Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins with the idea that at the most general level, the goal of economic policy is to maximize long-term societal well-being in an equitable and sustainable manner. It addresses in ...
More
This chapter begins with the idea that at the most general level, the goal of economic policy is to maximize long-term societal well-being in an equitable and sustainable manner. It addresses in detail the meaning and relevance of the goals of economic policy that are often put forward — from enhancing economic security and reducing unemployment, to reducing inflation, enhancing growth, and maintaining external balance. It also examines the link between stability and growth, and between short-term growth and sustainable growth. More specifically, the chapter critiques the narrow focus of the Washington consensus on price stability and emphasizes that economists should, instead, focus on long-term sustainable growth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the broader social consequences that choosing alternative economic policies may have and by emphasizing that all economic policies have trade-offs.Less
This chapter begins with the idea that at the most general level, the goal of economic policy is to maximize long-term societal well-being in an equitable and sustainable manner. It addresses in detail the meaning and relevance of the goals of economic policy that are often put forward — from enhancing economic security and reducing unemployment, to reducing inflation, enhancing growth, and maintaining external balance. It also examines the link between stability and growth, and between short-term growth and sustainable growth. More specifically, the chapter critiques the narrow focus of the Washington consensus on price stability and emphasizes that economists should, instead, focus on long-term sustainable growth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the broader social consequences that choosing alternative economic policies may have and by emphasizing that all economic policies have trade-offs.
Nicola Casarini
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199560073
- eISBN:
- 9780191721168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560073.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the policy of widespread engagement adopted by the two sides in the post‐Cold War era. It shows that since the mid‐1990s, the EU and its member states have adopted a firm policy ...
More
This chapter examines the policy of widespread engagement adopted by the two sides in the post‐Cold War era. It shows that since the mid‐1990s, the EU and its member states have adopted a firm policy of engagement with China, while Chinese leaders would come to prioritize the enhancement of relations with Europe. A new discourse on economic security emerged in both Europe and China at the beginning of the 1990s would provide the intellectual underpinning for the development of EU—China relations. This chapter explains how this securitization discourse would tie the protection of the EU's economic security and socio‐economic welfare position with China's steady and sustainable development. At the same time, it is explained how the emergence of new notions of economic security would lead Chinese policy makers to make a linkage between the enhancement of economic and technological relations with Europe and China's modernization and comprehensive national power.Less
This chapter examines the policy of widespread engagement adopted by the two sides in the post‐Cold War era. It shows that since the mid‐1990s, the EU and its member states have adopted a firm policy of engagement with China, while Chinese leaders would come to prioritize the enhancement of relations with Europe. A new discourse on economic security emerged in both Europe and China at the beginning of the 1990s would provide the intellectual underpinning for the development of EU—China relations. This chapter explains how this securitization discourse would tie the protection of the EU's economic security and socio‐economic welfare position with China's steady and sustainable development. At the same time, it is explained how the emergence of new notions of economic security would lead Chinese policy makers to make a linkage between the enhancement of economic and technological relations with Europe and China's modernization and comprehensive national power.
Paul A. David and Mark Thomas (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book shows how analysis of past experiences contributes to a better understanding of present-day economic conditions; chapters offer important insights into major challenges that will occupy the ...
More
This book shows how analysis of past experiences contributes to a better understanding of present-day economic conditions; chapters offer important insights into major challenges that will occupy the attention of policy makers in the coming decades. The seventeen chapters are organised around three major themes, the first of which is the changing constellation of forces sustaining long-run economic growth in market economies. The second major theme concerns the contemporary challenges posed by transitions in economic and political regimes, and by ideologies that represent legacies from past economic conditions that still affect policy responses to new ‘crises’. The third theme is modern economic growth's diverse implications for human economic welfare — in terms of economic security, nutritional and health status, and old age support — and the institutional mechanisms communities have developed to cope with the risks that individuals are exposed to by the concomitants of rising prosperity.Less
This book shows how analysis of past experiences contributes to a better understanding of present-day economic conditions; chapters offer important insights into major challenges that will occupy the attention of policy makers in the coming decades. The seventeen chapters are organised around three major themes, the first of which is the changing constellation of forces sustaining long-run economic growth in market economies. The second major theme concerns the contemporary challenges posed by transitions in economic and political regimes, and by ideologies that represent legacies from past economic conditions that still affect policy responses to new ‘crises’. The third theme is modern economic growth's diverse implications for human economic welfare — in terms of economic security, nutritional and health status, and old age support — and the institutional mechanisms communities have developed to cope with the risks that individuals are exposed to by the concomitants of rising prosperity.
