined. The dynamics of folding and stretching are described. Dimensional scaling provides insight in differences among functional groups. Experiments show that the distal-most primaries are crucial for the ability to fly. The roles of the tail, the body, and hind limbs in flight are discussed.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Sea ice interposes a solid interface between two fluid phases, the biologically productive sea water and air. It modifies environmental conditions in the sea below and also provides a platform on ...
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Sea ice interposes a solid interface between two fluid phases, the biologically productive sea water and air. It modifies environmental conditions in the sea below and also provides a platform on which air-breathing birds and mammals can live, breed, and base foraging forays into the water. It also forms a temporary habitat in which a diverse biology is able to thrive. This chapter discusses the physical characteristics of sea ice, the biology of sea ice, the ice edge or marginal ice zone, polynyas, and the wider significance of sea ice biology.Less
Sea ice interposes a solid interface between two fluid phases, the biologically productive sea water and air. It modifies environmental conditions in the sea below and also provides a platform on which air-breathing birds and mammals can live, breed, and base foraging forays into the water. It also forms a temporary habitat in which a diverse biology is able to thrive. This chapter discusses the physical characteristics of sea ice, the biology of sea ice, the ice edge or marginal ice zone, polynyas, and the wider significance of sea ice biology.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in ...
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The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in practice. Details of the constructions of scalar and vector finite elements of all orders are presented. The vector elements are due to Nedelec. In particular, the curl-conforming elements of this chapter are the widely used ‘edge-elements’ whereas the corresponding divergence-conforming elements are often termed ‘face elements’ (they are extensions to 3D of the Raviart-Thomas elements). The appropriate conforming and unisolvence properties of the elements are proven, and the important discrete de Rham diagram relating the interpolation operators for these finite elements with the divergence, gradient, and curl operators are verified; this is used heavily in later theory. Interpolation error estimates under mesh refinement are derived (h-version of the finite element method). A convenient basis for linear and quadratic finite elements is presented, and spaces of elements on boundaries of the domain are briefly discussed.Less
The finite element method is based on a geometric decomposition of the domain of Maxwell’s equations into simple elements. This chapter is devoted to tetrahedral elements, which are very common in practice. Details of the constructions of scalar and vector finite elements of all orders are presented. The vector elements are due to Nedelec. In particular, the curl-conforming elements of this chapter are the widely used ‘edge-elements’ whereas the corresponding divergence-conforming elements are often termed ‘face elements’ (they are extensions to 3D of the Raviart-Thomas elements). The appropriate conforming and unisolvence properties of the elements are proven, and the important discrete de Rham diagram relating the interpolation operators for these finite elements with the divergence, gradient, and curl operators are verified; this is used heavily in later theory. Interpolation error estimates under mesh refinement are derived (h-version of the finite element method). A convenient basis for linear and quadratic finite elements is presented, and spaces of elements on boundaries of the domain are briefly discussed.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several ...
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An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several important codes. This chapter concerns Nedelec’s family of edge and face elements on a hexahedral mesh with edges parallel to the coordinate axis. Conformance and unisolvence are proven, and h-error estimates are derived. The appropriate discrete de Rham diagram is shown to hold in this case, and boundary spaces are discussed briefly.Less
An alternative to the tetrahedral elements discussed in the previous chapter is to use finite elements based on cubes, or more generally, hexahedra. Hexahedral elements have been used in several important codes. This chapter concerns Nedelec’s family of edge and face elements on a hexahedral mesh with edges parallel to the coordinate axis. Conformance and unisolvence are proven, and h-error estimates are derived. The appropriate discrete de Rham diagram is shown to hold in this case, and boundary spaces are discussed briefly.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
Besides the first family of edge elements discussed in Chapter 5, there is a second family of elements of full polynomial degree at each order, also due to Nedelec. These have the potential advantage ...
