Graeme Gill
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199544684
- eISBN:
- 9780191719912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544684.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, Democratization
The industrial bourgeoisie was a new social class that came into existence with the onset of industrialization. The new class did not spring from thin air, but was rooted in the existing class ...
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The industrial bourgeoisie was a new social class that came into existence with the onset of industrialization. The new class did not spring from thin air, but was rooted in the existing class structure in each society. This chapter examines the social origins of the new classes in Britain, France, Germany, and the US to show that the most important source of this class in each country was those class groups already engaged in economic production in the towns. While the exact pattern of social origin is different in each case, the primacy of involvement in production is evident in all. An important question is the relationship between this new group and the traditionally dominant landowners, and this relationship also differs in each country. This is analysed principally in terms of the degree to which the new class became socially integrated into the existing social structure.Less
The industrial bourgeoisie was a new social class that came into existence with the onset of industrialization. The new class did not spring from thin air, but was rooted in the existing class structure in each society. This chapter examines the social origins of the new classes in Britain, France, Germany, and the US to show that the most important source of this class in each country was those class groups already engaged in economic production in the towns. While the exact pattern of social origin is different in each case, the primacy of involvement in production is evident in all. An important question is the relationship between this new group and the traditionally dominant landowners, and this relationship also differs in each country. This is analysed principally in terms of the degree to which the new class became socially integrated into the existing social structure.
John F. Padgett, Peter McMahan, and Xing Zhong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter further develops an agent-based model of economic production from the previous chapter. It shows that certain limitations intrinsic to the original hypercycle model—in particular, ...
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This chapter further develops an agent-based model of economic production from the previous chapter. It shows that certain limitations intrinsic to the original hypercycle model—in particular, complexity barriers and vulnerability to parasites—are overcome once autocatalysis takes place in a spatial context, rather than in random-topology liquids. Localized heterogeneity in spatial interaction induces the inscription of path dependencies into cells. This explains why life becomes enhanced once it is embodied. The model also demonstrates why altruism and stigmergy produce more complex rule-chemistries. Altruistic reproduction and stigmergy are superior to selfish reproduction and fixed environments, respectively, because of their superior capacities for self-repair. Beyond suggestive specifics, the hypercycle model and its extensions show how chemistry and economic production and trading in markets can be mapped onto each other, sparking insights for both sides.Less
This chapter further develops an agent-based model of economic production from the previous chapter. It shows that certain limitations intrinsic to the original hypercycle model—in particular, complexity barriers and vulnerability to parasites—are overcome once autocatalysis takes place in a spatial context, rather than in random-topology liquids. Localized heterogeneity in spatial interaction induces the inscription of path dependencies into cells. This explains why life becomes enhanced once it is embodied. The model also demonstrates why altruism and stigmergy produce more complex rule-chemistries. Altruistic reproduction and stigmergy are superior to selfish reproduction and fixed environments, respectively, because of their superior capacities for self-repair. Beyond suggestive specifics, the hypercycle model and its extensions show how chemistry and economic production and trading in markets can be mapped onto each other, sparking insights for both sides.
Kevin C. Macdonald and Seydou Camara
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264782
- eISBN:
- 9780191754012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264782.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
The Bamana state of Segou (c.1700–1861) has been used as an exemplar of the slave system of economic production amongst Sahelian states by anthropologists and historians such as Bazin (1974), Roberts ...
