Markus Gangl
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376630
- eISBN:
- 9780199865499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376630.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter presents a cross-national comparison of income inequality and economic mobility in the United States and eleven (Western) European Union (EU) member states. Using panel data on income ...
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This chapter presents a cross-national comparison of income inequality and economic mobility in the United States and eleven (Western) European Union (EU) member states. Using panel data on income dynamics among prime-age workers in the mid-1990s, it demonstrates that standard inequality indices show surprisingly little cross-country variation in the degree to which income mobility, the market, does erode inequality over time. That is, the neoclassical assertion about the redistributive element inherent in market competition is clearly correct insofar as markets generate mobility over time as economic opportunity gets reshuffled across individuals. Applied to the specific sample of advanced Western economies, however, the assertion that more generous welfare states would stifle economic dynamics seems largely unsupported by the data. By implication then, the redistributive effort exerted by European welfare states seems relatively well-directed in genuinely addressing market failures and ameliorating permanent economic inequality without evidence of major distortions of economic dynamics.Less
This chapter presents a cross-national comparison of income inequality and economic mobility in the United States and eleven (Western) European Union (EU) member states. Using panel data on income dynamics among prime-age workers in the mid-1990s, it demonstrates that standard inequality indices show surprisingly little cross-country variation in the degree to which income mobility, the market, does erode inequality over time. That is, the neoclassical assertion about the redistributive element inherent in market competition is clearly correct insofar as markets generate mobility over time as economic opportunity gets reshuffled across individuals. Applied to the specific sample of advanced Western economies, however, the assertion that more generous welfare states would stifle economic dynamics seems largely unsupported by the data. By implication then, the redistributive effort exerted by European welfare states seems relatively well-directed in genuinely addressing market failures and ameliorating permanent economic inequality without evidence of major distortions of economic dynamics.
Richard V. Burkhauser and Kenneth A. Couch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376630
- eISBN:
- 9780199865499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376630.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter shows how economic growth over the last two business cycles has been distributed in the United States, and compares those changes with changes in two EU countries with quite different ...
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This chapter shows how economic growth over the last two business cycles has been distributed in the United States, and compares those changes with changes in two EU countries with quite different social Institutions: Great Britain and Germany. While income inequality is consistently highest in the United States over the past two decades, followed by Great Britain and Germany, income inequality in the United States changed little in the 1990s, fell in Great Britain, and rose in Germany. Outcomes in Great Britain over the 1990s business cycle are much closer to those in the United States than they are to Germany.Less
This chapter shows how economic growth over the last two business cycles has been distributed in the United States, and compares those changes with changes in two EU countries with quite different social Institutions: Great Britain and Germany. While income inequality is consistently highest in the United States over the past two decades, followed by Great Britain and Germany, income inequality in the United States changed little in the 1990s, fell in Great Britain, and rose in Germany. Outcomes in Great Britain over the 1990s business cycle are much closer to those in the United States than they are to Germany.
Steven Brint
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182667
- eISBN:
- 9780691184890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182667.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their ...