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Besides the first family of edge elements discussed in Chapter 5, there is a second family of elements of full polynomial degree at each order, also due to Nedelec. These have the potential advantage of a higher convergence rate in the least squares norm compared to the curl norm. This chapter defines and analyses these elements, followed by a discussion of curved domains. Edge elements in this setting are by no means well understood, but in the case of refined block structured grids based on mapping, the analysis of the previous chapters is relevant. Lastly, hp-finite element methods for Maxwell’s equations are introduced.Less
Besides the first family of edge elements discussed in Chapter 5, there is a second family of elements of full polynomial degree at each order, also due to Nedelec. These have the potential advantage of a higher convergence rate in the least squares norm compared to the curl norm. This chapter defines and analyses these elements, followed by a discussion of curved domains. Edge elements in this setting are by no means well understood, but in the case of refined block structured grids based on mapping, the analysis of the previous chapters is relevant. Lastly, hp-finite element methods for Maxwell’s equations are introduced.
Leon Ehrenpreis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198509783
- eISBN:
- 9780191709166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509783.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter shows how the book's main theory allows for the treatment of extension problems for partial differential equations. The culmination of this is a solution of the asymptotic edge of the ...
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This chapter shows how the book's main theory allows for the treatment of extension problems for partial differential equations. The culmination of this is a solution of the asymptotic edge of the wedge theorem — a problem that was posed by Nirenberg and C. Fefferman.Less
This chapter shows how the book's main theory allows for the treatment of extension problems for partial differential equations. The culmination of this is a solution of the asymptotic edge of the wedge theorem — a problem that was posed by Nirenberg and C. Fefferman.
Lez Cooke
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067020
- eISBN:
- 9781781702055
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies ...
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This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies and Edge of Darkness. With a career spanning six decades, Kennedy Martin has seen the rise and fall of the television dramatist, making his debut in the era of studio-based television drama in the late 1950s. This was prior to the transition to filmed drama (for which he argued in a famous manifesto), as the television play was gradually replaced by popular series and serials, for which Kennedy Martin, of course, created some of his best work.Less
This book provides a full-length study of the screenwriter Troy Kennedy Martin, whose work for film and television includes Z Cars, The Italian Job, Kelly's Heroes, The Sweeney, Reilly—Ace of Spies and Edge of Darkness. With a career spanning six decades, Kennedy Martin has seen the rise and fall of the television dramatist, making his debut in the era of studio-based television drama in the late 1950s. This was prior to the transition to filmed drama (for which he argued in a famous manifesto), as the television play was gradually replaced by popular series and serials, for which Kennedy Martin, of course, created some of his best work.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k ...
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This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.Less
This chapter is concerned with the number of embedded copies of a given finite graph γ in the random geometric graph G(n,r) (for example the number of edges or triangles). It is shown that if γ has k vertices and if r is chosen so that the number of copies of γ has mean value approaching a constant, then it is asymptotically Poisson distributed; if its mean tends to infinity, then after scaling and centring it is asymptotically normal. Similar results are given for the number of isolated components of G(n,r) isomorphic to γ. Multivariate extensions are also presented, with explicit formulae for limiting means and covariances.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146119
- eISBN:
- 9781400836246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146119.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities ...
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This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities became increasingly common during World War II and in the 1950s as the farm population declined. As the farm population dwindled, people fleeing the region entirely or gravitating to Dallas and Houston (where new jobs were more abundant) became a more likely scenario. The chapter explains how this reshuffling led to the emptying of farms and small towns and also to the rise of new centers of population, not in the cities but adjacent to them. It also considers how edge cities have become an important feature of social life in the Middle West. It shows that edge cities were not only communities of housing developments and shopping malls, but also the location of the region's growing industrial sector.Less
This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities became increasingly common during World War II and in the 1950s as the farm population declined. As the farm population dwindled, people fleeing the region entirely or gravitating to Dallas and Houston (where new jobs were more abundant) became a more likely scenario. The chapter explains how this reshuffling led to the emptying of farms and small towns and also to the rise of new centers of population, not in the cities but adjacent to them. It also considers how edge cities have become an important feature of social life in the Middle West. It shows that edge cities were not only communities of housing developments and shopping malls, but also the location of the region's growing industrial sector.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a ...
