Jong‐Ii You and Ju‐Ho Lee
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195145465
- eISBN:
- 9780199783960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145465.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Only a while ago, the South Korean economy was the envy of the developing world, and its success was scrutinized by numerous analysts, with most agreeing that the secret of this success was a ...
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Only a while ago, the South Korean economy was the envy of the developing world, and its success was scrutinized by numerous analysts, with most agreeing that the secret of this success was a judicious mix of the state and the market. However, the exact mix of the state and the market has undergone through some changes, with, in particular, a steady, albeit gradual and patchy, move toward liberalization since the early 1980s; the impact of this on the labor market and social policy is not easily observable in the Korean case because of the very gradual nature of the process. The liberalization took a serious turn only a few years ago with a series of measures concerning capital accounts; the end result was the catastrophic financial crisis of 1997–8, which, no doubt, will have profound effects on the labor market and social policy for years to come. In this chapter, the overall developments in the political economy of Korea since 1980 are reviewed, with a focus on the connections among liberalization policies, the macroeconomic and labor market developments, and the social consequences. The chapter is organized as follows: the first section analyzes the political economy of liberalization in Korea – how it happened, why it happened, and why it went wrong; the second section describes the macroeconomic developments in the era of liberalization; the third section takes a closer look at the labor market, discussing changes in wage inequalities; the next section examines problems of social policy; this is followed by conclusions and recommendations.Less
Only a while ago, the South Korean economy was the envy of the developing world, and its success was scrutinized by numerous analysts, with most agreeing that the secret of this success was a judicious mix of the state and the market. However, the exact mix of the state and the market has undergone through some changes, with, in particular, a steady, albeit gradual and patchy, move toward liberalization since the early 1980s; the impact of this on the labor market and social policy is not easily observable in the Korean case because of the very gradual nature of the process. The liberalization took a serious turn only a few years ago with a series of measures concerning capital accounts; the end result was the catastrophic financial crisis of 1997–8, which, no doubt, will have profound effects on the labor market and social policy for years to come. In this chapter, the overall developments in the political economy of Korea since 1980 are reviewed, with a focus on the connections among liberalization policies, the macroeconomic and labor market developments, and the social consequences. The chapter is organized as follows: the first section analyzes the political economy of liberalization in Korea – how it happened, why it happened, and why it went wrong; the second section describes the macroeconomic developments in the era of liberalization; the third section takes a closer look at the labor market, discussing changes in wage inequalities; the next section examines problems of social policy; this is followed by conclusions and recommendations.
John A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153261
- eISBN:
- 9781400847495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153261.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the nature of capitalism by recalling in the simplest terms the sophisticated sociology of Adam Smith, so often ignored and so very far removed from contemporary economic ...
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This chapter examines the nature of capitalism by recalling in the simplest terms the sophisticated sociology of Adam Smith, so often ignored and so very far removed from contemporary economic theory. There are two essential presuppositions to Smith's basic model of commercial society. The first is that economic success results from the way in which the division of labor enhances productivity. The second is that human beings have a natural disposition to “truck, barter and exchange,” and this must be let loose before the division of labor can bring its benefits to mankind as a whole. Based on these two principles, Smith constructs his argument. Smith was one of the earliest theorists of comparative advantage, that is, of the theory that all nations can enter a positive sum game by specializing in those products or industries in which they are specially gifted.Less
This chapter examines the nature of capitalism by recalling in the simplest terms the sophisticated sociology of Adam Smith, so often ignored and so very far removed from contemporary economic theory. There are two essential presuppositions to Smith's basic model of commercial society. The first is that economic success results from the way in which the division of labor enhances productivity. The second is that human beings have a natural disposition to “truck, barter and exchange,” and this must be let loose before the division of labor can bring its benefits to mankind as a whole. Based on these two principles, Smith constructs his argument. Smith was one of the earliest theorists of comparative advantage, that is, of the theory that all nations can enter a positive sum game by specializing in those products or industries in which they are specially gifted.
Duncan Lindsey (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195305449
- eISBN:
- 9780199894291
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305449.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Social Policy
One of the United States' great promises is that all children will be given the opportunity to work in order to achieve a comfortable standard of living. That promise has faded profoundly for ...