John Barry
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695393
- eISBN:
- 9780191738982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695393.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Offers a green alternative to neoclassical economics based on ecological considerations as well as eco-feminist, ecological economics, and heterodox economic insights. Picking up on the discussion of ...
More
Offers a green alternative to neoclassical economics based on ecological considerations as well as eco-feminist, ecological economics, and heterodox economic insights. Picking up on the discussion of economic growth in the previous chapter this chapter critically interrogates it, following John McMurtry, as denoting ‘the cancer stage of capitalism’. This chapter outlines and defends an alternative to economic growth—namely ‘economic security’ in which quality of life and well-being (especially free time) become central objectives of macroeconomic policy and the way we think about a sustainable economy. Key to this notion of economic security (which is suggested as appropriate only for ‘over-developed’ economies in the minority world) is the need to reduce socio-economic inequality. Other features of this green political economic alternative to the neoclassical orthodoxy include the centrality of principles such as sufficiency and moderation over efficiency and maximization, here linking back to the permaculture-inspired idea of resilience being a function of ‘slack’ and in-built redundancy, i.e. deliberative deviations from the norm of efficiency.Less
Offers a green alternative to neoclassical economics based on ecological considerations as well as eco-feminist, ecological economics, and heterodox economic insights. Picking up on the discussion of economic growth in the previous chapter this chapter critically interrogates it, following John McMurtry, as denoting ‘the cancer stage of capitalism’. This chapter outlines and defends an alternative to economic growth—namely ‘economic security’ in which quality of life and well-being (especially free time) become central objectives of macroeconomic policy and the way we think about a sustainable economy. Key to this notion of economic security (which is suggested as appropriate only for ‘over-developed’ economies in the minority world) is the need to reduce socio-economic inequality. Other features of this green political economic alternative to the neoclassical orthodoxy include the centrality of principles such as sufficiency and moderation over efficiency and maximization, here linking back to the permaculture-inspired idea of resilience being a function of ‘slack’ and in-built redundancy, i.e. deliberative deviations from the norm of efficiency.
Wendy L. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329100
- eISBN:
- 9780199870226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329100.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define ...
More
In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define the nation in ways that furthered their own political and social agendas. All addressed Americans’ desire to be free of want, and all attempted to connect economic and political concerns. Beyond that, however, they framed issues in profoundly different ways. President Roosevelt, CIO leaders, and others in the New Deal coalition stressed the majoritarian overtones of the word “democracy,” and called for an activist government to ensure Americans’ economic security. Industrialists and their allies, by contrast, emphasized individual rights and the libertarian dimensions of American “freedom.” The ensuing battle—pitting “democracy” against “freedom,” mutualism against individualism, and a progressive ethos against interclass unity—presaged contests that would continue into the postwar era.Less
In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define the nation in ways that furthered their own political and social agendas. All addressed Americans’ desire to be free of want, and all attempted to connect economic and political concerns. Beyond that, however, they framed issues in profoundly different ways. President Roosevelt, CIO leaders, and others in the New Deal coalition stressed the majoritarian overtones of the word “democracy,” and called for an activist government to ensure Americans’ economic security. Industrialists and their allies, by contrast, emphasized individual rights and the libertarian dimensions of American “freedom.” The ensuing battle—pitting “democracy” against “freedom,” mutualism against individualism, and a progressive ethos against interclass unity—presaged contests that would continue into the postwar era.
Mark Neocleous
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748633289
- eISBN:
- 9780748671984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633289.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores some of the conceptual, political and historical links between social and national security. Social security and national security are not often talked about together, despite ...