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The Bamana state of Segou (c.1700–1861) has been used as an exemplar of the slave system of economic production amongst Sahelian states by anthropologists and historians such as Bazin (1974), Roberts (1987), and Meillassoux (1991). However, little is known about the nature of Segou's connection to broader slave-trading networks of the time or, from an archaeological perspective, how such slave systems of production may be viewed in terms of settlement types or patterns. This chapter addresses aspects of these two puzzles through the field research of Project Segou, a collaboration between University College London and the Malian Institut des Sciences Humaines. It concentrates on results from the 2006 season directed by the authors — fieldwork which focused on the nature and history of Segou's slave economy. The chapter summarizes findings on the functioning of the Segovian slave system of production, and then briefly considers two case studies: one concerning Segou's first major war of enslavement, and a second examining two of Segou's enigmatic Sifinso (or ‘schools of the black hair’), places which may have played an important role in the mental conditioning of select groups of new captives.Less
The Bamana state of Segou (c.1700–1861) has been used as an exemplar of the slave system of economic production amongst Sahelian states by anthropologists and historians such as Bazin (1974), Roberts (1987), and Meillassoux (1991). However, little is known about the nature of Segou's connection to broader slave-trading networks of the time or, from an archaeological perspective, how such slave systems of production may be viewed in terms of settlement types or patterns. This chapter addresses aspects of these two puzzles through the field research of Project Segou, a collaboration between University College London and the Malian Institut des Sciences Humaines. It concentrates on results from the 2006 season directed by the authors — fieldwork which focused on the nature and history of Segou's slave economy. The chapter summarizes findings on the functioning of the Segovian slave system of production, and then briefly considers two case studies: one concerning Segou's first major war of enslavement, and a second examining two of Segou's enigmatic Sifinso (or ‘schools of the black hair’), places which may have played an important role in the mental conditioning of select groups of new captives.
Peter Richmond, Jürgen Mimkes, and Stefan Hutzler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199674701
- eISBN:
- 9780191780066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674701.003.0018
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter adapts and exploits the concept of the Carnot cycle within our physical economics methodology to understand the mechanisms of economic production and finance. Proposed by the French ...
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This chapter adapts and exploits the concept of the Carnot cycle within our physical economics methodology to understand the mechanisms of economic production and finance. Proposed by the French engineer Nicolas Carnot in 1824 and developed by Benoit Clapeyron, another French engineer, during the period 1830–50, the Carnot cycle is a theoretical concept that forms the basis for understanding the operation of engines and heat pumps or refrigerators. It can be shown to be the most efficient route for the conversion of thermal energy into work or creating and maintaining a temperature difference. In order to move forward, an ‘economic’ Carnot cycle should be considered. If by some means the system is moved through a series of different states and finally returns to its initial state, it can be said that an economic cycle has occurred.Less
This chapter adapts and exploits the concept of the Carnot cycle within our physical economics methodology to understand the mechanisms of economic production and finance. Proposed by the French engineer Nicolas Carnot in 1824 and developed by Benoit Clapeyron, another French engineer, during the period 1830–50, the Carnot cycle is a theoretical concept that forms the basis for understanding the operation of engines and heat pumps or refrigerators. It can be shown to be the most efficient route for the conversion of thermal energy into work or creating and maintaining a temperature difference. In order to move forward, an ‘economic’ Carnot cycle should be considered. If by some means the system is moved through a series of different states and finally returns to its initial state, it can be said that an economic cycle has occurred.
Ben Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719073069
- eISBN:
- 9781781701454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719073069.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter establishes that progressives of the early twentieth century based their ideas about social justice on a strong principle of economic reciprocity, and a firm conviction that market ...
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This chapter establishes that progressives of the early twentieth century based their ideas about social justice on a strong principle of economic reciprocity, and a firm conviction that market rewards took no account of the social character of economic production. The British Left saw economic prosperity as the product of the collective efforts of the whole community rather than as the result of the heroic dynamism of isolated wealth-creators. Although progressives therefore thought that it was fair to make income conditional on some form of social contribution, they did not believe that income should be proportionate to the market value of that contribution.Less
This chapter establishes that progressives of the early twentieth century based their ideas about social justice on a strong principle of economic reciprocity, and a firm conviction that market rewards took no account of the social character of economic production. The British Left saw economic prosperity as the product of the collective efforts of the whole community rather than as the result of the heroic dynamism of isolated wealth-creators. Although progressives therefore thought that it was fair to make income conditional on some form of social contribution, they did not believe that income should be proportionate to the market value of that contribution.
