Clare Bambra
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588299
- eISBN:
- 9780191731372
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588299.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, ...
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We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, this evidence-based inter-disciplinary book firmly challenges these contemporary orthodoxies. It systematically demonstrates that work — or lack of it — is central to our health and wellbeing and is the underlying determinant of health inequalities. Work is the cornerstone of modern society and dominates adult life with around a third of our time spent working. It is a vital part of self-identity and for most of us, it is the foundation of economic and social status. As such, the material and psychosocial conditions in which we work have immense consequences for our physical and mental wellbeing, as well as the distribution of health across the population. Recessions, job-loss, insecurity, and unemployment also have important ramifications for the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities. Chronic illness is itself a significant cause of worklessness and low pay. Drawing on examples from different countries, this book shows that the relationship between work, worklessness, and health varies by country. Countries with a more regulated work environment and a more interventionist and supportive welfare system have better health and smaller work-related health inequalities. The book provides examples of specific policies and interventions that mitigate the ill-health effects of work and worklessness. It concludes by asserting the importance of politics and policy choices in the aetiology of health and health inequalities.Less
We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, this evidence-based inter-disciplinary book firmly challenges these contemporary orthodoxies. It systematically demonstrates that work — or lack of it — is central to our health and wellbeing and is the underlying determinant of health inequalities. Work is the cornerstone of modern society and dominates adult life with around a third of our time spent working. It is a vital part of self-identity and for most of us, it is the foundation of economic and social status. As such, the material and psychosocial conditions in which we work have immense consequences for our physical and mental wellbeing, as well as the distribution of health across the population. Recessions, job-loss, insecurity, and unemployment also have important ramifications for the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities. Chronic illness is itself a significant cause of worklessness and low pay. Drawing on examples from different countries, this book shows that the relationship between work, worklessness, and health varies by country. Countries with a more regulated work environment and a more interventionist and supportive welfare system have better health and smaller work-related health inequalities. The book provides examples of specific policies and interventions that mitigate the ill-health effects of work and worklessness. It concludes by asserting the importance of politics and policy choices in the aetiology of health and health inequalities.
Susan Niditch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181142
- eISBN:
- 9780199869671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181142.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The focus of this chapter is Numbers 6, a ritual text that describes a vow undertaken by an individual to become a Nazirite for a specified period of time. A close reading, with help from ...
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The focus of this chapter is Numbers 6, a ritual text that describes a vow undertaken by an individual to become a Nazirite for a specified period of time. A close reading, with help from methodological perspectives introduced earlier, reveals a different version of Nazirism than that described for Samson. The vow in Numbers 6 has been shaped by a particular priestly worldview that is highly concerned with issues of purity even while democratizing holy status, evidencing the worldview of postexilic priestly writers of the Persian period. A man or a woman may take the vow voluntarily. This form of Nazirism allows women of means an opportunity for some kind of sacred status, but it is temporary and no threat to the male Levitical priesthood. An interesting thread in this chapter concerns economic status and the Nazirite vow.Less
The focus of this chapter is Numbers 6, a ritual text that describes a vow undertaken by an individual to become a Nazirite for a specified period of time. A close reading, with help from methodological perspectives introduced earlier, reveals a different version of Nazirism than that described for Samson. The vow in Numbers 6 has been shaped by a particular priestly worldview that is highly concerned with issues of purity even while democratizing holy status, evidencing the worldview of postexilic priestly writers of the Persian period. A man or a woman may take the vow voluntarily. This form of Nazirism allows women of means an opportunity for some kind of sacred status, but it is temporary and no threat to the male Levitical priesthood. An interesting thread in this chapter concerns economic status and the Nazirite vow.
Susan Niditch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181142
- eISBN:
- 9780199869671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181142.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This brief concluding chapter reviews major findings and reflects on the theoretical framework of the monograph. Allusions are made to the work of the various anthropologists, sociologists, ...
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This brief concluding chapter reviews major findings and reflects on the theoretical framework of the monograph. Allusions are made to the work of the various anthropologists, sociologists, biblicists, scholars of religion, art historians, and scholars of women's studies whose models and methodological approaches have informed this study. Key themes emerge involving the relationship of hair to cultural perceptions and projections. In ancient Israel, portrayals of and attitudes toward hair involve issues of gender, ethnicity, holiness, aesthetics, leadership, and economic status.Less
This brief concluding chapter reviews major findings and reflects on the theoretical framework of the monograph. Allusions are made to the work of the various anthropologists, sociologists, biblicists, scholars of religion, art historians, and scholars of women's studies whose models and methodological approaches have informed this study. Key themes emerge involving the relationship of hair to cultural perceptions and projections. In ancient Israel, portrayals of and attitudes toward hair involve issues of gender, ethnicity, holiness, aesthetics, leadership, and economic status.
Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154848
- eISBN:
- 9781400841912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154848.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter investigates the differential voice of the advantaged and the disadvantaged. It first considers whether the participatory advantage of those who are high in socio-economic status (SES) ...
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This chapter investigates the differential voice of the advantaged and the disadvantaged. It first considers whether the participatory advantage of those who are high in socio-economic status (SES) persists over time and, in particular, whether the widely noted increase in economic inequality since the late 1970s has been matched by increasing socio-economic stratification of political voice. Then the chapter uses three-wave panel surveys to ask whether ongoing inequalities of political voice reflect not just continuing activity by the same kinds of people but persistent activity by the same individuals. It shows not only that political voice is characterized on an ongoing basis by bias in the direction of the well-educated and affluent but also that, among those who are politically active at any particular time, high-SES political activists are more likely than activists who are lower on the socio-economic ladder to continue to take part politically in the future.Less
This chapter investigates the differential voice of the advantaged and the disadvantaged. It first considers whether the participatory advantage of those who are high in socio-economic status (SES) persists over time and, in particular, whether the widely noted increase in economic inequality since the late 1970s has been matched by increasing socio-economic stratification of political voice. Then the chapter uses three-wave panel surveys to ask whether ongoing inequalities of political voice reflect not just continuing activity by the same kinds of people but persistent activity by the same individuals. It shows not only that political voice is characterized on an ongoing basis by bias in the direction of the well-educated and affluent but also that, among those who are politically active at any particular time, high-SES political activists are more likely than activists who are lower on the socio-economic ladder to continue to take part politically in the future.
Andrew Steptoe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198568162
- eISBN:
- 9780191724107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568162.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter is concerned with how variations in socio-economic position affect physical disease. It begins by describing the pathways that theoretically link socio-economic position with physical ...
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This chapter is concerned with how variations in socio-economic position affect physical disease. It begins by describing the pathways that theoretically link socio-economic position with physical disease, and by explaining the potential significance of psychobiological responses. The findings concerning psychobiological processes are organized round the primary methodologies that have been used to explore these pathways, namely animal studies, human laboratory mental stress testing, and naturalistic studies of biological function in everyday life. It is shown that there has been rapid development in this field over recent years, and that although there are still many uncertainties, we are moving into an era in which conclusions about the significance of psychobiological processes can be made with greater confidence.Less
This chapter is concerned with how variations in socio-economic position affect physical disease. It begins by describing the pathways that theoretically link socio-economic position with physical disease, and by explaining the potential significance of psychobiological responses. The findings concerning psychobiological processes are organized round the primary methodologies that have been used to explore these pathways, namely animal studies, human laboratory mental stress testing, and naturalistic studies of biological function in everyday life. It is shown that there has been rapid development in this field over recent years, and that although there are still many uncertainties, we are moving into an era in which conclusions about the significance of psychobiological processes can be made with greater confidence.
Earl S. Johnson and Waldo E. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314366
- eISBN:
- 9780199865567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314366.003.0018
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses the social and economic challenges faced by African American males. It then proposes a three-step policy process that would greatly improve the wellbeing, social integration, ...
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This chapter discusses the social and economic challenges faced by African American males. It then proposes a three-step policy process that would greatly improve the wellbeing, social integration, and potentially the economic status of African American males in the United States. These options are by no means easy to implement or even to agree upon, but they are designed to provoke discussion and to implement action — before things get worse.Less
This chapter discusses the social and economic challenges faced by African American males. It then proposes a three-step policy process that would greatly improve the wellbeing, social integration, and potentially the economic status of African American males in the United States. These options are by no means easy to implement or even to agree upon, but they are designed to provoke discussion and to implement action — before things get worse.
Kylie Ball and David Crawford
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571512
- eISBN:
- 9780191595097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Obesity is socio-culturally distributed, i.e., the prevalence of obesity is known to vary according to socio-cultural factors, including socio-economic position (SEP), social roles and circumstance, ...