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Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their vitality. After a recent period that witnessed soaring student enrollment and ample research funding, the book argues that universities are in a better position than ever before. Focusing on the years 1980–2015, it details the trajectory of American universities, which was influenced by evolving standards of disciplinary professionalism, market-driven partnerships (especially with scientific and technological innovators outside the academy), and the goal of social inclusion. Conflicts arose: academic entrepreneurs, for example, flouted their campus responsibilities, and departments faced backlash over the hiring of scholars with nontraditional research agendas. Nevertheless, educators' commitments to technological innovation and social diversity prevailed and created a new dynamism. The book documents these successes along with the challenges that result from rapid change. Today, knowledge-driven industries generate almost half of US GDP, but divisions by educational level split the American political order. Students flock increasingly to fields connected to the power centers of American life and steer away from the liberal arts. And opportunities for economic mobility are expanding even as academic expectations decline. In describing how universities can meet such challenges head on, especially in improving classroom learning, the book offers not only a clear-eyed perspective on the current state of American higher education but also a pragmatically optimistic vision for the future.Less
Today's headlines suggest that universities' power to advance knowledge and shape American society is rapidly declining. But this book's author has tracked numerous trends demonstrating their vitality. After a recent period that witnessed soaring student enrollment and ample research funding, the book argues that universities are in a better position than ever before. Focusing on the years 1980–2015, it details the trajectory of American universities, which was influenced by evolving standards of disciplinary professionalism, market-driven partnerships (especially with scientific and technological innovators outside the academy), and the goal of social inclusion. Conflicts arose: academic entrepreneurs, for example, flouted their campus responsibilities, and departments faced backlash over the hiring of scholars with nontraditional research agendas. Nevertheless, educators' commitments to technological innovation and social diversity prevailed and created a new dynamism. The book documents these successes along with the challenges that result from rapid change. Today, knowledge-driven industries generate almost half of US GDP, but divisions by educational level split the American political order. Students flock increasingly to fields connected to the power centers of American life and steer away from the liberal arts. And opportunities for economic mobility are expanding even as academic expectations decline. In describing how universities can meet such challenges head on, especially in improving classroom learning, the book offers not only a clear-eyed perspective on the current state of American higher education but also a pragmatically optimistic vision for the future.
Emily Mackil
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520272507
- eISBN:
- 9780520953932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272507.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter advances the argument that there was an important fiscal element to federation in ancient Greece. The production of cooperative coinage in Boiotia prior to the emergence of the formal ...
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This chapter advances the argument that there was an important fiscal element to federation in ancient Greece. The production of cooperative coinage in Boiotia prior to the emergence of the formal institutions of the koinon suggests that facilitating regional exchange was already desired. As soon as koina emerge in other regions, they likewise produce a joint coinage and extend legal rights that promote economic mobility within the region. The result is a pooling of fragmented but complementary resources that encourages regional autarky. The economic logic behind federation appears also to have been one factor driving expansion beyond ethnic boundaries. Koina are shown to have avoided exploitative taxation practices and to have intervened to manage and ameliorate regional economic crises.Less
This chapter advances the argument that there was an important fiscal element to federation in ancient Greece. The production of cooperative coinage in Boiotia prior to the emergence of the formal institutions of the koinon suggests that facilitating regional exchange was already desired. As soon as koina emerge in other regions, they likewise produce a joint coinage and extend legal rights that promote economic mobility within the region. The result is a pooling of fragmented but complementary resources that encourages regional autarky. The economic logic behind federation appears also to have been one factor driving expansion beyond ethnic boundaries. Koina are shown to have avoided exploitative taxation practices and to have intervened to manage and ameliorate regional economic crises.
Roger Waldinger and Claudia Der-Martirosian
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230927
- eISBN:
- 9780520927711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230927.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter serves as a continuation of the analysis of the ethnic niche, but instead focuses on the immigrants. It shows that ethnic niches stand out as a characteristic of nearly every immigrant ...
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This chapter serves as a continuation of the analysis of the ethnic niche, but instead focuses on the immigrants. It shows that ethnic niches stand out as a characteristic of nearly every immigrant group in all five locales, with concentration persisting even as immigrant cohorts settle down. The chapter takes the discussion of niches in a new direction by looking into the noneconomic characteristics of ethnic niches, while emphasizing the cognitive skills that are required by niche jobs. It shows that although skill sorts immigrants into “good” and “bad” niches, ethnicity still works as a basic structuring factor. The chapter concludes that concentration, and not dispersion, is the way to economic mobility, and that the search for advancement takes a collective instead of an individual form.Less
This chapter serves as a continuation of the analysis of the ethnic niche, but instead focuses on the immigrants. It shows that ethnic niches stand out as a characteristic of nearly every immigrant group in all five locales, with concentration persisting even as immigrant cohorts settle down. The chapter takes the discussion of niches in a new direction by looking into the noneconomic characteristics of ethnic niches, while emphasizing the cognitive skills that are required by niche jobs. It shows that although skill sorts immigrants into “good” and “bad” niches, ethnicity still works as a basic structuring factor. The chapter concludes that concentration, and not dispersion, is the way to economic mobility, and that the search for advancement takes a collective instead of an individual form.