Christopher Breu
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816688913
- eISBN:
- 9781452949178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816688913.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This book engages with recent theories of materiality and biopolitics to provide a radical reinterpretation of experimental fiction in the second half of the twentieth century. In contrast to ...
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This book engages with recent theories of materiality and biopolitics to provide a radical reinterpretation of experimental fiction in the second half of the twentieth century. In contrast to readings that emphasize the metafictional qualities of these works, this book examines this literature’s focus on the material conditions of everyday life, from the body to built environments, and from ecosystems to economic production. The book rethinks contemporary understandings of biopolitics, affirming the importance of forms of materiality that refuse full socialization and resist symbolic manipulation. The text considers a range of novels that reflect questions of materiality in a biopolitical era, including William S. Burroughs’s Naked Lunch, Thomas Pynchon’s V., J. G. Ballard’s Crash, Dodie Bellamy’s The Letters of Mina Harker, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead. Drawing from accounts of the emergence of immaterial production and biopolitics by Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, and Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, this book reveals the confrontational dimensions of materiality itself in a world devoted to the idea of its easy malleability and transcendence.Less
This book engages with recent theories of materiality and biopolitics to provide a radical reinterpretation of experimental fiction in the second half of the twentieth century. In contrast to readings that emphasize the metafictional qualities of these works, this book examines this literature’s focus on the material conditions of everyday life, from the body to built environments, and from ecosystems to economic production. The book rethinks contemporary understandings of biopolitics, affirming the importance of forms of materiality that refuse full socialization and resist symbolic manipulation. The text considers a range of novels that reflect questions of materiality in a biopolitical era, including William S. Burroughs’s Naked Lunch, Thomas Pynchon’s V., J. G. Ballard’s Crash, Dodie Bellamy’s The Letters of Mina Harker, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead. Drawing from accounts of the emergence of immaterial production and biopolitics by Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, and Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, this book reveals the confrontational dimensions of materiality itself in a world devoted to the idea of its easy malleability and transcendence.
Jacqueline O’Reilly, Janine Leschke, Renate Ortlieb, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, and Paola Villa
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190864798
- eISBN:
- 9780190864828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0023
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
This chapter provides an integrated analysis of the findings from this volume. It discusses the challenges presented from comparing youth transitions across countries, the importance of using a wider ...
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This chapter provides an integrated analysis of the findings from this volume. It discusses the challenges presented from comparing youth transitions across countries, the importance of using a wider range of indicators, and a more comprehensive policy focus. The chapter argues that the concept of economic production encapsulates some of the key dimensions and focus for policy initiatives related to labor market flexibility, mobility, and reforms to vocational education and training systems. It contends that an exclusive focus on this domain risks undervaluing the continued importance of the sphere of social reproduction, the role of family legacies, and how these affect established and emerging forms of inequality. It proposes that given the complexity and variety of youth transitions, policy initiatives need to simultaneously focus on both dimensions to develop multifocused strategies to ensure successful youth transitions. Finally, it identifies key issues for future research resulting from this comprehensive analysis.Less
This chapter provides an integrated analysis of the findings from this volume. It discusses the challenges presented from comparing youth transitions across countries, the importance of using a wider range of indicators, and a more comprehensive policy focus. The chapter argues that the concept of economic production encapsulates some of the key dimensions and focus for policy initiatives related to labor market flexibility, mobility, and reforms to vocational education and training systems. It contends that an exclusive focus on this domain risks undervaluing the continued importance of the sphere of social reproduction, the role of family legacies, and how these affect established and emerging forms of inequality. It proposes that given the complexity and variety of youth transitions, policy initiatives need to simultaneously focus on both dimensions to develop multifocused strategies to ensure successful youth transitions. Finally, it identifies key issues for future research resulting from this comprehensive analysis.
Charles Montgomery
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520229716
- eISBN:
- 9780520927377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520229716.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter explores the mismatch between folklore and modern economic imperatives by investigating the literature of Spanish heritage in the 1920s and 1930s. It also describes how southwestern ...