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One of the United States' great promises is that all children will be given the opportunity to work in order to achieve a comfortable standard of living. That promise has faded profoundly for American children who have grown up in poverty, particularly black and Hispanic children, and many of the deepening fault lines in the social order are traceable to this disparity. In recent years the promise has also begun to fade for children of the American middle class. Education and hard work, once steady paths to economic success, no longer lead as far as they once did. But that does not have to be the case, as this volume shows. America can provide true opportunity to all its children, insuring them against a lifetime of inequality; and when it does, the walls dividing the country by race, ethnicity, and wealth will begin to crumble. Long a voice for combating child poverty, the author takes a balanced approach that begins with a history of economic and family policy, from the Great Depression and the development of Social Security, and moving onward. He details the extent of economic inequality in the U.S., pointing out that this wealthiest of countries also has the largest proportion of children living in poverty. Calling for reform, the author proposes several viable universal income-security policies for vulnerable children and families, strategies that have worked in other advanced democracies and which also respect the importance of the market economy. They aim not just to reduce child poverty, but also to give all children meaningful economic opportunity. Just as Social Security alleviates the sting of poverty in old age, asset-building policies can insulate children from the cumulative effects of disadvantage and provide them with a strong foundation from which to soar.Less
One of the United States' great promises is that all children will be given the opportunity to work in order to achieve a comfortable standard of living. That promise has faded profoundly for American children who have grown up in poverty, particularly black and Hispanic children, and many of the deepening fault lines in the social order are traceable to this disparity. In recent years the promise has also begun to fade for children of the American middle class. Education and hard work, once steady paths to economic success, no longer lead as far as they once did. But that does not have to be the case, as this volume shows. America can provide true opportunity to all its children, insuring them against a lifetime of inequality; and when it does, the walls dividing the country by race, ethnicity, and wealth will begin to crumble. Long a voice for combating child poverty, the author takes a balanced approach that begins with a history of economic and family policy, from the Great Depression and the development of Social Security, and moving onward. He details the extent of economic inequality in the U.S., pointing out that this wealthiest of countries also has the largest proportion of children living in poverty. Calling for reform, the author proposes several viable universal income-security policies for vulnerable children and families, strategies that have worked in other advanced democracies and which also respect the importance of the market economy. They aim not just to reduce child poverty, but also to give all children meaningful economic opportunity. Just as Social Security alleviates the sting of poverty in old age, asset-building policies can insulate children from the cumulative effects of disadvantage and provide them with a strong foundation from which to soar.
Colin Crouch
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694761
- eISBN:
- 9780191741289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter tests the utility of dominant typologies of modern capitalism in accounting for different patterns of relationship among characteristics of industrial relations systems, the regulation ...
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This chapter tests the utility of dominant typologies of modern capitalism in accounting for different patterns of relationship among characteristics of industrial relations systems, the regulation of conditions of employment, and labour-related social spending. It further relates these variables to indicators of economic ‘success’ in the provision of employment and the pursuit of innovation. It finds some, but weak, support for certain elements in typologies, but speculates that the most important differences among capitalist economies might lie at a different level.Less
This chapter tests the utility of dominant typologies of modern capitalism in accounting for different patterns of relationship among characteristics of industrial relations systems, the regulation of conditions of employment, and labour-related social spending. It further relates these variables to indicators of economic ‘success’ in the provision of employment and the pursuit of innovation. It finds some, but weak, support for certain elements in typologies, but speculates that the most important differences among capitalist economies might lie at a different level.
Joel Mokyr
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195074772
- eISBN:
- 9780199854981
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195074772.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In a world of supercomputers, genetic engineering, and fiber optics, technological creativity is ever more the key to economic success. But why are some nations more creative than others, and why do ...