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This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a cue to distance.Less
This chapter reviews static monocular cues to depth. Topics covered include syntax of edges, corners, and surfaces; interposition, shading and shadows; accommodation and image blur; and vergence as a cue to distance.
László Lovász
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198571278
- eISBN:
- 9780191718885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571278.003.0012
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter introduces a matrix, the kth connection matrix, for a given graph parameter and integer k ≥ 0. The properties of these matrices are closely connected with properties of the parameter. ...
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This chapter introduces a matrix, the kth connection matrix, for a given graph parameter and integer k ≥ 0. The properties of these matrices are closely connected with properties of the parameter. For example, the rank of this matrix is considered the minimum number of real numbers that has to be communicated across a node-cut of size k in order to evaluate the invariant. It is shown that other properties of this matrix, like whether it is semidefinite, also turn out to have graph theoretic significance.Less
This chapter introduces a matrix, the kth connection matrix, for a given graph parameter and integer k ≥ 0. The properties of these matrices are closely connected with properties of the parameter. For example, the rank of this matrix is considered the minimum number of real numbers that has to be communicated across a node-cut of size k in order to evaluate the invariant. It is shown that other properties of this matrix, like whether it is semidefinite, also turn out to have graph theoretic significance.
André Desrochers and Marc Bélisle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The fact that birds, despite their great vagility, are often absent from small or isolated patches of habitat has puzzled ecologists for decades. Landscape ecologists interested in birds generally ...
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The fact that birds, despite their great vagility, are often absent from small or isolated patches of habitat has puzzled ecologists for decades. Landscape ecologists interested in birds generally focus on entire communities. As a result, there is a sizeable body of literature on relationships between Parids and edges, patches, and landscapes. While that literature is mainly based on species distribution data, it does provide useful background information that may help us understand challenges that Parids face when they move through landscapes. A cursory look at the Parid-versus-landscape literature shows that, although very similar in appearance and life history, Parids exhibit a great diversity of responses to the challenges posed by habitat pattern and isolation. This chapter uses meta-analysis to study Parid habitat use at three spatial scales — edges, patches, and landscapes. The focus then shifts to how landscape features, particularly the behavioural response of black-capped and boreal chickadees to gaps and forest corridors, influence interpatch dispersion and its potential for metapopulation dynamics.Less
The fact that birds, despite their great vagility, are often absent from small or isolated patches of habitat has puzzled ecologists for decades. Landscape ecologists interested in birds generally focus on entire communities. As a result, there is a sizeable body of literature on relationships between Parids and edges, patches, and landscapes. While that literature is mainly based on species distribution data, it does provide useful background information that may help us understand challenges that Parids face when they move through landscapes. A cursory look at the Parid-versus-landscape literature shows that, although very similar in appearance and life history, Parids exhibit a great diversity of responses to the challenges posed by habitat pattern and isolation. This chapter uses meta-analysis to study Parid habitat use at three spatial scales — edges, patches, and landscapes. The focus then shifts to how landscape features, particularly the behavioural response of black-capped and boreal chickadees to gaps and forest corridors, influence interpatch dispersion and its potential for metapopulation dynamics.
Adrian C. Newton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567448
- eISBN:
- 9780191717895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567448.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter describes methods for assessing a series of habitat variables, including deadwood volume, vertical stand structure, characteristics of forest fragments and edge effects, and the ...
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This chapter describes methods for assessing a series of habitat variables, including deadwood volume, vertical stand structure, characteristics of forest fragments and edge effects, and the characteristics of habitat trees. It also provides an account of modelling procedures that are increasingly being used to produce habitat maps for individual species. Finally, some suggestions are presented on how to undertake an assessment of forest biodiversity.Less
This chapter describes methods for assessing a series of habitat variables, including deadwood volume, vertical stand structure, characteristics of forest fragments and edge effects, and the characteristics of habitat trees. It also provides an account of modelling procedures that are increasingly being used to produce habitat maps for individual species. Finally, some suggestions are presented on how to undertake an assessment of forest biodiversity.