More
This chapter explores some of the conceptual, political and historical links between social and national security. Social security and national security are not often talked about together, despite the recent surge of interest in widening the security agenda. The chapter connects the emergence of ‘national security’ following WWII back to the emergence of ‘social security’ in the 1930s. It links social security and national security via the notion of ‘economic security’, and suggests that these historical links reveal the extent to which ‘security’ operates as a mechanism of liberal order building.Less
This chapter explores some of the conceptual, political and historical links between social and national security. Social security and national security are not often talked about together, despite the recent surge of interest in widening the security agenda. The chapter connects the emergence of ‘national security’ following WWII back to the emergence of ‘social security’ in the 1930s. It links social security and national security via the notion of ‘economic security’, and suggests that these historical links reveal the extent to which ‘security’ operates as a mechanism of liberal order building.
Zoltan J. Acs
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148625
- eISBN:
- 9781400846818
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148625.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This book takes an in-depth look at philanthropy as an underappreciated force in capitalism, measures its critical influence on the free-market system, and demonstrates how American philanthropy ...
More
This book takes an in-depth look at philanthropy as an underappreciated force in capitalism, measures its critical influence on the free-market system, and demonstrates how American philanthropy could serve as a model for the productive reinvestment of wealth in other countries. Factoring in philanthropic cycles that help balance the economy, the book offers a richer picture of capitalism and a more accurate backdrop for considering policies that would promote the capitalist system for the good of all. Examining the dynamics of American-style capitalism since the eighteenth century, it argues that philanthropy achieves three critical outcomes. It deals with the question of what to do with wealth—keep it, tax it, or give it away. It complements government in creating public goods. And, by focusing on education, science, and medicine, philanthropy has a positive effect on economic growth and productivity. The book describes how individuals such as Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Carnegie, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey have used their wealth to establish institutions and promote knowledge, and shows how philanthropy has given an edge to capitalism by promoting vital forces—like university research—necessary for technological innovation, economic equality, and economic security. Philanthropy also serves as a guide for countries with less flexible capitalist institutions, and the book makes the case for a larger, global philanthropic culture. Providing a new perspective on the development of capitalism, this book highlights philanthropy's critical links to the economic progress, health, and future of the United States—and beyond.Less
This book takes an in-depth look at philanthropy as an underappreciated force in capitalism, measures its critical influence on the free-market system, and demonstrates how American philanthropy could serve as a model for the productive reinvestment of wealth in other countries. Factoring in philanthropic cycles that help balance the economy, the book offers a richer picture of capitalism and a more accurate backdrop for considering policies that would promote the capitalist system for the good of all. Examining the dynamics of American-style capitalism since the eighteenth century, it argues that philanthropy achieves three critical outcomes. It deals with the question of what to do with wealth—keep it, tax it, or give it away. It complements government in creating public goods. And, by focusing on education, science, and medicine, philanthropy has a positive effect on economic growth and productivity. The book describes how individuals such as Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Carnegie, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey have used their wealth to establish institutions and promote knowledge, and shows how philanthropy has given an edge to capitalism by promoting vital forces—like university research—necessary for technological innovation, economic equality, and economic security. Philanthropy also serves as a guide for countries with less flexible capitalist institutions, and the book makes the case for a larger, global philanthropic culture. Providing a new perspective on the development of capitalism, this book highlights philanthropy's critical links to the economic progress, health, and future of the United States—and beyond.
Asif H. Qureshi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571345
- eISBN:
- 9780191705472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571345.003.0033
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Private International Law
The existence of a national security escape clause in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) has given rise in investment arbitration to a number of concerns in terms of its scope, process of review, ...
More
The existence of a national security escape clause in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) has given rise in investment arbitration to a number of concerns in terms of its scope, process of review, and interpretation. It is settled now that the provision of ‘national security’ now encompasses ‘severe economic crises’. This chapter considers three general points from a development perspective, namely: the objective review of the economic emergency security defence in BITs; the interpretative approach to the economic emergency security defence in BITs; the processes involved in the interpretation of the economic emergency security defence in BITs.Less
The existence of a national security escape clause in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) has given rise in investment arbitration to a number of concerns in terms of its scope, process of review, and interpretation. It is settled now that the provision of ‘national security’ now encompasses ‘severe economic crises’. This chapter considers three general points from a development perspective, namely: the objective review of the economic emergency security defence in BITs; the interpretative approach to the economic emergency security defence in BITs; the processes involved in the interpretation of the economic emergency security defence in BITs.