David J. Karjanen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816694624
- eISBN:
- 9781452955377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816694624.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
The eighth chapter looks at the challenges that the inner city and working poor have in terms of economic mobility based on a lack of economic or financial resources. This is especially true for the ...
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The eighth chapter looks at the challenges that the inner city and working poor have in terms of economic mobility based on a lack of economic or financial resources. This is especially true for the servant class economy, as not only are the structures of opportunity limited, but also the barriers to movement are increasingly severe, making the relative probability of escaping the bottom of the urban-class strata far less likely.Less
The eighth chapter looks at the challenges that the inner city and working poor have in terms of economic mobility based on a lack of economic or financial resources. This is especially true for the servant class economy, as not only are the structures of opportunity limited, but also the barriers to movement are increasingly severe, making the relative probability of escaping the bottom of the urban-class strata far less likely.
William G. Gale
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190645410
- eISBN:
- 9780190939175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190645410.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Economic Systems
Who should pay higher taxes and receive fewer benefits? What’s fair? As explored in Chapter 5, debt, taxes, and spending redistribute resources within and across generations. Addressing the debt ...
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Who should pay higher taxes and receive fewer benefits? What’s fair? As explored in Chapter 5, debt, taxes, and spending redistribute resources within and across generations. Addressing the debt problem would help future generations – the nation’s children and grandchildren. It is no longer clear that each generation will be better off than the one before it. This makes it all the more important that each generation controls the debt it leaves to the next generation. The United States used to have high income inequality and significant economic mobility: people who worked hard could ascend the income ladder. In recent years, though, the gap between rich and poor has grown dramatically while rates of mobility haven’t improved. Policymakers should narrow inequalityin ways that are productive and fair, investing more in education, healthcare, nutrition, neighborhoods, and employment programs, and judiciously raising taxes on high-income households.Less
Who should pay higher taxes and receive fewer benefits? What’s fair? As explored in Chapter 5, debt, taxes, and spending redistribute resources within and across generations. Addressing the debt problem would help future generations – the nation’s children and grandchildren. It is no longer clear that each generation will be better off than the one before it. This makes it all the more important that each generation controls the debt it leaves to the next generation. The United States used to have high income inequality and significant economic mobility: people who worked hard could ascend the income ladder. In recent years, though, the gap between rich and poor has grown dramatically while rates of mobility haven’t improved. Policymakers should narrow inequalityin ways that are productive and fair, investing more in education, healthcare, nutrition, neighborhoods, and employment programs, and judiciously raising taxes on high-income households.
Samuel K. Byrd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479859405
- eISBN:
- 9781479876426
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479859405.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, ...
