David M. Malone
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199278572
- eISBN:
- 9780191604119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278571.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the inspections-plus-sanctions approach to Iraqi disarmament, which characterized the enforcement aspects of this third phase of UN involvement in Iraq. The sanctions regime ...
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This chapter examines the inspections-plus-sanctions approach to Iraqi disarmament, which characterized the enforcement aspects of this third phase of UN involvement in Iraq. The sanctions regime against Iraq stands as a paradigm of both the virtues and vices of the sanctions approach. It was the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated the utility and the challenges of Security Council subsidiary bodies operating as delegated regulators, through a supervisory committee established to monitor implementation of the sanctions. Although Haiti and other cases provided lessons, it was also the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated most clearly how a cunning target government could turn sanctions to its own ends, and how terrible the resulting cost to civilians might be.Less
This chapter examines the inspections-plus-sanctions approach to Iraqi disarmament, which characterized the enforcement aspects of this third phase of UN involvement in Iraq. The sanctions regime against Iraq stands as a paradigm of both the virtues and vices of the sanctions approach. It was the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated the utility and the challenges of Security Council subsidiary bodies operating as delegated regulators, through a supervisory committee established to monitor implementation of the sanctions. Although Haiti and other cases provided lessons, it was also the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated most clearly how a cunning target government could turn sanctions to its own ends, and how terrible the resulting cost to civilians might be.
George A. Lopez and David Cortright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395914
- eISBN:
- 9780199776801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395914.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright ...
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The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright examine the shortcomings and lessons learned from counter-terrorism efforts, in particular those led by the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED). To address the root causes of terrorism, they argue, efforts must promote good governance, economic development, and human rights—all of which are central aims of strategic peacebuilding. The authors provide recommendations for increasing regional capacities and decreasing redundancy and overlap in UN Security Council counter-terrorism efforts.Less
The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright examine the shortcomings and lessons learned from counter-terrorism efforts, in particular those led by the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED). To address the root causes of terrorism, they argue, efforts must promote good governance, economic development, and human rights—all of which are central aims of strategic peacebuilding. The authors provide recommendations for increasing regional capacities and decreasing redundancy and overlap in UN Security Council counter-terrorism efforts.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199579846
- eISBN:
- 9780191725302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579846.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter focuses on measures that collective security institutions take to address threats. Chapter 5 begins with addressing the Security Council's sanctions competence, including the ...
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This chapter focuses on measures that collective security institutions take to address threats. Chapter 5 begins with addressing the Security Council's sanctions competence, including the constitutional requirements of necessity and proportionality which the Council has to observe. Most traditional measures of response are economic sanctions and arms and air embargoes, including the maritime interdiction element. The chapter examines the Council's relevant practice in multiple situations such as Iraq, Bosnia, Haiti, Somalia, Sudan, or DRC, and assesses the effectiveness of these measures and their humanitarian implications. The analysis then moves to so-called targeted sanctions against terrorist suspects and assesses both the evolution of the targeted sanctions regime from Resolution 1267(1999) onwards to date, and the reaction of national and international courts to this regime. The second major element of Chapter 5 is the authorization of the use of force by the Security Council and it covers the cases of Korea, Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Somalia, and Cote d'Ivoire. Legal limits on the Council's powers and the interpretation of its decisions underlies this analysis. The third major part of this chapter relates to the enforcement practice of regional organizations such as OAS, EU, as well as the relevant practice of NATO, OECS, AU, and ECOWAS.Less
This chapter focuses on measures that collective security institutions take to address threats. Chapter 5 begins with addressing the Security Council's sanctions competence, including the constitutional requirements of necessity and proportionality which the Council has to observe. Most traditional measures of response are economic sanctions and arms and air embargoes, including the maritime interdiction element. The chapter examines the Council's relevant practice in multiple situations such as Iraq, Bosnia, Haiti, Somalia, Sudan, or DRC, and assesses the effectiveness of these measures and their humanitarian implications. The analysis then moves to so-called targeted sanctions against terrorist suspects and assesses both the evolution of the targeted sanctions regime from Resolution 1267(1999) onwards to date, and the reaction of national and international courts to this regime. The second major element of Chapter 5 is the authorization of the use of force by the Security Council and it covers the cases of Korea, Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Somalia, and Cote d'Ivoire. Legal limits on the Council's powers and the interpretation of its decisions underlies this analysis. The third major part of this chapter relates to the enforcement practice of regional organizations such as OAS, EU, as well as the relevant practice of NATO, OECS, AU, and ECOWAS.
