Nitsan Chorev
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691197845
- eISBN:
- 9780691198873
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid ...
More
This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.Less
This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.
James W. Ely
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195323337
- eISBN:
- 9780199851508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323337.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place ...
More
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place of property ownership in U.S. society and that throughout much of U.S. history, federal and state courts championed property rights against legislative abridgment. Americans have consistently assigned a high place to private property and a free-market economy, believing that individual property rights is the fountainhead of personal liberty and political democracy, and that property ownership encourages economic self-sufficiency and political independence.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the constitutional history of property rights in America. It explains that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights affirmed the central place of property ownership in U.S. society and that throughout much of U.S. history, federal and state courts championed property rights against legislative abridgment. Americans have consistently assigned a high place to private property and a free-market economy, believing that individual property rights is the fountainhead of personal liberty and political democracy, and that property ownership encourages economic self-sufficiency and political independence.
Eugene Garver
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226284026
- eISBN:
- 9780226284040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226284040.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter shows how Politics II moves from considering the polis as natural, to the polis as the product of human artifice. Aristotle has exhausted the resources of the analogy between the polis ...
More
This chapter shows how Politics II moves from considering the polis as natural, to the polis as the product of human artifice. Aristotle has exhausted the resources of the analogy between the polis and natural things in the first book, and so turns to the analogies between poleis and artifacts in Book II, to discover the limitations of that analogy as well. Book III will finally put us in a position to think about the state in terms of phronesis, practical wisdom, and neither art nor nature. The chapter also shows that Book I lacks an account of the relation between economic self-sufficiency and the ethical self-sufficiency of the good life. It is argued here that the lack of a single relation between the two leads to the variety of constitutions and the variety of relations between a good polis and a good life.Less
This chapter shows how Politics II moves from considering the polis as natural, to the polis as the product of human artifice. Aristotle has exhausted the resources of the analogy between the polis and natural things in the first book, and so turns to the analogies between poleis and artifacts in Book II, to discover the limitations of that analogy as well. Book III will finally put us in a position to think about the state in terms of phronesis, practical wisdom, and neither art nor nature. The chapter also shows that Book I lacks an account of the relation between economic self-sufficiency and the ethical self-sufficiency of the good life. It is argued here that the lack of a single relation between the two leads to the variety of constitutions and the variety of relations between a good polis and a good life.
Patsy Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719074479
- eISBN:
- 9781781701188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719074479.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
The society in which Elizabeth Gaskell lived and wrote was intersected horizontally by class, and vertically by gender divisions. Critics have created a divided image of her work by focusing on one ...
More
The society in which Elizabeth Gaskell lived and wrote was intersected horizontally by class, and vertically by gender divisions. Critics have created a divided image of her work by focusing on one or other of these axes – ‘industrial’ or ‘domestic’. This chapter begins by drawing examples from Gaskell's lesser-known fiction, in which the issues are often very clear, but which critics have less completely labelled and categorised. What emerges from her work as a whole is that, at subsistence level, gender divisions are blurred; women exercise responsibility; men give basic nurturance. In the middle class, ideology heightens differentiation, producing infantilised women and authoritarian men. Gaskell's work as a whole highlights working women – not just factory workers but seamstresses, milliners, washerwomen, ‘chars’, a tailor, beekeepers, farmers, housewives and domestic servants. By stressing women's common need for economic self-sufficiency, supportive friendships and maternal roles, Gaskell's novels blur distinctions between classes and between married and unmarried women. The parental imperative is at the basis of Gaskell's unorthodox treatment of gender roles.Less
The society in which Elizabeth Gaskell lived and wrote was intersected horizontally by class, and vertically by gender divisions. Critics have created a divided image of her work by focusing on one or other of these axes – ‘industrial’ or ‘domestic’. This chapter begins by drawing examples from Gaskell's lesser-known fiction, in which the issues are often very clear, but which critics have less completely labelled and categorised. What emerges from her work as a whole is that, at subsistence level, gender divisions are blurred; women exercise responsibility; men give basic nurturance. In the middle class, ideology heightens differentiation, producing infantilised women and authoritarian men. Gaskell's work as a whole highlights working women – not just factory workers but seamstresses, milliners, washerwomen, ‘chars’, a tailor, beekeepers, farmers, housewives and domestic servants. By stressing women's common need for economic self-sufficiency, supportive friendships and maternal roles, Gaskell's novels blur distinctions between classes and between married and unmarried women. The parental imperative is at the basis of Gaskell's unorthodox treatment of gender roles.
David Neumark and William L. Wascher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262141024
- eISBN:
- 9780262280563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262141024.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter, which summarizes the main conclusions from the research discussed in the preceding chapters, offers some concluding thoughts, and discusses implications for public policy, argues that ...
More
This chapter, which summarizes the main conclusions from the research discussed in the preceding chapters, offers some concluding thoughts, and discusses implications for public policy, argues that minimum wages fail to deliver on their goal of improving the lives of low-wage workers, low-skill individuals, and low-income families. A preferred alternative to minimum wages are policies that enable families to become economically self-sufficient—earning their way to an acceptable living standard.Less
This chapter, which summarizes the main conclusions from the research discussed in the preceding chapters, offers some concluding thoughts, and discusses implications for public policy, argues that minimum wages fail to deliver on their goal of improving the lives of low-wage workers, low-skill individuals, and low-income families. A preferred alternative to minimum wages are policies that enable families to become economically self-sufficient—earning their way to an acceptable living standard.