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In a world of supercomputers, genetic engineering, and fiber optics, technological creativity is ever more the key to economic success. But why are some nations more creative than others, and why do some highly innovative societies—such as ancient China, or Britain in the industrial revolution—pass into stagnation? Beginning with a history of technological progress, the book traces the major inventions and innovations that have transformed society since ancient Greece and Rome. What emerges from this survey is often surprising: the classical world, for instance, was largely barren of new technology; the relatively backward society of medieval Europe bristled with inventions; and the period between the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution was one of slow and unspectacular progress in technology, despite the tumultuous developments associated with the Voyages of Discovery and the Scientific Revolution. The author distinguishes between the relationship of inventors and their physical environment—which determined their willingness to challenge nature—and the social environment, which determined the openness to new ideas. He examines the differences between Europe and China, between classical antiquity and medieval Europe, and between Britain and the rest of Europe during the industrial revolution. The author also examines such aspects as the role of the state (the Chinese gave up a millennium-wide lead in shipping to the Europeans, for example, when an Emperor banned large ocean-going vessels), the impact of science, as well as religion, politics, and even nutrition. He questions the importance of such commonly cited factors as the spill-over benefits of war, the abundance of natural resources, life expectancy, and labor costs.Less
In a world of supercomputers, genetic engineering, and fiber optics, technological creativity is ever more the key to economic success. But why are some nations more creative than others, and why do some highly innovative societies—such as ancient China, or Britain in the industrial revolution—pass into stagnation? Beginning with a history of technological progress, the book traces the major inventions and innovations that have transformed society since ancient Greece and Rome. What emerges from this survey is often surprising: the classical world, for instance, was largely barren of new technology; the relatively backward society of medieval Europe bristled with inventions; and the period between the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution was one of slow and unspectacular progress in technology, despite the tumultuous developments associated with the Voyages of Discovery and the Scientific Revolution. The author distinguishes between the relationship of inventors and their physical environment—which determined their willingness to challenge nature—and the social environment, which determined the openness to new ideas. He examines the differences between Europe and China, between classical antiquity and medieval Europe, and between Britain and the rest of Europe during the industrial revolution. The author also examines such aspects as the role of the state (the Chinese gave up a millennium-wide lead in shipping to the Europeans, for example, when an Emperor banned large ocean-going vessels), the impact of science, as well as religion, politics, and even nutrition. He questions the importance of such commonly cited factors as the spill-over benefits of war, the abundance of natural resources, life expectancy, and labor costs.
Melvin Delgado
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231150897
- eISBN:
- 9780231521789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231150897.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
This chapter proposes the establishment of social indicators of Latino small business success. The measure of a Latino small business success indicator is limited to three dimensions: ...
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This chapter proposes the establishment of social indicators of Latino small business success. The measure of a Latino small business success indicator is limited to three dimensions: operational/economic success, cultural capital success, and social capital success. The economic or operational domain includes the business' duration of existence, profitability, number of employees, core customer base, and owner-customer Latino-origin congruence. The cultural domain seeks to capture and build on cultural assets, and mobilize them to strengthen community bonds. It includes the sponsorship of community social and festivity events; collecting funds for funerals, scholarships, and disasters; support of community sports teams; beautification or Latinization of neighborhoods; and transnational connectedness. With regard to the social domain, social networks are often the primary source of startup capital for Latinos and other groups of color. The social domain includes participation on boards, committees, task forces, and coalitions; membership in and creation of business associations; mentorship and support for community economic development; and foster care parenting/mentoring/volunteering.Less
This chapter proposes the establishment of social indicators of Latino small business success. The measure of a Latino small business success indicator is limited to three dimensions: operational/economic success, cultural capital success, and social capital success. The economic or operational domain includes the business' duration of existence, profitability, number of employees, core customer base, and owner-customer Latino-origin congruence. The cultural domain seeks to capture and build on cultural assets, and mobilize them to strengthen community bonds. It includes the sponsorship of community social and festivity events; collecting funds for funerals, scholarships, and disasters; support of community sports teams; beautification or Latinization of neighborhoods; and transnational connectedness. With regard to the social domain, social networks are often the primary source of startup capital for Latinos and other groups of color. The social domain includes participation on boards, committees, task forces, and coalitions; membership in and creation of business associations; mentorship and support for community economic development; and foster care parenting/mentoring/volunteering.
Leo F. Goodstadt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888083251
- eISBN:
- 9789882207349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083251.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Hong Kong was recognized as a political anachronism that was often found to be at risk. The economic strategy imposed by this British-style system was reminiscent of that from the nineteenth century ...
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Hong Kong was recognized as a political anachronism that was often found to be at risk. The economic strategy imposed by this British-style system was reminiscent of that from the nineteenth century as it was characterized by free trade, a lack of restrictions on currency and imports, small government and low taxes, budget surpluses, negligible state borrowing, minimal government interference, and no subsidies and incentives for development and investment respectively. However, it is important to note that the country has a history of economic success. Also, in spite of how it lacks political sovereignty, Hong Kong stayed standing with its ability to serve as an autonomous international financial center. This chapter looks into how Hong Kong was able to learn from its banking history, and how laissez-faire doctrines had to be given up to achieve financial stability.Less
Hong Kong was recognized as a political anachronism that was often found to be at risk. The economic strategy imposed by this British-style system was reminiscent of that from the nineteenth century as it was characterized by free trade, a lack of restrictions on currency and imports, small government and low taxes, budget surpluses, negligible state borrowing, minimal government interference, and no subsidies and incentives for development and investment respectively. However, it is important to note that the country has a history of economic success. Also, in spite of how it lacks political sovereignty, Hong Kong stayed standing with its ability to serve as an autonomous international financial center. This chapter looks into how Hong Kong was able to learn from its banking history, and how laissez-faire doctrines had to be given up to achieve financial stability.