Nigel D. White
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217908
- eISBN:
- 9780191705380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217908.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines the applicability of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESC rights) to the UN Security Council, to determine whether it is bound to respect human rights law generally, and ...
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This chapter examines the applicability of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESC rights) to the UN Security Council, to determine whether it is bound to respect human rights law generally, and ESC rights in particular, when acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. This includes instances when it imposes economic sanctions against states and against individuals (such as those suspected of terrorism), and when it establishes a post-conflict administration in a state. It is argued that while the primary rules of international law, including fundamental economic and social rights, are applicable to the activities of the Security Council, the UN system is woefully inadequate in ensuring the accountability of the Security Council in this, or in any other, regard.Less
This chapter examines the applicability of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESC rights) to the UN Security Council, to determine whether it is bound to respect human rights law generally, and ESC rights in particular, when acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. This includes instances when it imposes economic sanctions against states and against individuals (such as those suspected of terrorism), and when it establishes a post-conflict administration in a state. It is argued that while the primary rules of international law, including fundamental economic and social rights, are applicable to the activities of the Security Council, the UN system is woefully inadequate in ensuring the accountability of the Security Council in this, or in any other, regard.
Miroslav Nincic
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450068
- eISBN:
- 9780801463013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450068.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The U.S. has a record of using a predominantly coercive approach to deal with nations whose interests and values clash with its own. When positive incentives do find their way into the mix of ...
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The U.S. has a record of using a predominantly coercive approach to deal with nations whose interests and values clash with its own. When positive incentives do find their way into the mix of policies, they tend to be a weak adjunct to a core coercive thrust; and often they are resorted to both tepidly and late in the game, after the failures of established policy have been extensively absorbed. This chapter examines whether the two most widely used means of negative pressure against adversaries in U.S. foreign policy—economic sanctions and military force—do a creditable job of achieving their purpose. It shows that if the aim of coercive pressure is to force a change in policies, neither military force nor economic sanctions are very likely to work. If, instead, the objective is to degrade the adversary's capability (almost always a military capability) to do harm, armed force may indeed be useful, but a similar claim cannot be made on behalf of sanctions. Justification for extensive and exclusive reliance on instruments of coercion gets weaker with scrutiny. Accordingly, the consideration of hypothetical alternatives appears increasingly justified.Less
The U.S. has a record of using a predominantly coercive approach to deal with nations whose interests and values clash with its own. When positive incentives do find their way into the mix of policies, they tend to be a weak adjunct to a core coercive thrust; and often they are resorted to both tepidly and late in the game, after the failures of established policy have been extensively absorbed. This chapter examines whether the two most widely used means of negative pressure against adversaries in U.S. foreign policy—economic sanctions and military force—do a creditable job of achieving their purpose. It shows that if the aim of coercive pressure is to force a change in policies, neither military force nor economic sanctions are very likely to work. If, instead, the objective is to degrade the adversary's capability (almost always a military capability) to do harm, armed force may indeed be useful, but a similar claim cannot be made on behalf of sanctions. Justification for extensive and exclusive reliance on instruments of coercion gets weaker with scrutiny. Accordingly, the consideration of hypothetical alternatives appears increasingly justified.
Paolo Spadoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813035154
- eISBN:
- 9780813038896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035154.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Many scholars of international relations have assessed the effectiveness of sanctions by focusing on the economic adjustments introduced by the target country to cope with external pressure, ...