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Obesity is socio-culturally distributed, i.e., the prevalence of obesity is known to vary according to socio-cultural factors, including socio-economic position (SEP), social roles and circumstance, and cultural factors. Further, these socio-cultural patterns are complex and specific to sex, age, and sometimes racial groups, as well as type of society, with patterns of relationships observed in developed countries sometimes reversed in developing countries. There is little doubt of the importance of the changing physical environment to the increases in obesity observed over several decades. However, far less attention has been paid to investigating the potential contribution of socio-cultural factors and to changes in the socio-cultural environment over time to the current obesity pandemic. The mechanisms through which socio-cultural factors may influence body weight and risk for obesity are not well understood. This chapter provides an overview of the effect of socio-cultural influences on obesity in developed countries and considers the potential pathways through which these influences may operate. It concludes by speculating on the potential effect of societal trends on future rates and patterns of obesity in developed countries.Less
Obesity is socio-culturally distributed, i.e., the prevalence of obesity is known to vary according to socio-cultural factors, including socio-economic position (SEP), social roles and circumstance, and cultural factors. Further, these socio-cultural patterns are complex and specific to sex, age, and sometimes racial groups, as well as type of society, with patterns of relationships observed in developed countries sometimes reversed in developing countries. There is little doubt of the importance of the changing physical environment to the increases in obesity observed over several decades. However, far less attention has been paid to investigating the potential contribution of socio-cultural factors and to changes in the socio-cultural environment over time to the current obesity pandemic. The mechanisms through which socio-cultural factors may influence body weight and risk for obesity are not well understood. This chapter provides an overview of the effect of socio-cultural influences on obesity in developed countries and considers the potential pathways through which these influences may operate. It concludes by speculating on the potential effect of societal trends on future rates and patterns of obesity in developed countries.
Benjamin Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599615
- eISBN:
- 9780191731525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599615.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the economic status and ethnicity of petitioners and litigants. A good number of people of high and middling economic status appear as petitioners and litigants, and there is ...
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This chapter discusses the economic status and ethnicity of petitioners and litigants. A good number of people of high and middling economic status appear as petitioners and litigants, and there is no reason to believe that any of the major ethnic groups of the province avoided the justice system as a rule. Nevertheless, the very poor seem to be underrepresented as petitioners and litigants. The costs of petitioning and litigation perhaps deterred some. But the economic profile of petitioners was also the result of ideas about what sorts of disputes were appropriate to bring before a state official: overwhelmingly, the petitions complain of wrongs that involved property or economic transactions.Less
This chapter discusses the economic status and ethnicity of petitioners and litigants. A good number of people of high and middling economic status appear as petitioners and litigants, and there is no reason to believe that any of the major ethnic groups of the province avoided the justice system as a rule. Nevertheless, the very poor seem to be underrepresented as petitioners and litigants. The costs of petitioning and litigation perhaps deterred some. But the economic profile of petitioners was also the result of ideas about what sorts of disputes were appropriate to bring before a state official: overwhelmingly, the petitions complain of wrongs that involved property or economic transactions.
Martha J. Farah, Kimberly G. Noble, and Hallam Hurt
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567219
- eISBN:
- 9780191724084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567219.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter attempts to relate findings on socio-economic status (SES) and brain development. The ultimate goals are to inform practical decisions concerning child policy, and to reveal the ...
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This chapter attempts to relate findings on socio-economic status (SES) and brain development. The ultimate goals are to inform practical decisions concerning child policy, and to reveal the neuroethical dimensions of the problem of childhood poverty. It shows that who we are is determined not only by genetically programmed development, neurodegenerative disease, and psychoactive drugs, but also by the socio-economic circumstances of our childhood in equivalently physical mechanistic ways. Neuroethicists have rightly called attention to the ethically complex ability of drugs to change who we are. It is metaphysically just as perplexing, and socially at least as distressing, that an impoverished and stressful childhood can diminish us by equally concrete physical mechanisms, such as the impact of early life stress on medial temporal memory ability through neuroendocrine mechanisms.Less
This chapter attempts to relate findings on socio-economic status (SES) and brain development. The ultimate goals are to inform practical decisions concerning child policy, and to reveal the neuroethical dimensions of the problem of childhood poverty. It shows that who we are is determined not only by genetically programmed development, neurodegenerative disease, and psychoactive drugs, but also by the socio-economic circumstances of our childhood in equivalently physical mechanistic ways. Neuroethicists have rightly called attention to the ethically complex ability of drugs to change who we are. It is metaphysically just as perplexing, and socially at least as distressing, that an impoverished and stressful childhood can diminish us by equally concrete physical mechanisms, such as the impact of early life stress on medial temporal memory ability through neuroendocrine mechanisms.