C. J. W.-L. Wee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098596
- eISBN:
- 9789882207509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098596.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This conclusion retraces how the aftermath of the Cold War and the 1997 economic crisis has posed problems for the existing disciplinary modernization that had delivered economic success in ...
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This conclusion retraces how the aftermath of the Cold War and the 1997 economic crisis has posed problems for the existing disciplinary modernization that had delivered economic success in Singapore. It explores the modes of the disciplinary governance and argues that the PAP state was caught between the society and culture it created and the society and culture it desired. On the whole, the party remained steadfast to its core mission of matching up with the modern West by using all the important socio-cultural engineering tools designed to reach that goal, with the assumption that culture and subjectivity are instrumentalizable and non-autonomous realms. However, the party failed to recognize that their earlier assumptions of polarized oppositions between political economy and culture, the material and the discursive, are rather obsolete. Having subjected the local society and the culture to external conditions, the party now desired the local to be more dynamic to further economic advancement. While globalization in Singapore has encouraged equality of cultures and diversity, this principle the city-state was inclined to need to be reaffirmed.Less
This conclusion retraces how the aftermath of the Cold War and the 1997 economic crisis has posed problems for the existing disciplinary modernization that had delivered economic success in Singapore. It explores the modes of the disciplinary governance and argues that the PAP state was caught between the society and culture it created and the society and culture it desired. On the whole, the party remained steadfast to its core mission of matching up with the modern West by using all the important socio-cultural engineering tools designed to reach that goal, with the assumption that culture and subjectivity are instrumentalizable and non-autonomous realms. However, the party failed to recognize that their earlier assumptions of polarized oppositions between political economy and culture, the material and the discursive, are rather obsolete. Having subjected the local society and the culture to external conditions, the party now desired the local to be more dynamic to further economic advancement. While globalization in Singapore has encouraged equality of cultures and diversity, this principle the city-state was inclined to need to be reaffirmed.
Mike Hobday
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199667857
- eISBN:
- 9780191749308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199667857.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Many governments, international organizations, consultancy companies, and academic observers look to Asia’s economic success, recommending that other developing countries follow similar models and ...
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Many governments, international organizations, consultancy companies, and academic observers look to Asia’s economic success, recommending that other developing countries follow similar models and paths of development. Indeed, generating lessons from Asia is quite an industry—and a major contributor to the Washington Consensus analysis of the 1990s and early 2000s. However, Asian ‘lesson-making’ usually represents a grave error in policy-thinking and in the historical understanding of the nature and process of development. This chapter examines the paths of successful growth of East and South East Asia, to identify what we can and cannot learn from the Asian experience. The chapter argues that there are no models to imitate and no direct lessons for other developing countries in other regions. It asks the question: if there are no direct lessons or models to imitate, what can other developing countries learn from Asia’s success, if anything?Less
Many governments, international organizations, consultancy companies, and academic observers look to Asia’s economic success, recommending that other developing countries follow similar models and paths of development. Indeed, generating lessons from Asia is quite an industry—and a major contributor to the Washington Consensus analysis of the 1990s and early 2000s. However, Asian ‘lesson-making’ usually represents a grave error in policy-thinking and in the historical understanding of the nature and process of development. This chapter examines the paths of successful growth of East and South East Asia, to identify what we can and cannot learn from the Asian experience. The chapter argues that there are no models to imitate and no direct lessons for other developing countries in other regions. It asks the question: if there are no direct lessons or models to imitate, what can other developing countries learn from Asia’s success, if anything?
Hwy-Chang Moon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190228798
- eISBN:
- 9780190228828
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190228798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Due to the unprecedented pace at which it developed, Korea’s economic rise is worthy of careful analysis. Although various theories such as catch-up strategy and scholars have tried to analyze ...