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Many scholars of international relations have assessed the effectiveness of sanctions by focusing on the economic adjustments introduced by the target country to cope with external pressure, neglecting the importance of growing transnational flows of capital and finance in the context of globalization. This chapter examines the success rate of U.S. unilateral economic sanctions and explores the prevailing discourses on transnational linkages at both global and local levels in order to structure the proposed case study and identify theoretical assumptions relevant to its working hypotheses. Transnational practices by non-state actors such as multinational corporations and migrants are given special attention since foreign investment and remittances have played a major role in keeping afloat the Cuban economy in the post-cold war era.Less
Many scholars of international relations have assessed the effectiveness of sanctions by focusing on the economic adjustments introduced by the target country to cope with external pressure, neglecting the importance of growing transnational flows of capital and finance in the context of globalization. This chapter examines the success rate of U.S. unilateral economic sanctions and explores the prevailing discourses on transnational linkages at both global and local levels in order to structure the proposed case study and identify theoretical assumptions relevant to its working hypotheses. Transnational practices by non-state actors such as multinational corporations and migrants are given special attention since foreign investment and remittances have played a major role in keeping afloat the Cuban economy in the post-cold war era.
Daniele Archibugi and Mariano Croce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199781577
- eISBN:
- 9780199932887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199781577.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The George W. Bush jr administration explicitly declared its aim to spread democracy militarily. Is such an intention legal under current international law, norms and institutions? If one proves it ...
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The George W. Bush jr administration explicitly declared its aim to spread democracy militarily. Is such an intention legal under current international law, norms and institutions? If one proves it to be at odds with the criterion of legality – since it clearly contradicts one of the main pillars of the UN Charter, i.e. the principle of non-interference –, can it be justified with recourse to the concept of legitimacy? We offer some paradigmatic insights into the concepts of legality and legitimacy, mainly developed for the internal context. With the tools of political theory we try to investigate whether there is any room for a different interpretation about exporting democracy or any need to reform international law. Finally, we discuss the methods used for exporting democracy, so as to argue that the issue of its legality and legitimacy cannot be assessed without taking into consideration the means employed.Less
The George W. Bush jr administration explicitly declared its aim to spread democracy militarily. Is such an intention legal under current international law, norms and institutions? If one proves it to be at odds with the criterion of legality – since it clearly contradicts one of the main pillars of the UN Charter, i.e. the principle of non-interference –, can it be justified with recourse to the concept of legitimacy? We offer some paradigmatic insights into the concepts of legality and legitimacy, mainly developed for the internal context. With the tools of political theory we try to investigate whether there is any room for a different interpretation about exporting democracy or any need to reform international law. Finally, we discuss the methods used for exporting democracy, so as to argue that the issue of its legality and legitimacy cannot be assessed without taking into consideration the means employed.
Abel Escribà-Folch and Joseph Wright
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198746997
- eISBN:
- 9780191809262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746997.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines how sanctions influence regime survival. The chapter argues that sanctions reduce a dictatorship’s ability to obtain patronage rents from external sources that are used to buy ...
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This chapter examines how sanctions influence regime survival. The chapter argues that sanctions reduce a dictatorship’s ability to obtain patronage rents from external sources that are used to buy domestic political support, which can lead to defections from the elites and may embolden opposition groups. The loss of patronage resources is particularly acute in personalist regimes, which have limited capacity to compensate for this loss by increasing revenue from alternative streams or offering credible power-sharing concessions. Further, leaders and elites in personalist regimes are the least likely to obtain domestic protection after a regime transition. Consequently, personal rulers normally choose to resist in power, at the risk of being forcibly removed by rivals or rebel groups. Empirical tests show that sanctions increase the likelihood of autocratic—but not democratic—transitions in personalist regimes. The argument is illustrated with a case study of sanctions directed against Idi Amin’s regime in Uganda.Less
This chapter examines how sanctions influence regime survival. The chapter argues that sanctions reduce a dictatorship’s ability to obtain patronage rents from external sources that are used to buy domestic political support, which can lead to defections from the elites and may embolden opposition groups. The loss of patronage resources is particularly acute in personalist regimes, which have limited capacity to compensate for this loss by increasing revenue from alternative streams or offering credible power-sharing concessions. Further, leaders and elites in personalist regimes are the least likely to obtain domestic protection after a regime transition. Consequently, personal rulers normally choose to resist in power, at the risk of being forcibly removed by rivals or rebel groups. Empirical tests show that sanctions increase the likelihood of autocratic—but not democratic—transitions in personalist regimes. The argument is illustrated with a case study of sanctions directed against Idi Amin’s regime in Uganda.