George H. Gadbois, Jr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198070610
- eISBN:
- 9780199080755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070610.003.0021
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter examines the economic status of judges, while noting that the determinations were made from discussions with the judges about their family backgrounds and from unobtrusive indicators. ...
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This chapter examines the economic status of judges, while noting that the determinations were made from discussions with the judges about their family backgrounds and from unobtrusive indicators. They were grouped into wealthy, upper middle, and lower middle classes. The difference in relative wealth between the first and second generation judges was not significant, but the sources of that wealth was, with the fathers of the first generation judges more likely to be from the more modern professional classes. None of those from the OBCs and Scheduled Castes rose from family backgrounds which could be considered economically underprivileged. About half a dozen judges were described by the CJI who recommended them as men of ‘impeccable breeding’, as the offspring of ‘prominent’ and usually wealthy families.Less
This chapter examines the economic status of judges, while noting that the determinations were made from discussions with the judges about their family backgrounds and from unobtrusive indicators. They were grouped into wealthy, upper middle, and lower middle classes. The difference in relative wealth between the first and second generation judges was not significant, but the sources of that wealth was, with the fathers of the first generation judges more likely to be from the more modern professional classes. None of those from the OBCs and Scheduled Castes rose from family backgrounds which could be considered economically underprivileged. About half a dozen judges were described by the CJI who recommended them as men of ‘impeccable breeding’, as the offspring of ‘prominent’ and usually wealthy families.
Margareta Kristenson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198568162
- eISBN:
- 9780191724107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568162.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
People with low socio-economic status (SES) have poorer health prospects compared to people with high socio-economic status. This chapter explores the hypothesis that personal psychosocial resources ...
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People with low socio-economic status (SES) have poorer health prospects compared to people with high socio-economic status. This chapter explores the hypothesis that personal psychosocial resources are important mediators for these effects. In particular, coping ability, i.e., the individual's capacity to cope with life circumstances, is assessed as a possible pathway. First, it presents different concepts embracing the availability of personal psychosocial resources and then reviews the theoretical background for stating that these factors may mediate socio-economic effects on health. In a next step, possible psychobiological mechanisms are explored and some recent empirical data supporting these assumptions are presented. Finally, the chapter discusses implications for interventions in relation to whether intervention on psychological factors is desirable, possible or even necessary if the aim is to reduce negative health effects of low SES.Less
People with low socio-economic status (SES) have poorer health prospects compared to people with high socio-economic status. This chapter explores the hypothesis that personal psychosocial resources are important mediators for these effects. In particular, coping ability, i.e., the individual's capacity to cope with life circumstances, is assessed as a possible pathway. First, it presents different concepts embracing the availability of personal psychosocial resources and then reviews the theoretical background for stating that these factors may mediate socio-economic effects on health. In a next step, possible psychobiological mechanisms are explored and some recent empirical data supporting these assumptions are presented. Finally, the chapter discusses implications for interventions in relation to whether intervention on psychological factors is desirable, possible or even necessary if the aim is to reduce negative health effects of low SES.
Sheena Asthana and Joyce Halliday
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter explores the consequences of poverty and income polarisation for health inequalities in later life. It discusses the extent to which age is a more important source of health exclusion ...
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This chapter explores the consequences of poverty and income polarisation for health inequalities in later life. It discusses the extent to which age is a more important source of health exclusion for older people than socio-economic status per se. It suggests that though differentials in health status decline after middle age, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that lower socio-economic status is associated with greater mortality, poorer mental health and a higher prevalence of disability among older people.Less
This chapter explores the consequences of poverty and income polarisation for health inequalities in later life. It discusses the extent to which age is a more important source of health exclusion for older people than socio-economic status per se. It suggests that though differentials in health status decline after middle age, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that lower socio-economic status is associated with greater mortality, poorer mental health and a higher prevalence of disability among older people.
David P. Farrington and Brandon C. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304091
- eISBN:
- 9780199944071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304091.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from ...