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Due to the unprecedented pace at which it developed, Korea’s economic rise is worthy of careful analysis. Although various theories such as catch-up strategy and scholars have tried to analyze Korea’s development with numerous success factors, there is a lack of a comprehensive and detailed framework for explaining Korea’s competitive advantages. This is to be remedied by the proposed ABCD model. The ABCD model consists of four factors that holistically describe how Korea converted its disadvantages into competitive advantages. These are agility (speed + precision), benchmarking (learning + best practice), convergence (mixing + synergy creation), and dedication (diligence + goal orientation), which together have enabled Korea’s economic success and will continue to drive the next level of growth. Various policies and case studies throughout Korea’s development history are examined, both to illustrate and validate the ABCD model. In addition, the ABCD model can be applied more broadly to explain the proper approach to internationalization, as well as provide useful policy implications for other countries and firms. Finally, the ABCD model can be used to show how Korea can sustain the competitive advantages it has developed thus far. The broad lessons will be useful for any country or firm that wishes to develop competitive advantages in the manner of Korea in the future.Less
Due to the unprecedented pace at which it developed, Korea’s economic rise is worthy of careful analysis. Although various theories such as catch-up strategy and scholars have tried to analyze Korea’s development with numerous success factors, there is a lack of a comprehensive and detailed framework for explaining Korea’s competitive advantages. This is to be remedied by the proposed ABCD model. The ABCD model consists of four factors that holistically describe how Korea converted its disadvantages into competitive advantages. These are agility (speed + precision), benchmarking (learning + best practice), convergence (mixing + synergy creation), and dedication (diligence + goal orientation), which together have enabled Korea’s economic success and will continue to drive the next level of growth. Various policies and case studies throughout Korea’s development history are examined, both to illustrate and validate the ABCD model. In addition, the ABCD model can be applied more broadly to explain the proper approach to internationalization, as well as provide useful policy implications for other countries and firms. Finally, the ABCD model can be used to show how Korea can sustain the competitive advantages it has developed thus far. The broad lessons will be useful for any country or firm that wishes to develop competitive advantages in the manner of Korea in the future.
Karen Clay
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804771856
- eISBN:
- 9780804777629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804771856.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter shows how the economic success of the United States was built on the successful exploitation of its diverse natural resources and complementary innovations in transportation, in science ...
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This chapter shows how the economic success of the United States was built on the successful exploitation of its diverse natural resources and complementary innovations in transportation, in science and engineering, and in property rights regimes. It describes how American industrial success continued as a result of its technological lead, and then examines the development of its natural-resource based industries. The chapter also examines the relationship between natural resources, growth, and political outcomes.Less
This chapter shows how the economic success of the United States was built on the successful exploitation of its diverse natural resources and complementary innovations in transportation, in science and engineering, and in property rights regimes. It describes how American industrial success continued as a result of its technological lead, and then examines the development of its natural-resource based industries. The chapter also examines the relationship between natural resources, growth, and political outcomes.
Ian Gordon, Belinda Brown, Nick Buck, Peter Hall, Michael Harloe, Mark Kleinman, Karen O’Reilly, Gareth Potts, Laura Smethurst, and Jo Sparkes
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344458
- eISBN:
- 9781447301868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344458.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines social cohesion, competitiveness, and the policy environment in London, England. It evaluates the impact of competition and cohesion on residential and business communities, and ...
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This chapter examines social cohesion, competitiveness, and the policy environment in London, England. It evaluates the impact of competition and cohesion on residential and business communities, and describes how the situation has changed as a result of internationalisation and intensified competition since the early 1980s. The chapter also investigates the role of urban governance in achieving competitiveness and cohesion goals, and analyses the importance of different aspects of social cohesion in sustaining urban economic success.Less
This chapter examines social cohesion, competitiveness, and the policy environment in London, England. It evaluates the impact of competition and cohesion on residential and business communities, and describes how the situation has changed as a result of internationalisation and intensified competition since the early 1980s. The chapter also investigates the role of urban governance in achieving competitiveness and cohesion goals, and analyses the importance of different aspects of social cohesion in sustaining urban economic success.
Maria Tapias
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039171
- eISBN:
- 9780252097157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039171.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the uneven terrain of economic success in Punata by focusing on the experiences of members of a group of more prosperous career chola and mestiza market women. In particular, it ...