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This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, North Carolina, the volume shows how limited economic mobility, social marginalization, and restrictive immigration policies have stymied immigrants' access to the American dream and musicians' dreams of success. Instead, Latin music has become a way to form community, debate political questions, and claim cultural citizenship. The book illuminates the complexity of Latina/o musicians' lives. They find themselves at the intersection of culture and politics, often pushed to define a vision of what it means to be Latino in a globalizing city in the Nuevo South. At the same time, they often avoid overt political statements and do not participate in immigrants' rights struggles, instead holding a cautious view of political engagement. Yet despite this politics of ambivalence, Latina/o musicians do assert intellectual agency and engage in a politics that is embedded in their musical community, debating aesthetics, forging collective solidarity with their audiences, and protesting poor working conditions. Challenging scholarship on popular music that focuses on famous artists or on one particular genre, this book demonstrates how exploring the everyday lives of ordinary musicians can lead to a deeper understanding of musicians' roles in society. It argues that the often overlooked population of Latina/o musicians should be central to our understanding of what it means to live in a southern U.S. city today.Less
This book explores the Latino music scene as a lens through which to understand changing ideas about latinidad in the New South. Focusing on Latino immigrant musicians and their fans in Charlotte, North Carolina, the volume shows how limited economic mobility, social marginalization, and restrictive immigration policies have stymied immigrants' access to the American dream and musicians' dreams of success. Instead, Latin music has become a way to form community, debate political questions, and claim cultural citizenship. The book illuminates the complexity of Latina/o musicians' lives. They find themselves at the intersection of culture and politics, often pushed to define a vision of what it means to be Latino in a globalizing city in the Nuevo South. At the same time, they often avoid overt political statements and do not participate in immigrants' rights struggles, instead holding a cautious view of political engagement. Yet despite this politics of ambivalence, Latina/o musicians do assert intellectual agency and engage in a politics that is embedded in their musical community, debating aesthetics, forging collective solidarity with their audiences, and protesting poor working conditions. Challenging scholarship on popular music that focuses on famous artists or on one particular genre, this book demonstrates how exploring the everyday lives of ordinary musicians can lead to a deeper understanding of musicians' roles in society. It argues that the often overlooked population of Latina/o musicians should be central to our understanding of what it means to live in a southern U.S. city today.
Raymond A. Mohl
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034034
- eISBN:
- 9780813038261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034034.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines international migration in the South. It focuses on the ways that the traditional low-wage labor force of African Americans deals with the influx of a new low-wage labor force — ...
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This chapter examines international migration in the South. It focuses on the ways that the traditional low-wage labor force of African Americans deals with the influx of a new low-wage labor force — Latin American migrants. One would assume that because African Americans and Latin American migrants experience limited social and economic mobility in the region that a natural alliance would be created between these groups. But evidence points to hostility between the two groups, not collaboration.Less
This chapter examines international migration in the South. It focuses on the ways that the traditional low-wage labor force of African Americans deals with the influx of a new low-wage labor force — Latin American migrants. One would assume that because African Americans and Latin American migrants experience limited social and economic mobility in the region that a natural alliance would be created between these groups. But evidence points to hostility between the two groups, not collaboration.
Megan Rivers-Moore
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226373386
- eISBN:
- 9780226373553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226373553.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Although sex work remains highly stigmatized, it allows sex workers to attain some level of economic, if not social, mobility. This chapter challenges the idea that sex work is always about mere ...
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Although sex work remains highly stigmatized, it allows sex workers to attain some level of economic, if not social, mobility. This chapter challenges the idea that sex work is always about mere subsistence. Instead, it suggests that sex tourism workers work to survive, but they also demonstrate significant personal ambition and aim not only to increase their own consumption levels, but to get ahead. Women are clear about what sex work enables for their families and themselves: a level of consumption otherwise unavailable to them as low-income and poor women. Sex work offers an opportunity to consume and to get ahead that these women have been unable to attain in other kinds of employment, primarily domestic and factory work. Furthermore, sex work allows women to think of themselves as particularly good mothers, able to provide for and spend important quality time with their kids. The chapter argues that survival, consumption, and motherhood are deployed, often in contradictory and conflicting ways, in order to counteract the effects that stigma has on sex workers. It also suggests that sex workers may very well be the quintessential subjects of neo-liberalism in Latin America, in their embrace of entrepreneurial work and consumption.Less
Although sex work remains highly stigmatized, it allows sex workers to attain some level of economic, if not social, mobility. This chapter challenges the idea that sex work is always about mere subsistence. Instead, it suggests that sex tourism workers work to survive, but they also demonstrate significant personal ambition and aim not only to increase their own consumption levels, but to get ahead. Women are clear about what sex work enables for their families and themselves: a level of consumption otherwise unavailable to them as low-income and poor women. Sex work offers an opportunity to consume and to get ahead that these women have been unable to attain in other kinds of employment, primarily domestic and factory work. Furthermore, sex work allows women to think of themselves as particularly good mothers, able to provide for and spend important quality time with their kids. The chapter argues that survival, consumption, and motherhood are deployed, often in contradictory and conflicting ways, in order to counteract the effects that stigma has on sex workers. It also suggests that sex workers may very well be the quintessential subjects of neo-liberalism in Latin America, in their embrace of entrepreneurial work and consumption.