M. SCHAEFER
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199261727
- eISBN:
- 9780191698774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261727.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The recent dispute between the United States and the European Union involves a Massachusetts procurement statute that, in essence, imposed a 10 per cent negative preference against companies active ...
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The recent dispute between the United States and the European Union involves a Massachusetts procurement statute that, in essence, imposed a 10 per cent negative preference against companies active in Burma. This chapter briefly examines the human rights situation in Burma that prompted not only Massachusetts but also the US federal government and the EU to impose sanctions. It then presents statistics regarding foreign investment in Burma as of 1998, when the US–EU dispute over the Massachusetts Burma law reached its peak. It describes the process by which Massachusetts became bound to the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), and explains the history and nature of sanctions imposed against Burma by the US federal government, the EU, and the state of Massachusetts. The chapter discusses the rationale behind the diplomatic and procedural manoeuvres in the EU's WTO case and analyses the substantive claims of the EU under the GPA. It analyses the motivations and procedures regarding the NFTC's domestic court challenge to the Massachusetts Burma law, the constitutional claims upon which the NFTC based its suit, and the results in US courts. It looks at the future of state procurement-sanctions laws enacted for foreign-policy reasons in light of the US court rulings. It explores the implications of the Massachusetts Burma law dispute for US–EU dispute prevention and resolution and gives several recommendations regarding state foreign-policy-related procurement-sanctions laws.Less
The recent dispute between the United States and the European Union involves a Massachusetts procurement statute that, in essence, imposed a 10 per cent negative preference against companies active in Burma. This chapter briefly examines the human rights situation in Burma that prompted not only Massachusetts but also the US federal government and the EU to impose sanctions. It then presents statistics regarding foreign investment in Burma as of 1998, when the US–EU dispute over the Massachusetts Burma law reached its peak. It describes the process by which Massachusetts became bound to the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), and explains the history and nature of sanctions imposed against Burma by the US federal government, the EU, and the state of Massachusetts. The chapter discusses the rationale behind the diplomatic and procedural manoeuvres in the EU's WTO case and analyses the substantive claims of the EU under the GPA. It analyses the motivations and procedures regarding the NFTC's domestic court challenge to the Massachusetts Burma law, the constitutional claims upon which the NFTC based its suit, and the results in US courts. It looks at the future of state procurement-sanctions laws enacted for foreign-policy reasons in light of the US court rulings. It explores the implications of the Massachusetts Burma law dispute for US–EU dispute prevention and resolution and gives several recommendations regarding state foreign-policy-related procurement-sanctions laws.
John Odell and Thomas D. Willett
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195055382
- eISBN:
- 9780199855056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195055382.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
In this chapter the author presents some historical background and conclusions about recent political economic analysis, which the author believes are essential for interpreting current trade policy ...
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In this chapter the author presents some historical background and conclusions about recent political economic analysis, which the author believes are essential for interpreting current trade policy developments. It is also said that United States trade policy has entered a new era of protectionalism. This is seen from some of the trade restrictions adopted by the United States over the past two decades, especially the use of economic sanctions for foreign policy reasons. It reflects as such modern mercantilism; most of the important trade restrictions have reflected the ability of some interest groups to generate protection for a particular sector against the desires of the Executive branch.Less
In this chapter the author presents some historical background and conclusions about recent political economic analysis, which the author believes are essential for interpreting current trade policy developments. It is also said that United States trade policy has entered a new era of protectionalism. This is seen from some of the trade restrictions adopted by the United States over the past two decades, especially the use of economic sanctions for foreign policy reasons. It reflects as such modern mercantilism; most of the important trade restrictions have reflected the ability of some interest groups to generate protection for a particular sector against the desires of the Executive branch.
James Pattison
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198755203
- eISBN:
- 9780191816567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198755203.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter considers the case for economic sanctions, both targeted and comprehensive. It challenges the prevailing view on the morality of economic sanctions, which holds that sanctions (including ...