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This chapter examines the uneven terrain of economic success in Punata by focusing on the experiences of members of a group of more prosperous career chola and mestiza market women. In particular, it explores how these women sought to mitigate their fears of envy and sorcery through their religious devotion to an image of Saint James known as “Tata Bombori,” regarded as the patron saint of healers and sorcerers. The chapter begins with a discussion of how concerns about envy and sorcery and the risks they pose to health influenced local embodied understandings of emotional distress in Punata. It then considers the negative connotations of ambition and how public displays of ambition were viewed with ambivalence in Punata. It also provides an overview of the religious pilgrimage to Bombori and its accompanying rituals, showing that devotees perceived it as a way to obtain protection for their entrepreneurial activities as well as an “investment” toward future tranquility.Less
This chapter examines the uneven terrain of economic success in Punata by focusing on the experiences of members of a group of more prosperous career chola and mestiza market women. In particular, it explores how these women sought to mitigate their fears of envy and sorcery through their religious devotion to an image of Saint James known as “Tata Bombori,” regarded as the patron saint of healers and sorcerers. The chapter begins with a discussion of how concerns about envy and sorcery and the risks they pose to health influenced local embodied understandings of emotional distress in Punata. It then considers the negative connotations of ambition and how public displays of ambition were viewed with ambivalence in Punata. It also provides an overview of the religious pilgrimage to Bombori and its accompanying rituals, showing that devotees perceived it as a way to obtain protection for their entrepreneurial activities as well as an “investment” toward future tranquility.
Oneka LaBennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814752470
- eISBN:
- 9780814765289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814752470.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This concluding chapter connects the insights of the previous chapters, emphasizing the linkages that tie together spatialized definitions of race and gender, the concept of “authenticity,” and the ...
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This concluding chapter connects the insights of the previous chapters, emphasizing the linkages that tie together spatialized definitions of race and gender, the concept of “authenticity,” and the creation of transnational, youthful West Indian subjectivities. It considers how West Indian notions of success are gendered and generational, and reflects on the degree to which West Indian girls' bold critiques and strategic identity assertions translate into real-life opportunities for social empowerment and economic success in the shadow of a museum threatened by economic restructuring and gentrification. In the end, these young women will face choices, both grim and hopeful, as they transition into womanhood and into becoming Americans.Less
This concluding chapter connects the insights of the previous chapters, emphasizing the linkages that tie together spatialized definitions of race and gender, the concept of “authenticity,” and the creation of transnational, youthful West Indian subjectivities. It considers how West Indian notions of success are gendered and generational, and reflects on the degree to which West Indian girls' bold critiques and strategic identity assertions translate into real-life opportunities for social empowerment and economic success in the shadow of a museum threatened by economic restructuring and gentrification. In the end, these young women will face choices, both grim and hopeful, as they transition into womanhood and into becoming Americans.
Richard Sylla
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226384740
- eISBN:
- 9780226384764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226384764.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter provides an overview of how a second key ingredient of economic success, that is, a modern articulated financial system, quickly emerged in the Washington administration. According to ...
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This chapter provides an overview of how a second key ingredient of economic success, that is, a modern articulated financial system, quickly emerged in the Washington administration. According to historians, Alexander Hamilton was the founder most responsible for the financial revolution of 1790. This chapter states that Hamilton, who became a student of financial history while an officer on General Washington's staff during the War of Independence, realized that financial modernization was needed both for effective government and economic growth. With the cooperation of Congress, Hamilton implemented the federal revenue system the Constitution authorized, restructured the national debt and placed it on a sound financial footing, argued for, and obtained, a national banking corporation, and defined the new U.S. dollar and provided for its coinage by calling for a federal mint. Hence effective government and modernized finances, two key ingredients of economic success, were realized very quickly in 1790.Less
This chapter provides an overview of how a second key ingredient of economic success, that is, a modern articulated financial system, quickly emerged in the Washington administration. According to historians, Alexander Hamilton was the founder most responsible for the financial revolution of 1790. This chapter states that Hamilton, who became a student of financial history while an officer on General Washington's staff during the War of Independence, realized that financial modernization was needed both for effective government and economic growth. With the cooperation of Congress, Hamilton implemented the federal revenue system the Constitution authorized, restructured the national debt and placed it on a sound financial footing, argued for, and obtained, a national banking corporation, and defined the new U.S. dollar and provided for its coinage by calling for a federal mint. Hence effective government and modernized finances, two key ingredients of economic success, were realized very quickly in 1790.
Manduhai Buyandelger
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226086552
- eISBN:
- 9780226013091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226013091.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
In Chapter 6 the author explores conventional and creative strategies for success by male shamans. Unlike female shamans who constantly push against the larger system, male shamans are gainfully ...