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This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from deprived families, have friends who are also delinquents, attend high delinquency-rate school, and live in deprived areas. This chapter suggests that early prevention programs should target all these factors and should seek to improve a family's economic status, discourage a child's association with delinquent peers or encourage association with prosocial peers, change the climate of schools, or improve the social cohesiveness of areas.Less
This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from deprived families, have friends who are also delinquents, attend high delinquency-rate school, and live in deprived areas. This chapter suggests that early prevention programs should target all these factors and should seek to improve a family's economic status, discourage a child's association with delinquent peers or encourage association with prosocial peers, change the climate of schools, or improve the social cohesiveness of areas.
Nguyen Hoang H. Doan Trang, Tang K. Hong, and Michael J. Dibley
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity and associated factors among children and adolescents in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. In general there is very limited data ...
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This chapter describes the prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity and associated factors among children and adolescents in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. In general there is very limited data available about child and adolescent obesity for this region. However, the results indicate a very rapid increase of overweight and obesity in school students, from pre-school to high school, especially in urban areas. In most studies, the prevalence of overweight among boys was greater than that among girls. This is a different pattern compared to child and adolescent obesity studies from industrialized countries, where the progressive increase in overweight and obesity in younger age groups was observed. Furthermore, while studies from western countries showed higher prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst children from households with low economic status, the findings from Southeast Asian countries revealed the reverse of this pattern, such as in Vietnam and Indonesia. The methods used to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity varied among countries in this region, making cross country comparisons difficult. Studies in Southeast Asia have mentioned differences in adolescent overweight and obesity across gender and age groups, which might influence the likelihood of participating in physical activity and sport, and may differentially influence the benefits of physical activity in maintaining a healthy weight status. School location was also a notable risk factor of overweight and obesity in children in many studies of this region. Children from private schools had higher odds of overweight/obesity than those from public schools (Philippines, Indonesia); higher odds of overweight in students studying at schools in wealthy urban districts were found in Vietnam.Less
This chapter describes the prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity and associated factors among children and adolescents in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. In general there is very limited data available about child and adolescent obesity for this region. However, the results indicate a very rapid increase of overweight and obesity in school students, from pre-school to high school, especially in urban areas. In most studies, the prevalence of overweight among boys was greater than that among girls. This is a different pattern compared to child and adolescent obesity studies from industrialized countries, where the progressive increase in overweight and obesity in younger age groups was observed. Furthermore, while studies from western countries showed higher prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst children from households with low economic status, the findings from Southeast Asian countries revealed the reverse of this pattern, such as in Vietnam and Indonesia. The methods used to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity varied among countries in this region, making cross country comparisons difficult. Studies in Southeast Asia have mentioned differences in adolescent overweight and obesity across gender and age groups, which might influence the likelihood of participating in physical activity and sport, and may differentially influence the benefits of physical activity in maintaining a healthy weight status. School location was also a notable risk factor of overweight and obesity in children in many studies of this region. Children from private schools had higher odds of overweight/obesity than those from public schools (Philippines, Indonesia); higher odds of overweight in students studying at schools in wealthy urban districts were found in Vietnam.
D. J. Jolley, B. Jarman, and P. Elliott
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It ...
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This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It examines local variation in socio-economic characteristics near an industrial source, and presents an approach to the adjustment of socio-economic confounding at the small-area level.Less
This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It examines local variation in socio-economic characteristics near an industrial source, and presents an approach to the adjustment of socio-economic confounding at the small-area level.
Sheena Asthana and Joyce Halliday
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse ...
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This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse during youth are strongly associated with social deprivation and that dietary patterns during childhood and youth vary significantly according to socio-economic status. It also considers the impact of two factors of the socio-economic trajectories of children and young people: education and the experience of being in care.Less
This chapter examines the influence of youth culture on social class differences in health behaviours. The findings indicate that problematic risk behaviours such as smoking and hard drug misuse during youth are strongly associated with social deprivation and that dietary patterns during childhood and youth vary significantly according to socio-economic status. It also considers the impact of two factors of the socio-economic trajectories of children and young people: education and the experience of being in care.
S. Williams, R. Meadows, and S. Arber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199566594
- eISBN:
- 9780191595066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566594.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The chapter outlines various strands of recent sociological work on sleep and society pertinent to sleep epidemiology and public health. Key issues covered include methodological matters concerning ...