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This chapter considers the case for economic sanctions, both targeted and comprehensive. It challenges the prevailing view on the morality of economic sanctions, which holds that sanctions (including to some degree targeted sanctions) are highly objectionable. To do so, it considers and replies to four central objections to economic sanctions. These are the ‘Indiscriminate Objection’, which asserts that sanctions are impermissible because of their apparent indiscriminateness, the ‘Intending-the-Harm Objection’, which holds that sanctions are highly problematic because they involve means that intend harms, the ‘Instrumentalization Objection’, which holds that sanctions wrongly use the suffering of innocents as a mere means, and the ‘Ineffectiveness Objection’, which holds that sanctions are ineffective. Having rejected the central arguments against sanctions, the chapter then argues that sanctions can be favourable in at least one respect: they can more fairly distribute the currently inevitable harms to innocents of tackling aggression and mass atrocities.Less
This chapter considers the case for economic sanctions, both targeted and comprehensive. It challenges the prevailing view on the morality of economic sanctions, which holds that sanctions (including to some degree targeted sanctions) are highly objectionable. To do so, it considers and replies to four central objections to economic sanctions. These are the ‘Indiscriminate Objection’, which asserts that sanctions are impermissible because of their apparent indiscriminateness, the ‘Intending-the-Harm Objection’, which holds that sanctions are highly problematic because they involve means that intend harms, the ‘Instrumentalization Objection’, which holds that sanctions wrongly use the suffering of innocents as a mere means, and the ‘Ineffectiveness Objection’, which holds that sanctions are ineffective. Having rejected the central arguments against sanctions, the chapter then argues that sanctions can be favourable in at least one respect: they can more fairly distribute the currently inevitable harms to innocents of tackling aggression and mass atrocities.
Lee Jones
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198749325
- eISBN:
- 9780191813443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749325.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter surveys the existing literature and presents the book’s analytical framework. Understanding how sanctions work involves starting with a basic model of domestic political contestation ...
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This chapter surveys the existing literature and presents the book’s analytical framework. Understanding how sanctions work involves starting with a basic model of domestic political contestation into which sanctions intervene: a state theory. The chapter therefore teases out and critically assesses the state theories implicit in existing sanctions literature: liberal, public choice, institutionalist (regime type), and neo-Weberian approaches. It then elaborates an alternative analytical framework, based on Gramscian state theory: Social Conflict Analysis. This perspective understands states as being shaped by struggles for power and resources between contending socio-political coalitions. Thus, this chapter analyses how sanctions ‘work’ by exploring how they affect the composition, interests, strategies, resources, and power of socio-political groups and their alliances, how this conditions their struggle for state power, and how this ultimately transforms political regimes. This chapter also explains the book’s method and case selection.Less
This chapter surveys the existing literature and presents the book’s analytical framework. Understanding how sanctions work involves starting with a basic model of domestic political contestation into which sanctions intervene: a state theory. The chapter therefore teases out and critically assesses the state theories implicit in existing sanctions literature: liberal, public choice, institutionalist (regime type), and neo-Weberian approaches. It then elaborates an alternative analytical framework, based on Gramscian state theory: Social Conflict Analysis. This perspective understands states as being shaped by struggles for power and resources between contending socio-political coalitions. Thus, this chapter analyses how sanctions ‘work’ by exploring how they affect the composition, interests, strategies, resources, and power of socio-political groups and their alliances, how this conditions their struggle for state power, and how this ultimately transforms political regimes. This chapter also explains the book’s method and case selection.
Paolo Spadoni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813035154
- eISBN:
- 9780813038896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035154.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter offers a review of the main developments in U.S.–Cuba relations from 1959 to 2009, with a focus on the history of U.S. economic sanctions with respect to Cuba that were first enacted in ...
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This chapter offers a review of the main developments in U.S.–Cuba relations from 1959 to 2009, with a focus on the history of U.S. economic sanctions with respect to Cuba that were first enacted in the early 1960s and then intensified during the 1990s with the Torricelli law and the Helms-Burton law. A major contention is that the strengthening of the embargo was linked to self-interested groups in the Cuban-American community seeking to serve their parochial interests and able to influence U.S. policymakers. The origin of the U.S. embargo against Cuba and various efforts at normalization are also discussed. The U.S. policy of Cuba under various presidents is examined.Less
This chapter offers a review of the main developments in U.S.–Cuba relations from 1959 to 2009, with a focus on the history of U.S. economic sanctions with respect to Cuba that were first enacted in the early 1960s and then intensified during the 1990s with the Torricelli law and the Helms-Burton law. A major contention is that the strengthening of the embargo was linked to self-interested groups in the Cuban-American community seeking to serve their parochial interests and able to influence U.S. policymakers. The origin of the U.S. embargo against Cuba and various efforts at normalization are also discussed. The U.S. policy of Cuba under various presidents is examined.