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In Chapter 6 the author explores conventional and creative strategies for success by male shamans. Unlike female shamans who constantly push against the larger system, male shamans are gainfully positioned in a male-dominated patriarchal system. Their shamanic strategies include demonstrating kinship affiliations with well-known (during their lifetime) ancestors; seeking international recognition through global travel and networking; and using everyday micro-tactics to recruit clients through casual conversations and impromptu encounters. These postsocialist shamans must also demonstrate their prowess in dealing with the influx of previously suppressed unidentifiable spirits who roam in search for human hosts. Some shamans construct tight-knit kinship enclosures from their origin spirits and block the stranger-spirits from pestering them. Others take the opposite route, adopting the orphaned spirits for various tasks. Economic success and spiritual power prove to be interdependent; material resources are necessary to support spiritual advancement. But this presents a delicate line for shamans to tread: though they display their economic success in order to prove that their spirits are potent, they must also downplay their material interests in order to persuade others of their spiritual power, thus maintaining their credibility and avoiding being labelled “business shamans.”Less
In Chapter 6 the author explores conventional and creative strategies for success by male shamans. Unlike female shamans who constantly push against the larger system, male shamans are gainfully positioned in a male-dominated patriarchal system. Their shamanic strategies include demonstrating kinship affiliations with well-known (during their lifetime) ancestors; seeking international recognition through global travel and networking; and using everyday micro-tactics to recruit clients through casual conversations and impromptu encounters. These postsocialist shamans must also demonstrate their prowess in dealing with the influx of previously suppressed unidentifiable spirits who roam in search for human hosts. Some shamans construct tight-knit kinship enclosures from their origin spirits and block the stranger-spirits from pestering them. Others take the opposite route, adopting the orphaned spirits for various tasks. Economic success and spiritual power prove to be interdependent; material resources are necessary to support spiritual advancement. But this presents a delicate line for shamans to tread: though they display their economic success in order to prove that their spirits are potent, they must also downplay their material interests in order to persuade others of their spiritual power, thus maintaining their credibility and avoiding being labelled “business shamans.”
William W. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226476766
- eISBN:
- 9780226477008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226477008.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that the difference in economic success among countries is not a matter of nature, intellect, or genetics. The problem—and the solution—lies in public policies. But effective ...
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This chapter argues that the difference in economic success among countries is not a matter of nature, intellect, or genetics. The problem—and the solution—lies in public policies. But effective policies can be created and implemented only if one truly understands what makes the economies of poor (or rich) nations grow. But even during the 1990s, when development economics seemed most promising, it lacked that understanding. The chapter discusses the failure of development economics; the disparities in wealth among those nations at the peak of the global economic landscape; the McKinsey Global Institute research project; and the importance of productivity and why productivity levels are so different around the world.Less
This chapter argues that the difference in economic success among countries is not a matter of nature, intellect, or genetics. The problem—and the solution—lies in public policies. But effective policies can be created and implemented only if one truly understands what makes the economies of poor (or rich) nations grow. But even during the 1990s, when development economics seemed most promising, it lacked that understanding. The chapter discusses the failure of development economics; the disparities in wealth among those nations at the peak of the global economic landscape; the McKinsey Global Institute research project; and the importance of productivity and why productivity levels are so different around the world.
Jacqueline M. Moore
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814757390
- eISBN:
- 9780814759844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814757390.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores in detail the ways in which cowboys expressed masculinity through control of their working environment and their work skills, and the ways in which cattlemen increasingly ...
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This chapter explores in detail the ways in which cowboys expressed masculinity through control of their working environment and their work skills, and the ways in which cattlemen increasingly limited their opportunities to do so. The rise of industrialization had brought about some marked complications for cowboys and cattlemen alike—as modern corporate methods became the norm, the cowboys were increasingly pressured to show their manliness despite the new restrictions imposed in their work, which had served as an outlet for their manly behavior. Cattlemen, on the other hand, viewed manliness as synonymous with economic success, and achieving it involved restricting the maverick inclinations of their employees. These competing definitions of manhood led to tension on the ranches on a daily basis which increased as the ranches became more corporatized and cowboys had fewer and fewer opportunities to show their independence.Less
This chapter explores in detail the ways in which cowboys expressed masculinity through control of their working environment and their work skills, and the ways in which cattlemen increasingly limited their opportunities to do so. The rise of industrialization had brought about some marked complications for cowboys and cattlemen alike—as modern corporate methods became the norm, the cowboys were increasingly pressured to show their manliness despite the new restrictions imposed in their work, which had served as an outlet for their manly behavior. Cattlemen, on the other hand, viewed manliness as synonymous with economic success, and achieving it involved restricting the maverick inclinations of their employees. These competing definitions of manhood led to tension on the ranches on a daily basis which increased as the ranches became more corporatized and cowboys had fewer and fewer opportunities to show their independence.