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This chapter explores the mismatch between folklore and modern economic imperatives by investigating the literature of Spanish heritage in the 1920s and 1930s. It also describes how southwestern writers, by treating Hispano lore as a defense against twentieth-century America, depicted the villagers as a people outside the flow of history, a people without political significance. Southwestern regionalism emerged in a social context that was decidedly unfriendly to Spanish-speaking people. Willa Cather's Death Comes for the Archbishop told the fictionalized tale of Jean-Baptiste Lamy. Harvey Fergusson's Blood of the Conquerors is best understood in light of his upbringing. Southwestern regionalists remained largely uninterested in the problems of racial and material inequality, or even in the relationship, so central to the life of the folk, between oral tradition and economic production. The utopian conclusion of Miguel encapsulates the challenges confronting southwestern regionalism.Less
This chapter explores the mismatch between folklore and modern economic imperatives by investigating the literature of Spanish heritage in the 1920s and 1930s. It also describes how southwestern writers, by treating Hispano lore as a defense against twentieth-century America, depicted the villagers as a people outside the flow of history, a people without political significance. Southwestern regionalism emerged in a social context that was decidedly unfriendly to Spanish-speaking people. Willa Cather's Death Comes for the Archbishop told the fictionalized tale of Jean-Baptiste Lamy. Harvey Fergusson's Blood of the Conquerors is best understood in light of his upbringing. Southwestern regionalists remained largely uninterested in the problems of racial and material inequality, or even in the relationship, so central to the life of the folk, between oral tradition and economic production. The utopian conclusion of Miguel encapsulates the challenges confronting southwestern regionalism.
Margaret Schabas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226735696
- eISBN:
- 9780226735719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226735719.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines John Stuart Mill's conception of nature and its implications for his political economy. It explains that in his 1836 “On the Definition of Political Economy” Mills addressed the ...
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This chapter examines John Stuart Mill's conception of nature and its implications for his political economy. It explains that in his 1836 “On the Definition of Political Economy” Mills addressed the problem of demarcating political economy from the physical sciences and suggested that the study of subjects such as physiology, chemistry, mechanics, and geology is important to the study of economic production. This chapter also describes how Mill aligned his concept of economic production with the concept of physical nature in his Principles of Political Economy.Less
This chapter examines John Stuart Mill's conception of nature and its implications for his political economy. It explains that in his 1836 “On the Definition of Political Economy” Mills addressed the problem of demarcating political economy from the physical sciences and suggested that the study of subjects such as physiology, chemistry, mechanics, and geology is important to the study of economic production. This chapter also describes how Mill aligned his concept of economic production with the concept of physical nature in his Principles of Political Economy.
Deborah Welch Larson and Alexei Shevchenko
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300236040
- eISBN:
- 9780300245158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300236040.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) pursued social competition with the Western states while at the same time seeking recognition from the states ...
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This chapter argues that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) pursued social competition with the Western states while at the same time seeking recognition from the states they were trying to subvert. Stalin sought to increase the power and prestige of the Soviet state through coerced industrialization, and Khrushchev made an effort to “catch up and surpass” the West in economic production. The PRC sought to improve its status by allying with the Soviet Union, but the Chinese chafed under their status as “younger brothers” to their senior ally, and eventually Mao challenged the Soviets for leadership of the international communist movement. In the 1970s, China took advantage of the US need to balance Soviet military power by putting aside communist ideology to become a tacit ally of the United States, part of a “strategic triangle.”Less
This chapter argues that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) pursued social competition with the Western states while at the same time seeking recognition from the states they were trying to subvert. Stalin sought to increase the power and prestige of the Soviet state through coerced industrialization, and Khrushchev made an effort to “catch up and surpass” the West in economic production. The PRC sought to improve its status by allying with the Soviet Union, but the Chinese chafed under their status as “younger brothers” to their senior ally, and eventually Mao challenged the Soviets for leadership of the international communist movement. In the 1970s, China took advantage of the US need to balance Soviet military power by putting aside communist ideology to become a tacit ally of the United States, part of a “strategic triangle.”