Peter J. Yearwood
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226733
- eISBN:
- 9780191710308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226733.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Soon after the outbreak of the First World War British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey began to insist that the United States would have to guarantee any peace to which it might be a party. ...
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Soon after the outbreak of the First World War British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey began to insist that the United States would have to guarantee any peace to which it might be a party. Although this was mainly intended to block any inopportune mediation attempt by Woodrow Wilson, Grey did believe that the European settlement would be more stable if Washington were committed to its maintenance. London's failure to respond to Wilson's feelers led to a sharp deterioration in Anglo‐American relations as Lloyd George became prime minister in December 1916. However, the new Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, and his deputy Lord Robert Cecil, who had already worked out a plan intended to be more palatable to the United States by emphasizing economic rather than military sanctions, continued Grey's broadly pro‐American policy. The need for a guarantee was reaffirmed. American entry into the war would make this a practical possibility.Less
Soon after the outbreak of the First World War British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey began to insist that the United States would have to guarantee any peace to which it might be a party. Although this was mainly intended to block any inopportune mediation attempt by Woodrow Wilson, Grey did believe that the European settlement would be more stable if Washington were committed to its maintenance. London's failure to respond to Wilson's feelers led to a sharp deterioration in Anglo‐American relations as Lloyd George became prime minister in December 1916. However, the new Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, and his deputy Lord Robert Cecil, who had already worked out a plan intended to be more palatable to the United States by emphasizing economic rather than military sanctions, continued Grey's broadly pro‐American policy. The need for a guarantee was reaffirmed. American entry into the war would make this a practical possibility.
Lee Jones
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198749325
- eISBN:
- 9780191813443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749325.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents a case study of sanctions against apartheid South Africa from the 1960s to 1990s. It begins by identifying the main forces contesting state power in South Africa in the periods ...
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This chapter presents a case study of sanctions against apartheid South Africa from the 1960s to 1990s. It begins by identifying the main forces contesting state power in South Africa in the periods of classic and reform apartheid. It then explores the impact of 1960s and 1970s oil and arms embargoes on this conflict, showing that, in the medium term, these measures were counterproductive, solidifying and broadened the ruling coalition. Only when the regime faced serious economic crisis and proto-revolutionary upheaval in the 1980s did these sanctions divide the ruling bloc. Later investment and trade sanctions also had a quite modest economic impact but, in this particular context, helped strengthen anti-apartheid groups and fragment dominant forces to a limited extent. The crucial factor in ending apartheid, and making sanctions ‘bite’, was the emergence of a black working class and the organizations and radicalization of the non-white masses.Less
This chapter presents a case study of sanctions against apartheid South Africa from the 1960s to 1990s. It begins by identifying the main forces contesting state power in South Africa in the periods of classic and reform apartheid. It then explores the impact of 1960s and 1970s oil and arms embargoes on this conflict, showing that, in the medium term, these measures were counterproductive, solidifying and broadened the ruling coalition. Only when the regime faced serious economic crisis and proto-revolutionary upheaval in the 1980s did these sanctions divide the ruling bloc. Later investment and trade sanctions also had a quite modest economic impact but, in this particular context, helped strengthen anti-apartheid groups and fragment dominant forces to a limited extent. The crucial factor in ending apartheid, and making sanctions ‘bite’, was the emergence of a black working class and the organizations and radicalization of the non-white masses.
Lee Jones
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198749325
- eISBN:
- 9780191813443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749325.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 3 presents a case study of sanctions against Myanmar from the 1990s to the 2010s. It shows that sanctions did not generate Myanmar’s transition from military rule in 2011. The balance of ...