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The chapter outlines various strands of recent sociological work on sleep and society pertinent to sleep epidemiology and public health. Key issues covered include methodological matters concerning the meaning and measurement of sleep in everyday life, questions of sleep, risk and social change, cultures of sleeping, sleep across the life course (with particular reference to gender and ageing), sleep and worry, and the relationship between socio-economic status (SES). It shows that sleep occurs in a social context and is influenced by numerous social factors across the life course as well as by transitions such as marriage/co-habitation, parenthood, caregiving, and widowhood. A relational or dyadic focus on couples' sleep is also called for given that sleeping together is the norm in adult life. The social dimensions and dynamics of sleep are critical public health and safety issues which demand far greater attention in terms of policy and practice.Less
The chapter outlines various strands of recent sociological work on sleep and society pertinent to sleep epidemiology and public health. Key issues covered include methodological matters concerning the meaning and measurement of sleep in everyday life, questions of sleep, risk and social change, cultures of sleeping, sleep across the life course (with particular reference to gender and ageing), sleep and worry, and the relationship between socio-economic status (SES). It shows that sleep occurs in a social context and is influenced by numerous social factors across the life course as well as by transitions such as marriage/co-habitation, parenthood, caregiving, and widowhood. A relational or dyadic focus on couples' sleep is also called for given that sleeping together is the norm in adult life. The social dimensions and dynamics of sleep are critical public health and safety issues which demand far greater attention in terms of policy and practice.
David A. Leon and Gill Walt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631961
- eISBN:
- 9780191723599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631961.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter argues that most studies on the relationship between socio-economic status and health has been gender blind, and that this blindness may hinder attempts to understand the causal ...
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This chapter argues that most studies on the relationship between socio-economic status and health has been gender blind, and that this blindness may hinder attempts to understand the causal mechanisms that create and maintain social patterning in health. Examining the differences and similarities between men and women in the relationship between mortality and morbidity could focus attention to both potential explanations for socio-economic gradients in health and to potential explanations for gender differences in health, and advance the understanding of the relationship between social and biological processes and outcomes.Less
This chapter argues that most studies on the relationship between socio-economic status and health has been gender blind, and that this blindness may hinder attempts to understand the causal mechanisms that create and maintain social patterning in health. Examining the differences and similarities between men and women in the relationship between mortality and morbidity could focus attention to both potential explanations for socio-economic gradients in health and to potential explanations for gender differences in health, and advance the understanding of the relationship between social and biological processes and outcomes.
V. Carstairs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515326
- eISBN:
- 9780191723667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the development and application of area methods to examine socio-economic differentials and their effects on health in the UK. Individual socio-economic variables and ...
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This chapter focuses on the development and application of area methods to examine socio-economic differentials and their effects on health in the UK. Individual socio-economic variables and deprivation indices at area level have proven their value in allowing a socio-economic dimension to emerge from a range of routine databases over the past two decades. However, as social climate changes, it is likely that the constituent variables in the indices will require review.Less
This chapter focuses on the development and application of area methods to examine socio-economic differentials and their effects on health in the UK. Individual socio-economic variables and deprivation indices at area level have proven their value in allowing a socio-economic dimension to emerge from a range of routine databases over the past two decades. However, as social climate changes, it is likely that the constituent variables in the indices will require review.
Sheila Riddell
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342232
- eISBN:
- 9781447303886
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342232.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
There is a growing concern about the social exclusion of a range of minority groups, including people with learning difficulties. Lifelong learning is seen as one of the central means of challenging ...
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There is a growing concern about the social exclusion of a range of minority groups, including people with learning difficulties. Lifelong learning is seen as one of the central means of challenging the exclusion of this group, but also of enhancing their economic status. This book demonstrates that policy based on human capital premises has produced forms of lifelong learning that exacerbate the marginalisation of people with learning difficulties. This book reviews the range of policy fields that increasingly intervene in the lifelong-learning arena; maps the agencies involved in service delivery and describes their (sometimes conflicting) ethos; and provides in-depth accounts of the lived experiences of individuals with learning difficulties as they navigate lifelong-learning options.Less
There is a growing concern about the social exclusion of a range of minority groups, including people with learning difficulties. Lifelong learning is seen as one of the central means of challenging the exclusion of this group, but also of enhancing their economic status. This book demonstrates that policy based on human capital premises has produced forms of lifelong learning that exacerbate the marginalisation of people with learning difficulties. This book reviews the range of policy fields that increasingly intervene in the lifelong-learning arena; maps the agencies involved in service delivery and describes their (sometimes conflicting) ethos; and provides in-depth accounts of the lived experiences of individuals with learning difficulties as they navigate lifelong-learning options.