Edwin Bacon, Bettina Renz, and Julian Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719072246
- eISBN:
- 9781781701317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719072246.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In the USSR, concerns about security in relation to the economy were institutionalised. With the partial exception of the final years under Mikhail Gorbachev, it was accepted as normal that security ...
More
In the USSR, concerns about security in relation to the economy were institutionalised. With the partial exception of the final years under Mikhail Gorbachev, it was accepted as normal that security considerations exerted a strong influence on economic policy and on the public presentation of the economy, in terms of statistics, to both Soviet citizens and the outside world. With the end of communist rule and the planned economy in Russia at the end of 1991, the institutionalised regime of economic security, already weakened by the Gorbachev reforms, effectively collapsed. This chapter contextualises the securitisation debate in relation to the economy, focusing on the question: Is the economic policy of contemporary Russia being securitised? It also examines the renewed interest in economic security under Vladimir Putin; looks at the scandal involving Aleksei Pichugin, head of the department of internal economic security of the Yukos oil company; discusses the ‘securitisation’ of Russia's military economy; and comments on the rise and fall of ‘economic security’ in the country.Less
In the USSR, concerns about security in relation to the economy were institutionalised. With the partial exception of the final years under Mikhail Gorbachev, it was accepted as normal that security considerations exerted a strong influence on economic policy and on the public presentation of the economy, in terms of statistics, to both Soviet citizens and the outside world. With the end of communist rule and the planned economy in Russia at the end of 1991, the institutionalised regime of economic security, already weakened by the Gorbachev reforms, effectively collapsed. This chapter contextualises the securitisation debate in relation to the economy, focusing on the question: Is the economic policy of contemporary Russia being securitised? It also examines the renewed interest in economic security under Vladimir Putin; looks at the scandal involving Aleksei Pichugin, head of the department of internal economic security of the Yukos oil company; discusses the ‘securitisation’ of Russia's military economy; and comments on the rise and fall of ‘economic security’ in the country.
János Kornai
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287766
- eISBN:
- 9780191596551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287763.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The material living conditions of citizens under a classical socialist system are considered. The first part of the chapter looks at consumption, material welfare, and economic security, and compares ...
More
The material living conditions of citizens under a classical socialist system are considered. The first part of the chapter looks at consumption, material welfare, and economic security, and compares these under socialist and capitalist systems to the detriment of the socialist system. The second part examines the distribution of money income and material welfare among the various groups in society, again contrasting socialist and capitalist systems. Explanations are then advanced for the real inequality of distribution in welfare shown for the classical socialist system, and tendencies towards equalization and differentiation are discussed.Less
The material living conditions of citizens under a classical socialist system are considered. The first part of the chapter looks at consumption, material welfare, and economic security, and compares these under socialist and capitalist systems to the detriment of the socialist system. The second part examines the distribution of money income and material welfare among the various groups in society, again contrasting socialist and capitalist systems. Explanations are then advanced for the real inequality of distribution in welfare shown for the classical socialist system, and tendencies towards equalization and differentiation are discussed.
Jody Heymann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195156591
- eISBN:
- 9780199943333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156591.003.0044
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter examines the implications of global transformations on family income, the ability of children and parents to exit poverty, and the degree of equality between girls and boys, men and ...
More
This chapter examines the implications of global transformations on family income, the ability of children and parents to exit poverty, and the degree of equality between girls and boys, men and women. At times, the goal of having both men and women in the family in the formal labor force was to increase economic security. At other times, the goal was to increase gender equality. As parents have moved from trading their labor in kind to being paid in cash, from controlling their own hours to answering to an employer, from working with their children right by their sides to working far from home, what has happened to their economic security? The chapter also examines whether parents are able to succeed in formal and informal workplaces, in cities and towns transformed by the global economy, at the same time as rearing their children.Less
This chapter examines the implications of global transformations on family income, the ability of children and parents to exit poverty, and the degree of equality between girls and boys, men and women. At times, the goal of having both men and women in the family in the formal labor force was to increase economic security. At other times, the goal was to increase gender equality. As parents have moved from trading their labor in kind to being paid in cash, from controlling their own hours to answering to an employer, from working with their children right by their sides to working far from home, what has happened to their economic security? The chapter also examines whether parents are able to succeed in formal and informal workplaces, in cities and towns transformed by the global economy, at the same time as rearing their children.