Peter Hall
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349842
- eISBN:
- 9781447302711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349842.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses Upton Park, another area emblematic of London. It is a place in a state of constant toing and froing; a place of new arrivals, who might later move on to live elsewhere or they ...
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This chapter discusses Upton Park, another area emblematic of London. It is a place in a state of constant toing and froing; a place of new arrivals, who might later move on to live elsewhere or they may even form local roots. Of all the places studied, Upton Park is the nearest to the archetype described by the Chicago sociologists in the 1920s. Upton Park is a zone of transition where people come and go. For those who come in, most are trying to put a foot on the first rung of the ladder of economic success and social ambition. Those who have left have already climbed that first rung, and have developed higher aspirations, which this place, this zone of the city, can no longer satisfy. Therefore, Upton Park in this sense, and places like it, always serve as the city's ever-revolving door.Less
This chapter discusses Upton Park, another area emblematic of London. It is a place in a state of constant toing and froing; a place of new arrivals, who might later move on to live elsewhere or they may even form local roots. Of all the places studied, Upton Park is the nearest to the archetype described by the Chicago sociologists in the 1920s. Upton Park is a zone of transition where people come and go. For those who come in, most are trying to put a foot on the first rung of the ladder of economic success and social ambition. Those who have left have already climbed that first rung, and have developed higher aspirations, which this place, this zone of the city, can no longer satisfy. Therefore, Upton Park in this sense, and places like it, always serve as the city's ever-revolving door.
Kal Raustiala and Christopher Sprigman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195399783
- eISBN:
- 9780190258467
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195399783.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
From the shopping mall to the corner bistro, knockoffs are everywhere in today's marketplace. Conventional wisdom holds that copying kills creativity, and that laws that protect against copies are ...
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From the shopping mall to the corner bistro, knockoffs are everywhere in today's marketplace. Conventional wisdom holds that copying kills creativity, and that laws that protect against copies are essential to innovation—and economic success. But are copyrights and patents always necessary? This book argues that creativity can not only survive in the face of copying, but can thrive. The book approaches the question of incentives and innovation in a wholly new way—by exploring creative fields where copying is generally legal, such as fashion, food, and even professional football. By uncovering these important but rarely studied industries, the text reveals a nuanced and fascinating relationship between imitation and innovation. In some creative fields, copying is kept in check through informal industry norms enforced by private sanctions. In others, the freedom to copy actually promotes creativity. High fashion gave rise to the very term “knockoff,” yet the freedom to imitate great designs only makes the fashion cycle run faster—and forces the fashion industry to be even more creative. The book carries the analysis from food to font design to football plays to finance, examining how and why each of these vibrant industries remains innovative even when imitation is common. There is an important thread that ties all these instances together—successful creative industries can evolve to the point where they become inoculated against—and even profit from—a world of free and easy copying. And there are important lessons here for copyright-focused industries, like music and film, that have struggled as digital technologies have made copying increasingly widespread and difficult to stop.Less
From the shopping mall to the corner bistro, knockoffs are everywhere in today's marketplace. Conventional wisdom holds that copying kills creativity, and that laws that protect against copies are essential to innovation—and economic success. But are copyrights and patents always necessary? This book argues that creativity can not only survive in the face of copying, but can thrive. The book approaches the question of incentives and innovation in a wholly new way—by exploring creative fields where copying is generally legal, such as fashion, food, and even professional football. By uncovering these important but rarely studied industries, the text reveals a nuanced and fascinating relationship between imitation and innovation. In some creative fields, copying is kept in check through informal industry norms enforced by private sanctions. In others, the freedom to copy actually promotes creativity. High fashion gave rise to the very term “knockoff,” yet the freedom to imitate great designs only makes the fashion cycle run faster—and forces the fashion industry to be even more creative. The book carries the analysis from food to font design to football plays to finance, examining how and why each of these vibrant industries remains innovative even when imitation is common. There is an important thread that ties all these instances together—successful creative industries can evolve to the point where they become inoculated against—and even profit from—a world of free and easy copying. And there are important lessons here for copyright-focused industries, like music and film, that have struggled as digital technologies have made copying increasingly widespread and difficult to stop.