Allen Isaacman and Derek Peterson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300109009
- eISBN:
- 9780300134858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300109009.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Scholars of military slavery have offered various theories to explain why owners outside the American South armed their slaves. Max Weber, for example, argued that slaves were ideal clients of ...
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Scholars of military slavery have offered various theories to explain why owners outside the American South armed their slaves. Max Weber, for example, argued that slaves were ideal clients of patrimonial rulers. However, this explanation does not take into account the lived experiences and political imaginations of slaves themselves. This chapter examines how military slaves on prazos—Portuguese-run estates along the Zambesi River—came to define themselves as sharers of a new social identity known as Chikunda (“the conquerors”). It first looks at the relation between military slavery and economic production on the prazos before discussing how slave soldiers valorized courage and military skill as they performed dangerous tasks. Slave soldiers defined themselves as Chikunda and celebrated their physical prowess through language, songs, ceremonies, initiation rituals, clothing, and facial tattoos.Less
Scholars of military slavery have offered various theories to explain why owners outside the American South armed their slaves. Max Weber, for example, argued that slaves were ideal clients of patrimonial rulers. However, this explanation does not take into account the lived experiences and political imaginations of slaves themselves. This chapter examines how military slaves on prazos—Portuguese-run estates along the Zambesi River—came to define themselves as sharers of a new social identity known as Chikunda (“the conquerors”). It first looks at the relation between military slavery and economic production on the prazos before discussing how slave soldiers valorized courage and military skill as they performed dangerous tasks. Slave soldiers defined themselves as Chikunda and celebrated their physical prowess through language, songs, ceremonies, initiation rituals, clothing, and facial tattoos.
Mark E. Neely
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807835180
- eISBN:
- 9781469602530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869024_neely.10
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter shows how Ira Berlin introduced the distinction between a slave society and a society with slaves, attributing these stern qualities to the former: “In slave societies . . . slavery ...
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This chapter shows how Ira Berlin introduced the distinction between a slave society and a society with slaves, attributing these stern qualities to the former: “In slave societies . . . slavery stood at the center of economic production, and the master-slave relationship provided the model for all social relations: husband and wife, parent and child, employer and employee. From the most intimate connections between men and women to the most public ones between ruler and ruled, all relationships mimicked those of slavery.” The contrasting picture, also based on the centrality of slavery to the society that became the Confederacy, was best delineated by J. Mills Thornton III in a book about Alabama: “Antebellum Alabama was . . . a society obsessed with the idea of slavery.”Less
This chapter shows how Ira Berlin introduced the distinction between a slave society and a society with slaves, attributing these stern qualities to the former: “In slave societies . . . slavery stood at the center of economic production, and the master-slave relationship provided the model for all social relations: husband and wife, parent and child, employer and employee. From the most intimate connections between men and women to the most public ones between ruler and ruled, all relationships mimicked those of slavery.” The contrasting picture, also based on the centrality of slavery to the society that became the Confederacy, was best delineated by J. Mills Thornton III in a book about Alabama: “Antebellum Alabama was . . . a society obsessed with the idea of slavery.”
Kuldeep Mathur
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199490356
- eISBN:
- 9780199097036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199490356.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter narrates the relationship of government with businesses during the Plan era when policies were determined by government for businesses to follow, mainly regulating economic production. ...
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This chapter narrates the relationship of government with businesses during the Plan era when policies were determined by government for businesses to follow, mainly regulating economic production. However, often businesses tweaked regulations when they affected their work negatively. In the neoliberal era, government–business consultations were institutionalized and formal participative committees to initiate specific polices were also instituted. Issues of the influence of business on public policies and its social consequences are also raised in this chapter.Less
This chapter narrates the relationship of government with businesses during the Plan era when policies were determined by government for businesses to follow, mainly regulating economic production. However, often businesses tweaked regulations when they affected their work negatively. In the neoliberal era, government–business consultations were institutionalized and formal participative committees to initiate specific polices were also instituted. Issues of the influence of business on public policies and its social consequences are also raised in this chapter.