Jacqueline Ryan Vickery
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036023
- eISBN:
- 9780262339339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036023.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter expands upon the connected learning model to analyse how digital media fit within the learning ecologies for marginalized youth. It argues that after-school clubs and creative media ...
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This chapter expands upon the connected learning model to analyse how digital media fit within the learning ecologies for marginalized youth. It argues that after-school clubs and creative media production can potentially serve as risk intervention strategies for young people on the margins of society. However, the research also reveals that outside of traditional higher education, there remain disconnections between students’ aspirations and economic opportunities. Through an in-depth analysis of four immigrant students, the chapter identifies the key connections that help students learn and leverage their passions and creativity for future success. Students’ learning and goals need to be supported and connected via their peers, academics, adults, their home life, personal interests, and extracurricular activities. Although after-school clubs can fill in gaps in learning, it remains imperative that formal education incorporates students’ creativity and interest-based learning, and contributes to the creation of alternative pathways for economic mobility.Less
This chapter expands upon the connected learning model to analyse how digital media fit within the learning ecologies for marginalized youth. It argues that after-school clubs and creative media production can potentially serve as risk intervention strategies for young people on the margins of society. However, the research also reveals that outside of traditional higher education, there remain disconnections between students’ aspirations and economic opportunities. Through an in-depth analysis of four immigrant students, the chapter identifies the key connections that help students learn and leverage their passions and creativity for future success. Students’ learning and goals need to be supported and connected via their peers, academics, adults, their home life, personal interests, and extracurricular activities. Although after-school clubs can fill in gaps in learning, it remains imperative that formal education incorporates students’ creativity and interest-based learning, and contributes to the creation of alternative pathways for economic mobility.
Silvia Domínguez
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814784044
- eISBN:
- 9780814724705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814784044.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter concerns two sets of Latina/o residents in public housing in Boston in 2000: residents of Maverick Gardens in East Boston, near a busy Latina/o enclave, and residents of Mary Ellen ...
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This chapter concerns two sets of Latina/o residents in public housing in Boston in 2000: residents of Maverick Gardens in East Boston, near a busy Latina/o enclave, and residents of Mary Ellen McCormack in South Boston, in an Irish American neighborhood. These public housing developments, like others in Boston, had been court-ordered to integrate in 1988. The economic fortunes of residents in the two projects depend primarily on the professionalism of the two tenant task forces: Maverick's did not show leadership in disseminating information, democratizing the board of directors, or forging ties with local service organizations, whereas McCormack's task force provided culturally responsive services that enabled many project residents to achieve economic and residential mobility.Less
This chapter concerns two sets of Latina/o residents in public housing in Boston in 2000: residents of Maverick Gardens in East Boston, near a busy Latina/o enclave, and residents of Mary Ellen McCormack in South Boston, in an Irish American neighborhood. These public housing developments, like others in Boston, had been court-ordered to integrate in 1988. The economic fortunes of residents in the two projects depend primarily on the professionalism of the two tenant task forces: Maverick's did not show leadership in disseminating information, democratizing the board of directors, or forging ties with local service organizations, whereas McCormack's task force provided culturally responsive services that enabled many project residents to achieve economic and residential mobility.
Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469636405
- eISBN:
- 9781469636429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636405.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Picking up where the last chapter left off, this conclusion argues that economic and numerical criteria provided a way for Mexican scholars to create a presumably scientific yet flexible definition ...