Lars Osberg and Andrew Sharpe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179200
- eISBN:
- 9780199864539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179200.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter's aim is to determine how best to measure economic well-being in order to understand better the relationship between economic well-being and health. It argues that an index of a ...
More
This chapter's aim is to determine how best to measure economic well-being in order to understand better the relationship between economic well-being and health. It argues that an index of a society's economic well-being should include four components: current effective per capita consumption flows, net societal accumulation of stocks of productive resources, income distribution, and economic security. The chapter develops such an index for selected OECD countries and compares trends in economic well-being according to this index to trends in GDP per capita—the most commonly used measure of economic well-being. It concludes with a discussion of why the connection between health and economic well-being might be stronger than the relationship between health and GDP per capita.Less
This chapter's aim is to determine how best to measure economic well-being in order to understand better the relationship between economic well-being and health. It argues that an index of a society's economic well-being should include four components: current effective per capita consumption flows, net societal accumulation of stocks of productive resources, income distribution, and economic security. The chapter develops such an index for selected OECD countries and compares trends in economic well-being according to this index to trends in GDP per capita—the most commonly used measure of economic well-being. It concludes with a discussion of why the connection between health and economic well-being might be stronger than the relationship between health and GDP per capita.
Landon R. Y. Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153964
- eISBN:
- 9781400845255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153964.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at private letters and other unpublished sources about defendants other than the Keyserlings to recapture the subjective experience of being investigated, not as an exercise in ...
More
This chapter looks at private letters and other unpublished sources about defendants other than the Keyserlings to recapture the subjective experience of being investigated, not as an exercise in voyeurism but to explain why the effects were so profound. The experience of being under loyalty investigation produced a wide range of responses from individuals and had many long-lasting effects—on their economic security, mental and physical health, personal relationships, and civic participation. Many loyalty defendants preferred to remain silent about these humiliating experiences, but examining them is necessary to establish the context in which these people made difficult strategic and ethical decisions about how best to protect themselves.Less
This chapter looks at private letters and other unpublished sources about defendants other than the Keyserlings to recapture the subjective experience of being investigated, not as an exercise in voyeurism but to explain why the effects were so profound. The experience of being under loyalty investigation produced a wide range of responses from individuals and had many long-lasting effects—on their economic security, mental and physical health, personal relationships, and civic participation. Many loyalty defendants preferred to remain silent about these humiliating experiences, but examining them is necessary to establish the context in which these people made difficult strategic and ethical decisions about how best to protect themselves.
Christopher P. Loss
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148274
- eISBN:
- 9781400840052
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148274.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book tracks the dramatic outcomes of the federal government's growing involvement in higher education between World War I and the 1970s, and the conservative backlash against that involvement ...
More
This book tracks the dramatic outcomes of the federal government's growing involvement in higher education between World War I and the 1970s, and the conservative backlash against that involvement from the 1980s onward. The book recovers higher education's central importance to the larger social and political history of the United States in the twentieth century, and chronicles its transformation into a key mediating institution between citizens and the state. Framed around the three major federal higher education policies of the twentieth century—the 1944 G.I. Bill, the 1958 National Defense Education Act, and the 1965 Higher Education Act—the book charts the federal government's various efforts to deploy education to ready citizens for the national, bureaucratized, and increasingly global world in which they lived. It details the myriad ways in which academic leaders and students shaped, and were shaped by, the state's shifting political agenda as it moved from a preoccupation with economic security during the Great Depression, to national security during World War II and the Cold War, to securing the rights of African Americans, women, and other previously marginalized groups during the 1960s and 1970s. Along the way, the book reappraises the origins of higher education's current-day diversity regime, the growth of identity group politics, and the privatization of citizenship at the close of the twentieth century. At a time when people's faith in government and higher education is being sorely tested, this book sheds new light on the close relations between American higher education and politics.Less
This book tracks the dramatic outcomes of the federal government's growing involvement in higher education between World War I and the 1970s, and the conservative backlash against that involvement from the 1980s onward. The book recovers higher education's central importance to the larger social and political history of the United States in the twentieth century, and chronicles its transformation into a key mediating institution between citizens and the state. Framed around the three major federal higher education policies of the twentieth century—the 1944 G.I. Bill, the 1958 National Defense Education Act, and the 1965 Higher Education Act—the book charts the federal government's various efforts to deploy education to ready citizens for the national, bureaucratized, and increasingly global world in which they lived. It details the myriad ways in which academic leaders and students shaped, and were shaped by, the state's shifting political agenda as it moved from a preoccupation with economic security during the Great Depression, to national security during World War II and the Cold War, to securing the rights of African Americans, women, and other previously marginalized groups during the 1960s and 1970s. Along the way, the book reappraises the origins of higher education's current-day diversity regime, the growth of identity group politics, and the privatization of citizenship at the close of the twentieth century. At a time when people's faith in government and higher education is being sorely tested, this book sheds new light on the close relations between American higher education and politics.