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Chapter 3 presents a case study of sanctions against Myanmar from the 1990s to the 2010s. It shows that sanctions did not generate Myanmar’s transition from military rule in 2011. The balance of social forces here was entirely different to that in South Africa. Here, an entrenched military regime, primarily concerned to neutralize separatist threats before relinquishing power, confronted a weak, fragmented set of pro-democracy forces. Sanctions exacerbated Myanmar’s existing economic and political under-development, further concentrating wealth and power in the hands of regime-linked forces. Although they certainly hampered the junta’s plans, the burden fell mostly on non-state-linked groups, allowing the ruling bloc to strengthen while the opposition progressively weakened. While sanctions perhaps kept the opposition on life support, they also perpetuated a losing strategy based on moralistic opposition and political boycotts. Insofar as they had any political effect, they arguably delayed Myanmar’s liberalization.Less
Chapter 3 presents a case study of sanctions against Myanmar from the 1990s to the 2010s. It shows that sanctions did not generate Myanmar’s transition from military rule in 2011. The balance of social forces here was entirely different to that in South Africa. Here, an entrenched military regime, primarily concerned to neutralize separatist threats before relinquishing power, confronted a weak, fragmented set of pro-democracy forces. Sanctions exacerbated Myanmar’s existing economic and political under-development, further concentrating wealth and power in the hands of regime-linked forces. Although they certainly hampered the junta’s plans, the burden fell mostly on non-state-linked groups, allowing the ruling bloc to strengthen while the opposition progressively weakened. While sanctions perhaps kept the opposition on life support, they also perpetuated a losing strategy based on moralistic opposition and political boycotts. Insofar as they had any political effect, they arguably delayed Myanmar’s liberalization.
William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469626604
- eISBN:
- 9781469626628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626604.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter presents the Clinton administration’s responses to contemporary Cuban issues. Like his predecessors, Clinton engaged in a range of secret talks with Cuba, although normalizing relations ...
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This chapter presents the Clinton administration’s responses to contemporary Cuban issues. Like his predecessors, Clinton engaged in a range of secret talks with Cuba, although normalizing relations never made it onto the agenda because the president placed a higher priority on electoral votes in Florida than on relations with Havana. By improving the atmosphere of state-to-state relations and expanding societal engagement, the Clinton team consciously aimed to build a political constituency for improving relations—both in the United States and in Cuba. Furthermore, Castro’s decision to shoot down two small planes off the Cuban coast in February 1996, and Washington’s reaction, fundamentally changed the parameters of U.S.-Cuban relations by inscribing U.S. economic sanctions into law. Nevertheless, creative White House strategists found ways to move relations forward.Less
This chapter presents the Clinton administration’s responses to contemporary Cuban issues. Like his predecessors, Clinton engaged in a range of secret talks with Cuba, although normalizing relations never made it onto the agenda because the president placed a higher priority on electoral votes in Florida than on relations with Havana. By improving the atmosphere of state-to-state relations and expanding societal engagement, the Clinton team consciously aimed to build a political constituency for improving relations—both in the United States and in Cuba. Furthermore, Castro’s decision to shoot down two small planes off the Cuban coast in February 1996, and Washington’s reaction, fundamentally changed the parameters of U.S.-Cuban relations by inscribing U.S. economic sanctions into law. Nevertheless, creative White House strategists found ways to move relations forward.
Marc Weller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199595303
- eISBN:
- 9780191595769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595303.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was a key test case for the doctrine of serious violation of peremptory norms. The international response to the clear and unambiguous armed invasion of Kuwait would ...
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Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was a key test case for the doctrine of serious violation of peremptory norms. The international response to the clear and unambiguous armed invasion of Kuwait would determine whether the UN International Law Commission, which had pioneered this concept, had advanced beyond actual practice of states, or whether the responses of states would conform to the rule in reality. If the first important structural aspect of the episode related to the credibility of the prohibition of the use of force, and its legal nature of a high status rule within the emerging international constitutional system, the second issue was one of process. The question was whether the armed action by Iraq would simply be reversed through the application of collective self-defence, or whether it would also lead to a revival and reconstitution of the UN's collective security mechanism. This chapter tries to answer this question through a review of developments following upon the invasion of Kuwait. It begins by setting out the political and legal background to these developments.Less
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was a key test case for the doctrine of serious violation of peremptory norms. The international response to the clear and unambiguous armed invasion of Kuwait would determine whether the UN International Law Commission, which had pioneered this concept, had advanced beyond actual practice of states, or whether the responses of states would conform to the rule in reality. If the first important structural aspect of the episode related to the credibility of the prohibition of the use of force, and its legal nature of a high status rule within the emerging international constitutional system, the second issue was one of process. The question was whether the armed action by Iraq would simply be reversed through the application of collective self-defence, or whether it would also lead to a revival and reconstitution of the UN's collective security mechanism. This chapter tries to answer this question through a review of developments following upon the invasion of Kuwait. It begins by setting out the political and legal background to these developments.