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Picking up where the last chapter left off, this conclusion argues that economic and numerical criteria provided a way for Mexican scholars to create a presumably scientific yet flexible definition of race and indigeneity that allowed for social and racial mobility. Many U.S. scholars thought that their Mexican counterparts confused race and class. More broadly, Mexicans’ attention to particularity and their attempts to reconcile indigeneity with modernity and liberalism were a creative effort to generate new forms of governance and new policies. However, Mexican experts shared with their US counterparts problematic assumptions about progress and evolution that—along with US intellectual imperialism--hampered the antiracist potential of their endeavors. This Conclusion returns to the questions of difference and modern liberal democracy. Mexican intellectuals subsumed differences into global theories of evolution or cultural diffusion, it shows. But they could apply those global theories only loosely and partially. They therefore offered a practical or tactical definition of indigeneity aimed at guiding social policies and encouraging social mobility, especially economic mobility.Less
Picking up where the last chapter left off, this conclusion argues that economic and numerical criteria provided a way for Mexican scholars to create a presumably scientific yet flexible definition of race and indigeneity that allowed for social and racial mobility. Many U.S. scholars thought that their Mexican counterparts confused race and class. More broadly, Mexicans’ attention to particularity and their attempts to reconcile indigeneity with modernity and liberalism were a creative effort to generate new forms of governance and new policies. However, Mexican experts shared with their US counterparts problematic assumptions about progress and evolution that—along with US intellectual imperialism--hampered the antiracist potential of their endeavors. This Conclusion returns to the questions of difference and modern liberal democracy. Mexican intellectuals subsumed differences into global theories of evolution or cultural diffusion, it shows. But they could apply those global theories only loosely and partially. They therefore offered a practical or tactical definition of indigeneity aimed at guiding social policies and encouraging social mobility, especially economic mobility.
Marni Davis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814720288
- eISBN:
- 9780814744093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814720288.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses American Jews' growing presence in the alcohol industry during the nineteenth century. For American Jews, the alcohol business represented both a connection with their past and ...
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This chapter discusses American Jews' growing presence in the alcohol industry during the nineteenth century. For American Jews, the alcohol business represented both a connection with their past and a means to improve their present. Their pre-migrational familiarity with the processes of production and distribution dovetailed with the structure of the American alcohol trade, creating opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs to establish themselves in their new country. The alcohol industry facilitated economic mobility and served as a force of acculturation, while creating and sustaining Jewish communities through ethnic entrepreneurial networks. The chapter also looks at anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century and the temperance and prohibition movements' participation in the campaign to “Christianize” American society and politics.Less
This chapter discusses American Jews' growing presence in the alcohol industry during the nineteenth century. For American Jews, the alcohol business represented both a connection with their past and a means to improve their present. Their pre-migrational familiarity with the processes of production and distribution dovetailed with the structure of the American alcohol trade, creating opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs to establish themselves in their new country. The alcohol industry facilitated economic mobility and served as a force of acculturation, while creating and sustaining Jewish communities through ethnic entrepreneurial networks. The chapter also looks at anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century and the temperance and prohibition movements' participation in the campaign to “Christianize” American society and politics.
Jutta Bakonyi
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190947910
- eISBN:
- 9780190055929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter builds on interviews with Somali migrants in Kenya. It explores how Somali citizens evaluate attempts to establish political authority in Somalia, and what aspects of these attempts they ...
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This chapter builds on interviews with Somali migrants in Kenya. It explores how Somali citizens evaluate attempts to establish political authority in Somalia, and what aspects of these attempts they consider as legitimate. Against the context of ‘endemic crisis’ and normalized insecurity, the ability of a political body to provide physical security was given priority by all citizens. The enhancement of security was linked to mobility, and the ruling bodies were evaluated primarily with respect to their ability to facilitate ‘free’ movement of people and goods (spatial mobility), to enable the restoration of trade routes and economic infrastructure (economic mobility), and to allow for the establishment of social and political networks across clan and administrative boundaries (social mobility). The experience of restricted mobility and enforced immobility contributed to the de-legitimization of a governing authority.Less
This chapter builds on interviews with Somali migrants in Kenya. It explores how Somali citizens evaluate attempts to establish political authority in Somalia, and what aspects of these attempts they consider as legitimate. Against the context of ‘endemic crisis’ and normalized insecurity, the ability of a political body to provide physical security was given priority by all citizens. The enhancement of security was linked to mobility, and the ruling bodies were evaluated primarily with respect to their ability to facilitate ‘free’ movement of people and goods (spatial mobility), to enable the restoration of trade routes and economic infrastructure (economic mobility), and to allow for the establishment of social and political networks across clan and administrative boundaries (social mobility). The experience of restricted mobility and enforced immobility contributed to the de-legitimization of a governing authority.