Alan C. L. Yu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279388
- eISBN:
- 9780191707346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279388.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter is dedicated to elucidating the range of known infix-creating ambiguities in language. As such, it offers a diachronic typology of infixation. It shows that edge-oriented infixes ...
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This chapter is dedicated to elucidating the range of known infix-creating ambiguities in language. As such, it offers a diachronic typology of infixation. It shows that edge-oriented infixes ultimately originate from adpositional affixes (i.e., prefixes or suffixes). Their peripheral origins give rise to their synchronic edge-oriented profile. Ultimately, it is the preponderance of such infixes with adpositional origin that gives rise to the observed Edge-Bias Effect.Less
This chapter is dedicated to elucidating the range of known infix-creating ambiguities in language. As such, it offers a diachronic typology of infixation. It shows that edge-oriented infixes ultimately originate from adpositional affixes (i.e., prefixes or suffixes). Their peripheral origins give rise to their synchronic edge-oriented profile. Ultimately, it is the preponderance of such infixes with adpositional origin that gives rise to the observed Edge-Bias Effect.
William F. Laurance
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest-climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (<1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply ...
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In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest-climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (<1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply increased tree mortality, altering canopy-gap dynamics, plant-community composition, biomass dynamics, and carbon storage. Fragmented forests are also highly vulnerable to edge-related fires, especially in regions which have periodic droughts or strong dry seasons. At landscape to regional scales (10-1,000 km), habitat fragmentation may have complex effects on forest-climate interactions, with important consequences for atmospheric circulation, water cycling, and precipitation. Positive feedbacks among deforestation, regional climate change, and fire could pose a serious threat for some tropical forests, but the details of such interactions are poorly understood.Less
In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest-climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (<1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply increased tree mortality, altering canopy-gap dynamics, plant-community composition, biomass dynamics, and carbon storage. Fragmented forests are also highly vulnerable to edge-related fires, especially in regions which have periodic droughts or strong dry seasons. At landscape to regional scales (10-1,000 km), habitat fragmentation may have complex effects on forest-climate interactions, with important consequences for atmospheric circulation, water cycling, and precipitation. Positive feedbacks among deforestation, regional climate change, and fire could pose a serious threat for some tropical forests, but the details of such interactions are poorly understood.
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Main forces on a flying bird are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Quantitative visualization of the flow shows how these forces result from the interactions between bird and air. Conventional flow ...
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Main forces on a flying bird are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Quantitative visualization of the flow shows how these forces result from the interactions between bird and air. Conventional flow around cambered arm wings with rounded leading edges and sharp trailing edges is attached and deflected downwards behind the wings. A starting vortex needs to be shed before the full lift force is produced. Hand wings with sharp leading edges are flat and often used in swept back position to induce leading edge vortices (LEVs) above the wing. LEVs produce lift and drag instantaneously. The aerodynamics of flapping flight is more complex than that of gliding flight because thrust needs to be generated as well as lift. Birds most probably use combined effects of attached and LEV flow to accelerate air downwards and backwards. Most tails operate as delta wings when spread. LEVs are probably the main aerodynamic mechanism.Less
Main forces on a flying bird are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Quantitative visualization of the flow shows how these forces result from the interactions between bird and air. Conventional flow around cambered arm wings with rounded leading edges and sharp trailing edges is attached and deflected downwards behind the wings. A starting vortex needs to be shed before the full lift force is produced. Hand wings with sharp leading edges are flat and often used in swept back position to induce leading edge vortices (LEVs) above the wing. LEVs produce lift and drag instantaneously. The aerodynamics of flapping flight is more complex than that of gliding flight because thrust needs to be generated as well as lift. Birds most probably use combined effects of attached and LEV flow to accelerate air downwards and backwards. Most tails operate as delta wings when spread. LEVs are probably the main aerodynamic mechanism.