Laura DeNardis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300233070
- eISBN:
- 9780300249330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300233070.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This concluding chapter argues that privacy and security have to take primacy as aspirational values as networks shift from digital only to directly embedded in the physical world. It calls for ...
More
This concluding chapter argues that privacy and security have to take primacy as aspirational values as networks shift from digital only to directly embedded in the physical world. It calls for various stakeholders to urgently take serious cyber-physical policy choices and collectively elevate cybersecurity as a generational imperative necessary for human security, economic security, and national security. For example, a long-standing Internet policy tradition, while varying by region, is immunity from liability for information intermediaries. What counts as an intermediary in cyber-physical architectures and how should risk, accountability, and liability be reconceptualized in the high-risk era? Ultimately, the chapter contends that policy attention needs to shift from digital content to digital infrastructure.Less
This concluding chapter argues that privacy and security have to take primacy as aspirational values as networks shift from digital only to directly embedded in the physical world. It calls for various stakeholders to urgently take serious cyber-physical policy choices and collectively elevate cybersecurity as a generational imperative necessary for human security, economic security, and national security. For example, a long-standing Internet policy tradition, while varying by region, is immunity from liability for information intermediaries. What counts as an intermediary in cyber-physical architectures and how should risk, accountability, and liability be reconceptualized in the high-risk era? Ultimately, the chapter contends that policy attention needs to shift from digital content to digital infrastructure.
Rosemary Foot
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198843733
- eISBN:
- 9780191879456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198843733.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter concentrates on the Beijing government’s attachment to a view that human protection requires a state to be economically developed, domestically stable, and strongly effective and ...
More
This chapter concentrates on the Beijing government’s attachment to a view that human protection requires a state to be economically developed, domestically stable, and strongly effective and capable. The chapter places the focus on Chinese official arguments in support of this articulated triadic position, but also examines a range of Chinese and non-Chinese scholarly perspectives on this topic area. It situates Chinese voices within a larger, mostly UN-centred, policy literature that explores the relationship between economic development and the management of international peace and security. The chapter explores whether there is a gap between UN and Chinese thinking on how best to prevent conflict and give better protection to individuals caught up in violence, entertaining also the possibility that there has been something of a convergence of UN and official Chinese perspectives.Less
This chapter concentrates on the Beijing government’s attachment to a view that human protection requires a state to be economically developed, domestically stable, and strongly effective and capable. The chapter places the focus on Chinese official arguments in support of this articulated triadic position, but also examines a range of Chinese and non-Chinese scholarly perspectives on this topic area. It situates Chinese voices within a larger, mostly UN-centred, policy literature that explores the relationship between economic development and the management of international peace and security. The chapter explores whether there is a gap between UN and Chinese thinking on how best to prevent conflict and give better protection to individuals caught up in violence, entertaining also the possibility that there has been something of a convergence of UN and official Chinese perspectives.
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar and Connor Raso
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199781911
- eISBN:
- 9780190252519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199781911.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the relationship between economic security and the broader national security agenda in the United States. It begins by outlining some of the common features of economic policy ...
More
This chapter examines the relationship between economic security and the broader national security agenda in the United States. It begins by outlining some of the common features of economic policy and national security, focusing on how politicians balance the domestic regulation of economic risk with the external defense of the nation. It then considers the implications of fiscal constraints for elements of economic security such as health insurance and social security, and for the resources available for national security. The chapter also discusses the effect of social capital on national security, how the concept of state institutional capacity links national security to the management of economic risks, and how economic security affects the long-term viability of a nation-state. Finally, it assesses the implications of the relationship between economic security and national security for modern states and their citizens.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between economic security and the broader national security agenda in the United States. It begins by outlining some of the common features of economic policy and national security, focusing on how politicians balance the domestic regulation of economic risk with the external defense of the nation. It then considers the implications of fiscal constraints for elements of economic security such as health insurance and social security, and for the resources available for national security. The chapter also discusses the effect of social capital on national security, how the concept of state institutional capacity links national security to the management of economic risks, and how economic security affects the long-term viability of a nation-state. Finally, it assesses the implications of the relationship between economic security and national security for modern states and their citizens.