Samuel K. Byrd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479859405
- eISBN:
- 9781479876426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479859405.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter analyzes how musicians see their work: as freelance work, a full-time profession, a leisurely hobby, or a craft. Defining and analyzing the concept of “working musician,” it positions ...
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This chapter analyzes how musicians see their work: as freelance work, a full-time profession, a leisurely hobby, or a craft. Defining and analyzing the concept of “working musician,” it positions musicians' labor in the context of immigration and class-based views on training and professionalism. The vulnerability of musicians as immigrant laborers plays a vital part in how they approach music making and relate to fellow musicians. It shows how musicians deal with the norm of low-paying, contingent music jobs and strategize about how to best pursue lives as working musicians. The work experience of Latina/o musicians in Charlotte highlights how globalization has brought a new vibrancy that provides some (limited) avenues for economic mobility through capital flows and migration, but also promotes a labor regime that depends on contingent, flexible labor and facilitates a growing divide between rich and poor.Less
This chapter analyzes how musicians see their work: as freelance work, a full-time profession, a leisurely hobby, or a craft. Defining and analyzing the concept of “working musician,” it positions musicians' labor in the context of immigration and class-based views on training and professionalism. The vulnerability of musicians as immigrant laborers plays a vital part in how they approach music making and relate to fellow musicians. It shows how musicians deal with the norm of low-paying, contingent music jobs and strategize about how to best pursue lives as working musicians. The work experience of Latina/o musicians in Charlotte highlights how globalization has brought a new vibrancy that provides some (limited) avenues for economic mobility through capital flows and migration, but also promotes a labor regime that depends on contingent, flexible labor and facilitates a growing divide between rich and poor.
Ann Swidler and Susan Cotts Watkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691173924
- eISBN:
- 9781400884988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691173924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter looks at how, in the romance of AIDS altruism, brokers must bridge the distance between the imaginations and aspirations of the altruists and those of the people they aim to help. For ...
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This chapter looks at how, in the romance of AIDS altruism, brokers must bridge the distance between the imaginations and aspirations of the altruists and those of the people they aim to help. For some brokers, this is simply a job that puts food on the table and pays children's school fees; for others, it is also a mission to bring development to their countrymen; and for still others, it is an occasional gig. The chapter shows how the AIDS money that flooded into Malawi stimulated aspirations for social and economic mobility. It then introduces brokers along the aid chain—first formally, in their offices, and then informally, in their homes, as they try to juggle their professional and personal obligations and as they attempt to buffer the insecurity produced by the AIDS enterprise.Less
This chapter looks at how, in the romance of AIDS altruism, brokers must bridge the distance between the imaginations and aspirations of the altruists and those of the people they aim to help. For some brokers, this is simply a job that puts food on the table and pays children's school fees; for others, it is also a mission to bring development to their countrymen; and for still others, it is an occasional gig. The chapter shows how the AIDS money that flooded into Malawi stimulated aspirations for social and economic mobility. It then introduces brokers along the aid chain—first formally, in their offices, and then informally, in their homes, as they try to juggle their professional and personal obligations and as they attempt to buffer the insecurity produced by the AIDS enterprise.
Maritsa Poros
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804772228
- eISBN:
- 9780804775830
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804772228.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Although globalization seems like a recent phenomenon linked to migration, some groups have used social networks to migrate great distances for centuries. To gain new insights into migration today, ...