Lee Jones
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198749325
- eISBN:
- 9780191813443
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749325.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Moving beyond the question of whether international economic sanctions work, this book explores how they work—or fail to work—to transform target societies and states. This book provides a ...
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Moving beyond the question of whether international economic sanctions work, this book explores how they work—or fail to work—to transform target societies and states. This book provides a comprehensive critique of the existing literature and a novel analytical framework based on Gramscian state theory to study how sanctions operate: Social Conflict Analysis. This focuses attention on how the economic impact of sanctions affects the composition, power, resources, and strategies of social forces contesting state power in targeted countries. The framework is applied to analyse three in-depth case studies: South Africa, Myanmar, and Iraq. These show that sanctions outcomes are highly context-specific, meaning that measures that ‘worked’ in one time and place will not necessarily have similar effects elsewhere. In South Africa, sanctions initially strengthened the apartheid ruling coalition; they only weakened the regime in the 1980s when it faced economic crisis and proto-revolutionary upheaval. In Myanmar, sanctions prolonged political deadlock, delaying the country’s political transition. And in Iraq, sanctions devastated and radically transformed the ruling coalition, prompting massive concessions, including on weapons of mass destruction, but the opposition’s weakness precluded regime change. A conclusion compares the findings, critically reassesses sanctions, and offers policy recommendations.Less
Moving beyond the question of whether international economic sanctions work, this book explores how they work—or fail to work—to transform target societies and states. This book provides a comprehensive critique of the existing literature and a novel analytical framework based on Gramscian state theory to study how sanctions operate: Social Conflict Analysis. This focuses attention on how the economic impact of sanctions affects the composition, power, resources, and strategies of social forces contesting state power in targeted countries. The framework is applied to analyse three in-depth case studies: South Africa, Myanmar, and Iraq. These show that sanctions outcomes are highly context-specific, meaning that measures that ‘worked’ in one time and place will not necessarily have similar effects elsewhere. In South Africa, sanctions initially strengthened the apartheid ruling coalition; they only weakened the regime in the 1980s when it faced economic crisis and proto-revolutionary upheaval. In Myanmar, sanctions prolonged political deadlock, delaying the country’s political transition. And in Iraq, sanctions devastated and radically transformed the ruling coalition, prompting massive concessions, including on weapons of mass destruction, but the opposition’s weakness precluded regime change. A conclusion compares the findings, critically reassesses sanctions, and offers policy recommendations.
Philippe Le Billon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199333462
- eISBN:
- 9780190235673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199333462.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter discusses efforts to end conflicts funded through natural resources, focusing on military interventions, economic sanctions, and revenue sharing agreements between belligerents. Along ...
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This chapter discusses efforts to end conflicts funded through natural resources, focusing on military interventions, economic sanctions, and revenue sharing agreements between belligerents. Along with greater information on conflict commodity trafficking collected by UN expert panels, these initiatives have resulted in some important successes. Yet these conflict termination strategies have also been criticised for interpreting war as driven by economic motives, for ambivalent impacts on local livelihoods, and for limiting peace to policing belligerents rather than broadly addressing the causes of conflict.Less
This chapter discusses efforts to end conflicts funded through natural resources, focusing on military interventions, economic sanctions, and revenue sharing agreements between belligerents. Along with greater information on conflict commodity trafficking collected by UN expert panels, these initiatives have resulted in some important successes. Yet these conflict termination strategies have also been criticised for interpreting war as driven by economic motives, for ambivalent impacts on local livelihoods, and for limiting peace to policing belligerents rather than broadly addressing the causes of conflict.