Michael Dennis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032917
- eISBN:
- 9780813038407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032917.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
On the forefront of global economic relations since the 17th century, Virginia and the South were at the center of American global integration in the 1990s. This is the main story of the region in ...
More
On the forefront of global economic relations since the 17th century, Virginia and the South were at the center of American global integration in the 1990s. This is the main story of the region in the fading years of the 20th century, and is likewise that time frame's dominant story for the whole American experience. Virginians, like most average Americans, were drawn into the flow of economic changes that fundamentally altered their sense of possibility and eroded the moderate economic security they had achieved in the post-war era. Market ascendancy and the subsequent decline of the social contract decisively influenced their hopes for the future.Less
On the forefront of global economic relations since the 17th century, Virginia and the South were at the center of American global integration in the 1990s. This is the main story of the region in the fading years of the 20th century, and is likewise that time frame's dominant story for the whole American experience. Virginians, like most average Americans, were drawn into the flow of economic changes that fundamentally altered their sense of possibility and eroded the moderate economic security they had achieved in the post-war era. Market ascendancy and the subsequent decline of the social contract decisively influenced their hopes for the future.
Kyung-Ae Park
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824837396
- eISBN:
- 9780824871154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824837396.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter explores the gendered impacts of the economic crisis in order to examine how it has affected women’s economic security in North Korea. North Korean women experienced a series of profound ...
More
This chapter explores the gendered impacts of the economic crisis in order to examine how it has affected women’s economic security in North Korea. North Korean women experienced a series of profound changes in the post-socialist revolution era. During the state-building period, North Korea promulgated various laws, including the Law on Sex Equality, which emphasized equal rights in all spheres, aiming for the most progressive change in the traditional position of women. Despite the legal provisions and institutional mechanisms for improving women’s lot in the economy, however, North Korean women never achieved a level of economic security equal to that of men. Women continued to receive lower wages than men and remained concentrated in occupations with low wage levels and high wage differences between men and women.Less
This chapter explores the gendered impacts of the economic crisis in order to examine how it has affected women’s economic security in North Korea. North Korean women experienced a series of profound changes in the post-socialist revolution era. During the state-building period, North Korea promulgated various laws, including the Law on Sex Equality, which emphasized equal rights in all spheres, aiming for the most progressive change in the traditional position of women. Despite the legal provisions and institutional mechanisms for improving women’s lot in the economy, however, North Korean women never achieved a level of economic security equal to that of men. Women continued to receive lower wages than men and remained concentrated in occupations with low wage levels and high wage differences between men and women.
Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199988488
- eISBN:
- 9780190218249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199988488.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Research and Evaluation
Economic security is a key component of the American Dream. We examine patterns of economic security and insecurity across the life course, including the likelihood that Americans will experience ...
More
Economic security is a key component of the American Dream. We examine patterns of economic security and insecurity across the life course, including the likelihood that Americans will experience poverty or near poverty, unemployment, the use of a social safety net program, or a combination of all three. We also estimate the likelihood of encountering another indicator of economic insecurity, asset poverty, and consider the probability of owning a home. We conclude that the ability to achieve long-term economic security across the life course has become challenging for many households. These developments threaten a fundamental bargain that is central to the American Dream: that economic security is the reward for hard work.Less
Economic security is a key component of the American Dream. We examine patterns of economic security and insecurity across the life course, including the likelihood that Americans will experience poverty or near poverty, unemployment, the use of a social safety net program, or a combination of all three. We also estimate the likelihood of encountering another indicator of economic insecurity, asset poverty, and consider the probability of owning a home. We conclude that the ability to achieve long-term economic security across the life course has become challenging for many households. These developments threaten a fundamental bargain that is central to the American Dream: that economic security is the reward for hard work.