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Although globalization seems like a recent phenomenon linked to migration, some groups have used social networks to migrate great distances for centuries. To gain new insights into migration today, this book takes a closer look at the historical presence of globalization and how it has organized migration and social networks. With a focus on the lives of Gujarati Indians in New York and London, this book explains migration patterns through different kinds of social networks and relations. Gujarati migration flows span four continents, across several centuries. The book reveals the inner workings of their social networks and how these networks relate to migration flows. Championing a relational view, it examines which kinds of ties result in dead-end jobs, and which, conversely, lead to economic mobility. In the process, it speaks to central debates in the field about the economic and cultural roots of migration's causes and its surprising consequences.Less
Although globalization seems like a recent phenomenon linked to migration, some groups have used social networks to migrate great distances for centuries. To gain new insights into migration today, this book takes a closer look at the historical presence of globalization and how it has organized migration and social networks. With a focus on the lives of Gujarati Indians in New York and London, this book explains migration patterns through different kinds of social networks and relations. Gujarati migration flows span four continents, across several centuries. The book reveals the inner workings of their social networks and how these networks relate to migration flows. Championing a relational view, it examines which kinds of ties result in dead-end jobs, and which, conversely, lead to economic mobility. In the process, it speaks to central debates in the field about the economic and cultural roots of migration's causes and its surprising consequences.
Maxine Eichner
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190055479
- eISBN:
- 9780190055509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190055479.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers how US free-market family policy drags children’s outcomes down in a number of different areas, including happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. ...
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This chapter considers how US free-market family policy drags children’s outcomes down in a number of different areas, including happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. That’s partly because few children in this system get what they need in their critical first years. And after that, in our profoundly unequal economy, almost all children must contend with the recognition that other families have far more access to material wealth and the opportunities it brings than their own. And as they mature, American youth face the stress of preparing themselves for adulthood in increasingly insecure and unequal economic circumstances. The result is that, no matter where they stand on the economic ladder, US children wind up doing considerably worse than past US children on an array of indicators, as well as far worse than children in countries with pro-family policy.Less
This chapter considers how US free-market family policy drags children’s outcomes down in a number of different areas, including happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. That’s partly because few children in this system get what they need in their critical first years. And after that, in our profoundly unequal economy, almost all children must contend with the recognition that other families have far more access to material wealth and the opportunities it brings than their own. And as they mature, American youth face the stress of preparing themselves for adulthood in increasingly insecure and unequal economic circumstances. The result is that, no matter where they stand on the economic ladder, US children wind up doing considerably worse than past US children on an array of indicators, as well as far worse than children in countries with pro-family policy.
Justin Driver
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190873455
- eISBN:
- 9780190873486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190873455.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter juxtaposes the tales of two ambitious men, both born in the American West, who moved east to New York in an effort to make names for themselves during the 1920s. The ambitions of Jay ...
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This chapter juxtaposes the tales of two ambitious men, both born in the American West, who moved east to New York in an effort to make names for themselves during the 1920s. The ambitions of Jay Gatsby—as recounted in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby—and William O. Douglas—as recounted in his autobiography, Go East, Young Man—led the two men in very different directions. Where Gatsby turned to lawlessness, Douglas instead turned to law. The distinct journeys and distinct fates that Gatsby and Douglas experience yield insight into the significance of class within the United States, and also offer significant complications of the American Dream.Less
This chapter juxtaposes the tales of two ambitious men, both born in the American West, who moved east to New York in an effort to make names for themselves during the 1920s. The ambitions of Jay Gatsby—as recounted in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby—and William O. Douglas—as recounted in his autobiography, Go East, Young Man—led the two men in very different directions. Where Gatsby turned to lawlessness, Douglas instead turned to law. The distinct journeys and distinct fates that Gatsby and Douglas experience yield insight into the significance of class within the United States, and also offer significant complications of the American Dream.
